Prevention of Argentinian flag sign in intumescent cataracts using anterior chamber air bubble and cortical fluid release techniques.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the efficiency of a new method for the prevention of argentinian flag sign during the process of continuous, circular, and centered anterior capsulotomy (CCC) on the anterior capsule in cortically liquefied intumescent cataracts. This study was registered in an appropriate registry and the registration number of registration was xyy11[2022]-XJSFX-087; The date of of registration was 2022-04-29. METHODS: Preoperative examinations including slit-lamp examination, ocular A-scan ultrasonography, and Ultrasound Biomicroscopy (UBM) UBM were conducted on 61 patients with intumescent cataracts. Cases with cortically liquefied intumescent cataracts were selected and after staining with indocyanine green, the anterior chamber air bubble technique was used to compress the anterior capsule, and liquefied cortex was aspirated using a puncture needle. Corrected Distance Visual Acuity (CDVA) and intraocular pressure were recorded on postoperative days 1, 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were documented and analyzed. RESULTS: Fifty eyes were identified as having cortically liquefied intumescent cataracts. No cases of the Argentinian flag sign occurred, and standard capsulorrhexis was achieved, facilitating smooth phacoemulsification. All patients achieved satisfactory outcomes at follow-ups of 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months postoperatively. Mild corneal edema was observed in three cases on the first postoperative day, with no other complications noted. CONCLUSIONS: The anterior chamber air bubble technique combined with cortical fluid release technique can prevent the occurrence of the Argentinian flag sign in cortically liquefied intumescent cataracts, this method is simple, convenient and economic for the clinical promotion.

Automated Capsular Decompression to Avoid Argentinian Flag Sign in Intumescent Cataract.

Purpose: We describe an alternative automated technique that consists of simultaneous anterior capsule puncture and decompression of the capsular bag by using an insulin needle attached to the aspiration tubing of the phacoemulsification device to prevent the occurrence of the "Argentinian Flag sign" during capsulorhexis in intumescent cataract. Setting: Instituto de Olhos de Assis and Center of Specialties Hoftalmed, located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Design: Prospective interventional study. Methods: Eighty-eight eyes of 88 patients with white or intumescent cataracts were included in this study. Routine clear cornea incision, capsule staining with trypan blue, intracameral anesthesia, and ophthalmic viscoelastic device were used before the procedure. A 26-gauge needle was connected to the phacoemulsification aspiration tubing using a double male Luer connector for irrigation, and aspiration was inserted into the anterior chamber through a new paracentesis incision with the bevel facing down. Immediately after insertion, automated aspiration of the liquefied cortex was performed to remove anterior intralenticular material and achieve capsular decompression. Compression of the nucleus with the needle tip was performed to remove any liquefied material trapped between the posterior surface of the nucleus and the posterior capsule. All surgeries were performed using the same phacoemulsification and parameters. The rate of complete continuous capsulorhexis was observed and noted. Results: No complications were observed in any of the cases. A single-stage, continuous, and well-centered capsulorhexis was achieved in 100% of cases. Conclusion: We conclude that a simultaneous puncture and decompression of the capsular bag using an insulin needle attached to the aspiration tubing of the phacoemulsification machine effectively avoided the "Argentinian Flag sign" in intumescent cataract surgery.

The South African Flag Sign: An Electrocardiographic Flag for All Coronary Territories?

The South African flag sign (SAFS) is an acute, dynamic electrocardiographic (ECG) finding typically associated with first diagonal (D1) artery occlusion. We report the case of a 47-year-old woman who exhibited this pattern but subsequently revealed the dreaded "widow-maker" lesion (100% occluded proximal left anterior descending [LAD] artery) and severe multivessel disease (90% stenosis of the posterior left ventricular [PLV] artery and 80% stenosis of the left circumflex artery [LCx]).

Spatial and temporal population genetic analysis of Semaprochilodus insignis (Prochilodontidae), an overexploited fish from the Amazon basin.

