Fear of cancer recurrence in adolescent patients with malignant bone tumors: a cross-section survey.

BACKGROUND: Adolescent malignant-bone tumor patients' fear of cancer recurrence is a significant psychological issue, and exploring the influencing factors associated with fear of cancer recurrence in this population is important for developing effective interventions. This study is to investigate the current status and factors influencing fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) related to malignant bone-tumors in adolescent patients, providing evidence for future targeted mental health support and interventions. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey. METHODS: In total, 269 adolescent malignant-bone tumor cases were treated at two hospitals in Zhejiang Province, China from January 2023 to December 2023. Patients completed a General Information Questionnaire, Fear of Progression Questionnaire-Short Form (FoP-Q-SF), Family Hardiness Index (FHI), and a Simple Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ). Univariate and multivariable logistic regressions analysis were used to assess fear of cancer recurrence. RESULTS: A total of 122 (45.4%) patients experienced FCR (FoP-Q-SF ≥ 34). Logistic regression analysis analyses showed that per capita-monthly family income, tumor stage, communication between the treating physician and the patient, patient's family relationships, family hardiness a positive coping score, and a negative coping score were the main factors influencing FCR in these patients (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: FCR in malignant-bone tumor adolescent patients is profound. Healthcare professionals should develop targeted interventional strategies based on the identified factors, which affect these patients; helping patients increase family hardiness, helping patients to positively adapt, and avoid negative coping styles.

Hardiness as a Resilience Factor for Adaptation in Families of Children With 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: A Mixed Methods Study of Parents' Perspectives.

22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a rare multisystem genetic disorder with over 200 associated characteristics, occurring in various combinations and severity. Extensive biomedical research has been undertaken on 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, however, there is a dearth of research on families' experiences of managing a family member with this condition. The complex and at times serious phenotypical presentation of the syndrome can make the management of the condition difficult for families. The aim of this mixed method explanatory sequential study was to investigate family hardiness as a resilience factor for adaptation in families of children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome from parents' perspectives. We found that adaptation scores increased by 0.57 points (95% CI: 0.19-0.94) for every one-point increase in family hardiness score. Qualitative results indicated that acceptance of the child's diagnosis and support positively influenced hardiness whereas fears about the future and their experiences of loss negatively influenced hardiness.

The moderating role of trajectories of family hardiness in the relationship between trajectories of economic hardship and mental health of mothers and children.

Trajectories of perceived economic hardship are related to clinical levels of mental health issues in mothers and children from low-income families. Cross-sectionally, family hardiness has been found to have a moderating effect on the relationship between stressors and mental health severity. Recent advances in family resilience theory highlight the importance of considering trajectories of family resilience. Trajectories of family hardiness and their moderating effect on the relationship between trajectories of perceived economic hardship and symptoms of depression and anxiety in low-income mothers and children were investigated in 511 mother-child dyads in Singapore. Three trajectories of family hardiness were delineated, namely the high stable, low rapidly increasing and moderate increasing group. The trajectories of family hardiness were found to moderate the relationship between trajectories of perceived economic hardship and symptoms of mental health in low-income mothers and children. The same moderation effect was not found when perceived economic hardship and family hardiness were investigated cross-sectionally. These findings highlight the importance of considering the family's trajectory of hardiness over time when working with low-income families. In addition, given that different trajectories of family hardiness were protective for different aspects of mental health, further studies to understand these relations are necessary.

Family Hardiness in Patients with Heart Failure: Exploring Protective Factors and Identifying the Mediator.