Background: Semaprochilodus insignis is a migratory fish of commercial and subsistence importance to communities in the Amazon. Despite the high intensity of exploitation, recent studies have not been carried out to assess the genetic status of its stocks. Methods: This study is the first to estimate genetic diversity and to test the existence of spatial and temporal structuring of S. insignis through sequencing of the mtDNA control region (n = 241) and eight microsatellite loci (n = 180) of individuals sampled at 11 sites distributed in the Brazilian Amazon basin. Results: Results for both markers were congruent, revealing a homogeneous genetic diversity in all the sampled locations, in addition to the absence of spatial and temporal genetic structure, indicating that the species forms a large panmictic population in the Brazilian Amazon. Discussion: Although overfishing does not yet appear to have affected the levels of genetic variability of S. insignis, signals of reduction of the effective population size and a bottleneck provide an early alert to the effects of overfishing. Thus, the ever-decreasing populations may threaten S. insignis in the future. Therefore, it is hoped that the results of this study may contribute to the elaboration of management plans or any other measures that aim at the management and conservation of this species of great importance for the Amazon basin.

Argentinian flag sign during refractive laser-assisted cataract surgery - A case report.

Purpose: The Argentinian flag sign, or radial capsular tear extensions, is a rare complication when performing capsulorhexis during cataract surgery. Identifying and managing this complication early is important to prevent the tear from propagating around the periphery leading to posterior capsular rupture or vitreous loss. Observations: The Argentinian flag sign was previously reported in a case of femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS). However, our report presents the first case after FLACS using the Catalys™ Precision Laser System, a platform which has been associated with a larger percentage of complete capsulotomies when compared to other platforms. Radial extensions of the capsular tear were observed in a 27-year-old male patient with an intumescent cataract in left eye. The complication was managed by manually redirecting and completing the radial extension flaps, along with delicate phacoemulsification and manual cutting of capsular edge in areas with significant capsular-IOL overlap. Conclusions and importance: Our case report highlights that despite the Catalys™ Precision Laser System success rates, radial tears may occur, especially in highly pressurized intumescent cataract. Therefore, surgeons must be prepared to optimize the surgical techniques to prevent the occurrence of this complication, as well as identify and manage it when it presents.

Patterns of physiological parameters and nitrogen partitioning in flag leaf explain differential grain protein content in rice.

The grain protein content (GPC) in rice is low, and more efforts with agronomic and molecular approaches were performed to increase them. However, the rice research focusing on the plant physiological behaviour that modulates the phenomenon of grain protein filling is very scarce. This work contains physiological parameters related to photosynthetic activity in the flag leaf in the grain filling period and N partitioning assays of high (Nutriar) and traditional (Camba) GPC cultivars. Results indicated a higher photosynthetic capacity, a better capacity to provide CO2 to the chloroplast and a healthier PSII structure in Camba relative to Nutriar. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters decreased more steeply over time in the high protein variety, and a strong negative correlation was observed between GPC and PSII structure parameters. N content in the flag leaf at anthesis showed lower values and higher remobilisation during the grain filling period in Nutriar compared to Camba. The results of this work suggested that the inactivation of some PSII structures in higher GPC cultivars is associated with N remobilisation and would contribute to an increase in the free N available to be translocated to the grain.

Argentinian Flag Sign and Its Management during Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Cataract Surgery in a Case with Intumescent Cataracts.

We describe a case of radial extension and its management during femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) in a patient with intumescent cataracts. Radial extension was observed after injection of trypan blue into the anterior chamber. Management of the extension was achieved by separation of adhesions between the incomplete capsulotomy, along with manual completion at the areas of extensions. Careful observation during FLACS capsulotomy is advised in cases of intumescent cataracts due to the release of cortex into the anterior chamber which may interfere with the delivery of the laser treatment resulting in incomplete capsulotomy patterns. Furthermore, trypan blue staining is essential to identify possible incomplete capsulotomy patterns and extensions. The Argentinian flag sign may occur after femtosecond laser-assisted capsulotomy in cases of intumescent cataracts. Proper identification of incomplete capsulotomy patterns and radial extensions should be managed with careful manual completion of the capsulotomy.

"White-puncture": A simple technique to prevent tearing of the anterior capsule during capsulorhexis in intumescent white cataracts. / Blancopunción: una técnica simple para prevenir el desgarro de la cápsula anterior durante la capsulorrexis en cataratas blancas intumescentes.

In order to avoid radial tearing of the anterior capsule while performing continuous circular capsulorhexis (CCC) in a white intumescent cataract, called the "Argentinian flag sign" when CCC is associated with a previous capsular stain with trypan blue, an initial puncture of the anterior capsule is performed with a 30G needle as the first step of the surgical procedure, that means, prior to any previous aperture of the anterior chamber. This act seems to allow the pressure of the intracrystalline space and the pressure of the anterior chamber to be equalized, as the liquefied content of the intumescent white cataract is released into a presumably hermetic anterior chamber, avoiding the dreaded anterior capsular radial tear. This technique, called "white-puncture", has been used in 174 cases without any associated complications.