BACKGROUND: Struggling with heart failure (HF) may be a distressful experience for the entire family. As a key variable contributing to positive family functioning, family hardiness can protect against HF-related harm. Thus, recognizing factors associated with family hardiness could promote strategies that enable successful adaptation to HF. This study aimed to explore protective factors linked to family hardiness among HF patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was undertaken in 2020 among 167 HF patients in Nanjing, China. The study measures comprised a self-designed general information questionnaire, the Family Hardiness Index, the Mutuality Scale, the Positive and Negative Affect Scale, and the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire. The data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS, version 25 and comprised Pearson's correlation analysis, a multiple linear regression model, and an analysis of mediating effects. RESULTS: The average Family Hardiness Index score for the 167 HF patients was 57.95 ± 11.41. The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that mutuality, active coping style, and positive emotions of HF patients positively predicted family hardiness (ß = 0.359, 0.308, and 0.215, respectively; all P ˂ 0.05). Mutuality between patients and family members had partial mediating effects between active coping style, positive emotions, and family hardiness. CONCLUSION: Our results revealed that patients' active coping styles, positive emotions, and mutuality were protective factors associated with family hardiness. In light of our findings, we suggest that active coping strategies, positive emotions, and, especially, closer relationships within families should be encouraged during the rehabilitation and follow-up care of HF patients.

Family Hardiness and Parent and Family Functioning in Households with Children Experiencing Adverse Life Conditions: a Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The purposes of the meta-analysis were to evaluate the relationship between family hardiness and different dimensions of parent and family functioning in households experiencing adverse child or family life events and circumstances and determine if family hardiness had either or both stress-buffering and healthenhancing effects on parent and family functioning. METHOD: Studies were included if the correlations between family hardiness and different dimensions of parental or family functioning were reported. The synthesis included 53 studies (N = 4418 participants) conducted in nine countries between 1992 and 2017. RESULTS: showed that family hardiness was related to less parental stress, anxiety/depression, and parenting burden/demands and positively related to parental global health, well-being, and parenting practices. Results also showed that family hardiness was negatively related to family stress and positively related to family life satisfaction, adaptation, and cohesion. The effects sizes between family hardiness and positive parent and family functioning indicators were larger than those for stress-buffering indicators. Child and family life events and child age moderated the relationship between family hardiness and family but not parental functioning. CONCLUSION: The results are consistent with the hypothesis that family hardiness is an internal resource that simultaneously has stress-buffering and health-enhancing effects on parent and family functioning.

OBJETIVO: el presente metaanálisis buscó evaluar la relación entre resistencia y diferentes dimensiones del funcionamiento parental y familiar en hogares que experimentan acontecimientos vitales adversos tanto familiares como del niño/a. El segundo objetivo fue determinar si la resistencia familiar tenía un efecto amortiguador del estrés y/o el aumento de la salud en el funcionamiento parental y familiar. MÉTODO: Se incluyeron aquellos estudios que aportaban la correlación entre la resistencia familiar y una o más dimensiones de funcionamiento parental y familiar. La síntesis incluyo 53 estudios (N = 4418 participantes) llevados a cabo en nueve países entre 1992 y 2017. RESULTADOS: No se encontró sesgo en la publicación de los tamaños de los efectos de los informes de investigación en el metaanálisis. Los resultados mostraron que la resistencia familiar estaba relacionada con menos estrés parental, ansiedad/depresión y demandas/cargas parentales y se relacionaba positivamente con la salud parental global, el bienestar emocional y las prácticas parentales. Los resultados también mostraron cómo la resistencia familiar se relacionaba de manera negativa con el estrés familiar y de manera positiva con la satisfacción con la vida, adaptación y cohesión. Los tamaños del efecto entre resistencia familiar e indicadores positivos de funcionamiento familiar y parental fueron mayores que los de la amortiguación del estrés. CONCLUSIONES: Los acontecimientos de la vida del niño/a y de la familia, junto con la edad del niño/a, moderaban la relación entre la resistencia y el funcionamiento familiares, pero no el funcionamiento parental. Los resultados son consistentes con la hipótesis de que la resistencia familiar es un recurso interno que de manera simultánea tiene un efecto amortiguador del estrés y el aumento de la salud para el funcionamiento parental y familiar.

Patient-family communication mediates the relation between family hardiness and caregiver positivity: Exploring the moderating role of caregiver depression and anxiety.

Purpose: Despite the theoretical and empirical significance of positive aspects of caregiving in caregiver well-being, relatively little is known regarding family-related predictors of caregiver positivity. This study examines whether patient-family communication (p-f communication) mediates the relation between family hardiness and caregiver positivity and whether the mediating effects of p-f communication are moderated by the levels of caregiver depression and anxiety. Design/Sample: This study used secondary data obtained from a large-scale cross-sectional national survey conducted in South Korea. Participants were 544 spousal cancer patient-caregiver dyads recruited from the National Cancer Center and nine government-designated regional cancer centers in South Korea. Methods: To test the hypotheses, a simple mediation model and two moderated mediation tests were conducted using the PROCESS macro for SPSS. Findings: Higher family hardiness was related to higher p-f positive communication and higher caregiver positivity. The effects of family hardiness were partially mediated by p-f communication, controlling for caregiver sex, education, health status, depression and anxiety, time spent caregiving, and patient depression and anxiety, cancer stage, and time since diagnosis. The mediating effects of p-f communication were not significantly moderated by caregiver depression and anxiety. Conclusions/Implications: Health care professionals could consider p-f communication as a reasonable target of intervention to increase caregiver positivity, even for caregivers with heightened depression and anxiety.

Study on the family hardiness and its influencing factors in children with leukemia / 白血病·淋巴瘤

Objective@#To investigate the current status of family hardiness and its influencing factors in children with leukemia.@*Methods@#The children with leukemia and their caregivers in the Children's Hospital of Shanxi from August to November 2017 were enrolled. A questionnaire survey was conducted using a convenient sampling method, and 100 questionnaires were distributed. The questionnaire included the General Status Questionnaire, the Family Hardiness Index (FHI), the Coping Health Inventory for Parents (CHIP) and the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS).@*Results@#A total of 92 valid questionnaires were collected. Among the scores of family hardiness in children with leukemia [(3.29±0.43) points], the responsibility score [(3.32±0.45) points] was higher than the control score [(3.31±0.46) points] and the challenge score [(3.23±0.53) points], and the challenge score was the lowest. The score of frequency of coping styles used by the caregiver of the child with leukemia was (3.64±0.70) points, the most frequent coping style used by the caregiver was "family unity, optimism, cooperative attitude" [(3.73±0.89) points], and the positive [(3.28±0.84) points] and negative [(2.51±0.80) points] emotions were in a moderate state. The child's sex, age, stage of chemotherapy and medical insurance status, the caregiver of the child, the age of the caregiver, the family's place of residence, and the education level were the related factors affecting the family hardiness score (all P < 0.01). The age of child, CHIP-1, CHIP-2, positive emotion and negative emotion were independent factors affecting the family hardiness (all P < 0.05). The CHIP, CHIP-1, CHIP-2 and positive emotion were positively correlated with the family hardiness (r values were 0.827, 0.883, 0.707 and 0.846, all P < 0.01); the negative emotion was negatively correlated with the family hardiness (r=-0.832, P < 0.01).@*Conclusion@#The family hardiness of children with leukemia is in the middle and upper level, the children's age, caregiver's coping style, positive emotion and negative emotion are factors affecting the family hardiness.

Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the family hardiness Index among patients with cancer / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective@#To exmain reliability and validity of the Chinese version of Family Hardiness Index(FHI) among patients with cancer.@*Methods@#A convinent sample of 344 patients with cancer was investigated with a self-designed questionnaire about personal information, the Herth Hope Index (HHI) and the Chinese version of FHI. Item analysis was conducted on each item of the Chinese version of FHI; The construct validity of the scale were evaluated by explorotory factor analysis, the reliability of the scale was also evaluated by calculating the Cronbach α coefficient, the split-half reliability and the retest reliability.@*Results@#The Chinese version of FHI consisted of 20 items. Five factors were extracted by factor analysis which explained 57.900% of the total variance. The score of the Chinese version of FHI was significantly correlated to the total score of HHI (r=0.716, p<0.01) .The Cronbach α coefficient of the Chinese version of FHI was 0.806, and the test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.790 and The split-half reliability was 0.793.@*Conclusion@#The Chinese version of FHI demonstrates good reliability and validity during initial testing among patients with cancer.