Modificación de la técnica de Bernard-Burow en la reconstrucción total del labio inferior: presentación de un caso / Modification of the Bernard-Burow technique in total reconstruction of the lower lip: case report

Resumen El carcinoma de labio es uno de los más comunes de la cabeza y el cuello. El tipo histológico más frecuente es el carcinoma escamocelular y afecta predominantemente al labio inferior. Existen distintas técnicas para la reconstrucción de los defectos del labio inferior posterior a la resección oncológica, sin embargo, preservar la funcionalidad y la estética de esta zona es un desafío debido a la alta incidencia de xialorrea, microstomia, alteraciones de la continencia y el habla posterior a la reconstrucción. Se presenta un caso de reconstrucción total de labio inferior ampliada hacia el mentón utilizando el triángulo de Burow y que obtuvo buenos resultados funcionales y estéticos.

Abstract Lip carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies in the head and neck region. Squamous-cell carcinoma is the most frequent type of histological cell carcinoma, chiefly affecting the lower lip. Different techniques for reconstructing defects of the lower lip after neoplasia resection are used; however, preserving the functionality and aesthetics of this area poses a challenge due to the anatomical position that causes accumulation of saliva, thus delaying the healing process. We present a total lower lip reconstruction extended towards the chin by using the Burow's triangle, significantly improving functional and aesthetic results.

Interobserver Agreement in the Assessment of Clinical Findings in Children with Headaches.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the interobserver agreement of history and physical examination findings in children undergoing evaluation in the emergency department (ED) for headaches. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a prospective, cross-sectional study of children aged 2-17 years evaluated at 3 tertiary-care pediatric EDs for non-traumatic headaches. Two clinicians independently completed a standardized assessment of each child and documented the presence or absence of history and physical examination variables. Unweighted κ statistics were determined for 68 history and 24 physical examination variables. RESULTS: We analyzed 191 paired observations; median age was 12 years, with 19 (9.9%) children younger than 7 years. Interrater reliability was at least moderate (κ ≥ 0.41) for 41 (60.3%) patient history variables. Eleven (61.1%) of 18 physical examination variables for which κ statistics could be calculated had a κ that was at least moderate. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial number of history and physical examination findings demonstrated at least moderate κ statistic values when assessed in children with headaches in the ED. These variables may be generalizable across different types of clinicians for evaluation of children with headaches. If also found to predict the presence or absence of emergent intracranial abnormalities, the more reliable clinical findings may be helpful in the development of clinical prediction rules or risk stratification models that could be used across settings for children with headaches.

Comparison of efficacy of HCAG and FLAG re-induction chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukemia patients of low- and intermediate-risk groups.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy and adverse effects of HCAG and FLAG re-induction chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients of low- and intermediate-risk groups following induction failure. METHODS: A total of 98 AML patients were enrolled. Among these subjects, 47 patients were treated with HCAG chemotherapy, while 51 patients were treated with FLAG chemotherapy. RESULT: The complete remission (CR) and overall remission (OFF) were 24% and 38%, respectively in patients with HCAG induction chemotherapy, while the corresponding percentages were 28% and 42% in subject receiving FLAG chemotherapy. The median survival time of progress-free survival (PFS) was 29.8 (95% CI 23.749-35.851) months in the HCAG group and 30.8 (95% CI 21.728-39.872) months in the FLAG group (P = 0.620). A total of 42 patients in the HCAG group suffered from grade 4 hematological toxicity, while this adverse reaction was noted for all patients who were treated with FLAG chemotherapy (P = 0.023). A total of 19 cases indicated apparent nonhematological toxicity in the HCAG group, while only 40 (78.4%) were noted with these adverse reactions in the FLAG group (P = 0.000). CONCLUSION: The HCAG regimen exhibited a similar effect compared with the FLAG regimen in low- and intermediate-risk groups, although the HCAG regimen significantly decreased the toxicity compared with that noted in the FLAG regimen group.