Family Health Conversations have Positive Outcomes on Families - A Mixed Method Research Study.

BACKGROUND: Having a family member living in a residential home affects the entire family and can be hard to handle. Family members require encouraging and open communication support from nurses during and after relocation to a residential home. A Family Systems Nursing intervention, "Family Health Conversations" (FamHC) was conducted in order to strengthen the health of families having relatives at residential home for older people. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to evaluate the responses to the Family Health Conversations in families with a member living at a residential home for older people and to integrate the empirical results with a theoretical assumption upon which the intervention was based. METHODS: A mixed methods research design was used. The Swedish Health-Related Quality of Life Survey and the Family Hardiness Index were administered before and 6 months after the intervention. Qualitative data was collected by semi-structured interviews with each family 6 months post-intervention. The sample included 10 families comprising 22 family members. RESULT: Main finding was that FamHCs helped family members process their feelings about having a member living at a residential home and made it easier for them to deal with their own situations. FamHCs helped to ease their consciences, improve their emotional well-being, and change their beliefs about their own insufficiency and guilt. Seeing problems from a different perspective facilitated the families' thinking in a new way. CONCLUSION: These findings showed that FamHC could be an important type of intervention to improve family functioning and enhance the emotional well-being.

Investigation of family hardiness and its influencing factors in children with refractory nephrotic syndrome / 重庆医学

Objective To analyze the status of family hardiness and its influencing factors in children with refractory nephrotic syndrome (RNS).Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in the family members of 120 children patients with RNS admitted to our hospital from January 2013 to February 2016.The general information questionnaire,family hardiness scale (FHI),general self-efficacy scale (GSES),self-rating anxiety scale (SAS),self-rating depression scale (SDS) and simplified coping style questionnaire (SCSQ) were used for investigation and evaluation.The status of family hardiness of children patients with RNS was summarized and its influencing factors were analyzed.Results (1)Among the scores of family hardiness in patients of children with RNS,the score of responsibility dimension was the highest,followed by the score of control dimension.The self-efficacy scores of the family members were in the middle level,the scores of anxiety and depression were in mild level,and the score of positive coping was relatively higher.(2)The univariate analysis showed that the treatment time,education level of family members,place of residence,family per capita monthly income and medical payment method were the related factors influencing the family hardiness score (P<0.05);the Pearson correlation analysis showed that self-efficacy score and positive coping score were positively correlated with the family hardiness score (r=0.425,P=0.011;r=0.536,P=0.002),while the anxiety and depression scores were negatively correlated with the family hardiness score (r=-0.581,P=0.001;r=-0.671,P=0.000).The multivariate regression analysis showed that the family per capita monthly income,self-efficacy score,anxiety score,depression score and positive coping were the independent factors influencing the family hardiness.Conclusion The family hardiness of patients of children with RNS is in the middle and upper level.The family income,self-efficacy of family members,positive coping style,anxiety and depression emotions are related factors influencing family hardiness.

Assessing family resources: validation of the Swedish version of the Family Hardiness Index.

All families face normative transitions. Some are perceived as stressful and calls for family resources to maintain or restore family well-being. In times of illness, families also need to develop strengths and capabilities to enhance family well-being. The way these are developed is related to family hardiness. Family hardiness is thus seen as a family resource, and the Family Hardiness Index (FHI) was developed to measure family stress resistance and adaptation resources. The index was not available in Swedish and no extensive international psychometric evaluation was found. Therefore, the aim was to translate and validate the Swedish version of the FHI. The study was approved by a Regional Ethical Review Board. Data from 174 Swedish participants, family members to persons with cognitive dysfunctions (n = 95) and nursing students (n = 79) were included. Family members were enrolled in outpatient clinics in primary care and rehabilitation, and nursing students at a nursing school. Psychometric properties were evaluated through calculations of missing data, distributions of item and scale scores, item correlations, Cronbach's alpha, confirmatory factor analyses and correlations with theoretically related constructs. Sample scores had acceptable data quality, internal consistency for the FHI total scale was satisfactory (α = 0.86), and construct validity was supported. Our findings cast some doubt on the intended interpretation since confirmatory factor analyses showed that a modified four-subscale version, excluding one subscale, showed best fit. The Control subscale lacked important psychometric properties in terms of homogeneity, internal consistency and construct validity. The sample size was probably sufficiently large for the factor analyses, but the subgroup analyses should be treated with caution. The conclusion is that the Swedish version of the FHI is a promising scale for assessing family hardiness, but more solid evidence for the factor structure in various Swedish and international samples is needed.

Factors associated with family resilience during pregnancy among inner-city women.

OBJECTIVE: family resilience refers to the ability of a family group to adapt to challenging circumstances. For families residing in the inner-city, the concept of resilience is of particular salience as these families often encounter multiple stressors. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with low family resilience during pregnancy among inner-city women. DESIGN: secondary analysis of data from a case-control study of factors related to inadequate antenatal care. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: participants consisted of 603 postpartum women who gave birth to a live infant and resided in one of eight inner-city neighbourhoods in Winnipeg, Manitoba. METHODS: participants were designated as having low family resilience (n=155) or moderate to high family resilience (n=448) based on scores on the Family Hardiness Index. Univariate analyses were conducted to explore the association between a variety of factors during pregnancy and family resilience, and crude odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Factors significant at p<.10 were then entered into a multivariate logistic regression model, yielding adjusted ORs and 95% CI. RESULTS: the following factors were significantly associated with low family resilience among pregnant inner-city women in the final model: maternal age <25 years (AOR 1.69), low self-esteem (AOR 2.82), high perceived stress (AOR 3.01), alcohol use during pregnancy (AOR 3.20), and low interpersonal support (AOR 6.24). KEY CONCLUSIONS: inner-city women who are young or have low self-esteem, high perceived stress, low interpersonal support, or who use alcohol during pregnancy are more likely to report lower levels of family resilience. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: midwives have the opportunity to develop ongoing relationships with their clients and families. As such, they are in an excellent position to understand the specific needs and strengths of individual families and foster the abilities of these families to strengthen and support resilience.

Factors of caregiver burden and family functioning among Taiwanese family caregivers living with schizophrenia.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the degree of caregiver burden and family functioning among Taiwanese primary family caregivers of people with schizophrenia and to test its association with demographic characteristics, family demands, sense of coherence and family hardiness. BACKGROUND: Family caregiving is a great concern in mental illness. Yet, the correlates of caregiver burden and family functioning in primary family caregivers of individuals with schizophrenia still remain unclear. DESIGN: A cross-sectional descriptive study. METHODS: A convenience sample of 137 primary family caregivers was recruited from two psychiatric outpatient clinics in Taiwan. Measures included a demographic information sheet and the Chinese versions of the Family Stressors Index, Family Strains Index, 13-item Sense of Coherence Scale, 18-item Caregiver Burden Scale, Family Hardiness Index and Family Adaptability, Partnership, Growth, Affection, and Resolve Index. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients, t-test, one-way analysis of variance and a stepwise multiple linear regression. 3 RESULTS: Female caregivers, additional dependent relatives, increased family demands and decreased sense of coherence significantly increased caregiver burden, whereas siblings as caregivers reported lower degrees of burden than parental caregivers. Family caregivers with lower family demands, increased family hardiness and higher educational level had significantly enhanced family functioning. Sense of coherence was significantly correlated with family hardiness. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlighted the importance of sense of coherence and family hardiness in individual and family adaptation. Special attention needs to focus on therapeutic interventions that enhance sense of coherence and family hardiness, thereby improving the perception of burden of care and family functioning. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Given the nature of family caregiving in schizophrenia, understanding of correlates of caregiver burden and family functioning would help provide useful avenues for the development of family-focused intervention in psychiatric mental health nursing practice.