Esporte universitário, flag e lazer sério / College sports, flag football and serious leisure

A Perspectiva do Lazer Sério é um viés importante para compreensão do esporte universitário no tempo livre. Ela determina que praticantes de lazer sério apresentem persistência, carreira, empenho, benefícios duráveis, ethos único e identificação com uma prática de lazer. O flag ­ prática derivada do futebol americano, um dos esportes que mais se populariza no Brasil na atualidade ­ é praticado por atletas brasileiros também em nível universitário. Os objetivos desse estudo foram verificar a presença das qualidades do lazer sério nos atletas de flag do time masculino Eucalyptus Unicamp e verificar a importância do esporte em suas vidas. Este estudo de caso coletou dados por meio de observação, questionário, Inventário de Medidas em Lazer Sério e entrevistas. Os resultados apontam que as qualidades estão presentes no relacionamento atleta/flag, além de demonstrar a centralidade do esporte na vida dos participantes.

The Serious Leisure Perspective is an interesting bias for understanding college sports in Brazil and free time. It determines that serious leisure practitioners present persistence, career, effort, durable benefits, unique ethos and identification with the pursuit. The flag - practice derived from Football, one of the most popular sports in Brazil nowadays - is practiced by Brazilians also at college level. The objectives of this study were to verify the presence of serious leisure qualities in the relationship athletes of the Eucalyptus Unicamp men's team have with the sport and verify the importance of flag in their lives. This case study collected data through observation, questionnaire, Serious Leisure Inventory and Measure and interviews. The results point out that the qualities are present in the athlete/flag relationship, besides it was demonstrated the centrality of the sport in the participants' lives.

Hemato-biochemical profile of meat cattle submitted to different types of pre-loading handling and transport times.

Pre-loading handling and conditions of transport are related to welfare, disease risk and product quality of production animals. These steps continue to be one of the major animal management problems in Brazil. This study evaluated the effects of different types of pre-loading handling and road transport times on the haematological and biochemical traits of cattle. Eighteen male cattle were submitted to three travel times (24, 48 and 72 h) in a truck soon after load using different types of pre-loading handling: traditional (rough handling), training (gentle handling) and use of flags to movement cattle. Haematological traits, blood biochemical measures as well as blood and faecal cortisol were analysed in order to assess animal welfare and physiological status. The traditional management showed to be more stressful, also had animals with a greater number of neutrophils and lower numbers of lymphocytes than handling with flags, showing that animals submitted to more stressful situations can have compromised immune system. Serum aspartate aminotransferase concentrations were within the reference levels and when taken together with increased creatine kinase patterns observed indicate muscle damage in traditional management. Decrease in glucose concentrations over time from traditional management to flag management was observed, while fructosamine was increased in traditional management with 72 h of travel. When taken together, all reported factors, immune, enzymatic, energetic and hormonal, indicate that the quality of pre-loading handling and time of transport were determinant for animal welfare, its homeostatic balance and sanitary conditions.

A multipronged approach to prevent Argentinian flag sign in intumescent cataracts.

In this communication, we describe a technique for creation of a single stage, adequately sized capsulorrhexis in intumescent cataracts by depressurizing the anterior and posterior intralenticular compartments in a nonleaky anterior chamber (AC) to prevent capsulorrhexis extension and Argentina flag sign. Initially, an incomplete main-port incision is made by the partial entry of a 2.2-mm keratome. A cohesive dispersive ophthalmic viscosurgical device (OVD) is injected into AC. Standard side-port incisions are made, followed by anterior capsular staining. The fluid cortex in anterior intralenticular compartment is aspirated by puncturing anterior capsule in the center using a 30-gauge needle entered through a separate limbal stab incision. The nucleus edge is gently tipped posteriorly with the needle tip to release the fluid from posterior intralenticular compartment also and as much fluid aspirated as possible. OVD is again injected and capsulorrhexis is performed in a single stage using micro-capsulorrhexis forceps.

Comparison of clinical remission and survival between CLAG and FLAG induction chemotherapy in patients with refractory or relapsed acute myeloid leukemia: a prospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: To compare the clinical remission and survival between CLAG and FLAG induction chemotherapy in treating patients with refractory or relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (R/R AML). METHODS: 103 R/R AML patients were consecutively enrolled in this prospective cohort study. 55 patients were treated by CLAG induction chemotherapy as follows: 5 mg/m2/day cladribine (days 1-5); 2 g/m2/day cytarabine (days 1-5) and 300 µg/day filgrastim (days 0-5). While 48 patients were treated by FLAG: 30 mg/m2/day fludarabine (days 1-5), 2 g/m2/day cytarabine (days 1-5), and 300 µg/day filgrastim (days 0-5). RESULTS: CLAG induction chemotherapy achieved 61.7% complete remission rate (CR) and 78.7% overall remission rate (ORR), which was similar with FLAG chemotherapy which realized 48.7% CR and 69.2% ORR. No difference of overall survival (OS) was discovered between two groups either. Age cytarabine 60 years, secondary disease, poor risk stratification and BM blast ≥ 42.7% and second or higher salvage therapy were independent factors for worse prognosis. Subgroups analysis revealed that in patients with second or higher salvage therapy, CLAG seemed to achieve a higher CR than FLAG. And in patients with relapsed disease, poor risk stratification or CR at first induction, CLAG seemed to realize a prolonged OS compared to FLAG. CONCLUSION: CLAG was equally effective to FLAG induction chemotherapy in total R/R AML patients, while CLAG seemed to be a better option than FLAG in patients with relapsed disease, poor risk stratification, CR at first induction or second or higher salvage therapies.

Phaco capsulotomy: a technique to prevent the Argentinean Flag Sign.

The Argentinean Flag Sign is a complication that occurs during capsulorhexis construction, in which the capsulorhexis extends to the periphery due to lens intumescence. Phaco capsulotomy is a technique in which the phacoemulsification tip is used to simultaneously create the initial tear in the anterior capsule and remove a portion of the intumescent lens, thereby debulking and relieving pressure from the lens and capsule, and preventing the Argentinean Flag Sign. A detailed description of the phaco capsulotomy technique is provided, including applications and potential complications.

In Vitro Mid-Term Conservation of Acorus calamus L. via Cold Storage of Encapsulated Microrhizome

ABSTRACT In vitro rhizome production, encapsulation and cold storage of Acorus calamus were attempted for its propagation and ‘true-to-type’ conservation. Shoot cultures were initiated using underground rhizome buds, on 6-benzyladenine (BA) containing Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Maximum microrhizome production was observed in presence of 33.3 µM BA, on modified MS medium containing 6% sucrose, 100 mg/L citric acid and 1 g/L polyvinyl pyrrolidone-40. Synthetic seeds were produced from regenerated microtubers by encapsulation in calcium alginate beads. These synthetic seeds were stored in complete darkness at 100C temperature for different durations for mid-term conservation. After cold storage, synthetic seeds were re-cultured in vitro, 100% survival was recorded after the storage of 1, 3 or 6 months; and 80% survival was observed after the storage of 12 months. The microrhizomes were produced roots in 4.9 µM indole-3-butyric acid containing half strength MS medium. All the regenerated plantlets were successfully transferred to field after acclimatization. It is the first report on successful one year in vitro cold storage of A. calamus.

The flagellar protein FLAG1/SMP1 is a candidate for Leishmania-sand fly interaction.

Leishmaniasis is a serious problem that affects mostly poor countries. Various species of Leishmania are the agents of the disease, which take different clinical manifestations. The parasite is transmitted by sandflies, predominantly from the Phlebotomus genus in the Old World and Lutzomyia in the New World. During development in the gut, Leishmania must survive various challenges, which include avoiding being expelled with blood remnants after digestion. It is believed that attachment to the gut epithelium is a necessary step for vector infection, and molecules from parasites and sand flies have been implicated in this attachment. In previous work, monoclonal antibodies were produced against Leishmania. Among these an antibody was obtained against Leishmania braziliensis flagella, which blocked the attachment of Leishmania panamensis flagella to Phlebotomus papatasi guts. The protein recognized by this antibody was identified and named FLAG1, and the complete FLAG1 gene sequence was obtained. This protein was later independently identified as a small, myristoylated protein and called SMP1, so from now on it will be denominated FLAG1/SMP1. The FLAG1/SMP1 gene is expressed in all developmental stages of the parasite, but has higher expression in promastigotes. The anti-FLAG1/SMP1 antibody recognized the flagellum of all Leishmania species tested and generated the expected band by western blots. This antibody was used in attachment and infection blocking experiments. Using the New World vector Lutzomyia longipalpis and Leishmania infantum chagasi, no inhibition of attachment ex vivo or infection in vivo was seen. On the other hand, when the Old World vectors P. papatasi and Leishmania major were used, a significant decrease of both attachment and infection were seen in the presence of the antibody. We propose that FLAG1/SMP1 is involved in the attachment/infection of Leishmania in the strict vector P. papatasi and not the permissive vector L. longipalpis.

Yield components in wheat affected by sowing density and growth regulators / Componentes produtivos do trigo afetados pela densidade de semeadura e aplicação de regulador vegetal

Improvement on yield potential of plants by crop management is the main research challenge due to the growing of food demand worldwide. The objective of this work was to study physiological and morphological traits and its relationship with yield components and yield of wheat as affected by sowing densities and plant growth regulators. The experimental design was a split-plot design with four replications. The plots were consisted by four sowing densities (30, 50 70 and 90 plants m-1) and the subplots were consisted by plant growth regulators [control, (IBA+GA+KT), Trinexapac-Ethyl e (IBA+GA+KT) + Trinexapac-Ethyl]. Dry matter accumulation, plant height, source-sink distance, gas exchange and yield were determined. Trinexapac-Ethyl application resulted in decreasing of plant height, source-sink distance and flag leaf length; however, the grain yield was not affected. The number of plants per unit area affected dry matter accumulation. Higher dry matter accumulation showed direct relationship with yield and yield components in lower plant densities.(AU)

Melhorar as características produtivas de plantas cultivadas através de práticas de cultivo é um dos principais desafios da pesquisa frente à crescente demanda de alimentos em nível mundial. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar as características morfofisiológicas e suas relações com os componentes da produção e a produtividade da cultura trigo em função da densidade de semeadura e da aplicação de reguladores vegetais. O experimento de campo foi conduzido em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas sub-divididas com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram formadas por quatro densidades de semeadura (30, 50, 70 e 90 plantas m-1) enquanto as sub-parcelas foram formadas pela aplicação de reguladores vegetais [controle, (IBA+GA+KT), Etil-Trinexapac e (IBA+GA+KT) + Etil-Trinexapac]. Foram avaliados o acúmulo de matéria seca, a altura de plantas, a distância entre fonte e dreno, as trocas gasosas e a produtividade da cultura. A aplicação de Etil- Trinexapac resultou em diminuição da altura de plantas, da distância fonte-dreno e do desenvolvimento da folha bandeira, sem afetar a produtividade da cultura. A densidade de semeadura afetou o acúmulo de matéria seca de plantas, sendo que o maior acúmulo de matéria seca na fase de antese teve efeito positivo direto nos componentes da produção e na produtividade da cultura nas menores densidades.(AU)

Yield components in wheat affected by sowing density and growth regulators / Componentes produtivos do trigo afetados pela densidade de semeadura e aplicação de regulador vegetal

Improvement on yield potential of plants by crop management is the main research challenge due to the growing of food demand worldwide. The objective of this work was to study physiological and morphological traits and its relationship with yield components and yield of wheat as affected by sowing densities and plant growth regulators. The experimental design was a split-plot design with four replications. The plots were consisted by four sowing densities (30, 50 70 and 90 plants m-1) and the subplots were consisted by plant growth regulators [control, (IBA+GA+KT), Trinexapac-Ethyl e (IBA+GA+KT) + Trinexapac-Ethyl]. Dry matter accumulation, plant height, source-sink distance, gas exchange and yield were determined. Trinexapac-Ethyl application resulted in decreasing of plant height, source-sink distance and flag leaf length; however, the grain yield was not affected. The number of plants per unit area affected dry matter accumulation. Higher dry matter accumulation showed direct relationship with yield and yield components in lower plant densities.

Melhorar as características produtivas de plantas cultivadas através de práticas de cultivo é um dos principais desafios da pesquisa frente à crescente demanda de alimentos em nível mundial. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar as características morfofisiológicas e suas relações com os componentes da produção e a produtividade da cultura trigo em função da densidade de semeadura e da aplicação de reguladores vegetais. O experimento de campo foi conduzido em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas sub-divididas com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram formadas por quatro densidades de semeadura (30, 50, 70 e 90 plantas m-1) enquanto as sub-parcelas foram formadas pela aplicação de reguladores vegetais [controle, (IBA+GA+KT), Etil-Trinexapac e (IBA+GA+KT) + Etil-Trinexapac]. Foram avaliados o acúmulo de matéria seca, a altura de plantas, a distância entre fonte e dreno, as trocas gasosas e a produtividade da cultura. A aplicação de Etil- Trinexapac resultou em diminuição da altura de plantas, da distância fonte-dreno e do desenvolvimento da folha bandeira, sem afetar a produtividade da cultura. A densidade de semeadura afetou o acúmulo de matéria seca de plantas, sendo que o maior acúmulo de matéria seca na fase de antese teve efeito positivo direto nos componentes da produção e na produtividade da cultura nas menores densidades.