Analysis of the related factors on family adaptation of hospitalized children / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective The purpose of this study was to identify the effect factors on family adaptation of hospitalized children.Methods A survey was conducted in 330 hospitalized children's parents using questionnaires such as FSI,FVI,FHI,FWBI.Results Multiple factor analysis showed that the strongest resilience factor was family hardiness,the second one was general family value on family adaptation of hospitalized children.Conclusions Family hardiness and family value have the adjusting role on family adaptation of hospitalized children.Therefore,the significance of this study can be used to develop family nursing intervention program based on family resilience to strengthen family adaptation of hospitalized children.

Family Resiliency Facto for the Adaptation of Family who have a Congenital Heart Disease / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships of family strain, perceived social support, family hardiness, and family adaptation and identify the family resiliency factors for the adaptation of families who have a child with congenital heart disease. METHOD: The sample consisted of 90 families who had a child diagnosed with congenital heart disease and completed surgical treatment. Data was collected from parents using a questionnaire. RESULTS: Results from path analyses revealed that family strain had a direct effect on both perceived social support and family hardiness, and an indirect effect on family adaptation. Also, the findings revealed that perceived social support had a direct effect on both family hardiness and family adaptation, and family hardiness had a direct effect on family adaptation. Thus, these results indicated that perceived social support and family hardiness had a mediating effect on family strain. CONCLUSION: Findings provide the evidence for the theoretical and empirical significance of perceived social support and family hardiness as family resiliency factors for family adaptation. Clinical implications of these findings might be discussed in terms of family-centered nursing interventions for the families who have a child with congenital heart disease based on an understanding of family resiliency for adaptation.

Relationships of Family Value, Vamily Hardiness and Hamily Adaptation in Family who has a Child with Cancer / 아동간호학회지

The purposes of the study were to develop an instrument for family value and to identify the relationships of family value, family hardiness, and family adaptation by appling the family value scale to family with cancer children. The study was conducted in three phases. 1) A survey was conducted from July 20 to August 20, 1999 and 18 items of general family value scale was modified from the data of 153 fathers and 164 mothers. 2) In-depth interviews were made with 29 parents of cancer children from April 20, 1998 to May 20, 1999 to develop family value scale with cancer children, and 12 statements were developed. 3) The final survey was conducted from July 18, 2000 to August 30, 2000 and the data from 309 parents of children who are diagnosed as cancer, 18 or less years of age, and treated either hospitalized or at the outpatient clinics were analyzed to identify the relationships of the concepts. The data analysis utilized SAS 6.12 and LISREL 8 for descriptive statistics, correlation, and Regression for path analysis. The study findings are as follows. The psychometric testing of general family value scale was Cronbach's alpha = 0.78. The reliability of the family value scale with cancer children showed the reliability as Cronbach's alpha = 0.73. Demographic characteristics showing significant correlations were cancer children's age, period of illness, period after completing treatment, mother's age, mother's education level, monthly income, payment type, confidence with health professional, and severity of children's illness. The correlation coefficients among major variables showed that family stressor was positively related with family strains(r=0.33, p < .001), and negatively related with family hardiness(r=-0.21, p < .001). Family strains was negatively related with family hardiness(r= -0.41, p < .001) and family adaptation(r=-0.46, p < .001). Correlations of family hardiness was positive with family value with cancer children(r=-0.31, p < .001), and negative with general family value(r=-0.16, p < .01). Family hardiness was positively related with family adaptation(r=0.35, p < .001). The causal relationship between study variables showed that family strains predicts general family value( gamma =0.12, t=2.02), family value with cancer children predicts family hardiness( gamma =0.31, t=6.30), family strains predicts family hardiness( gamma =-0.40, t=-7.70), family value with cancer children predicts family adaptation( gamma =-0.23, t=-4.11), and family hardiness predicts family adaptation( gamma =0.43, t=7.78).

Grief, Family Hardiness and Family Resource for Management after Bereavement of Family Member / 간호학회지

The purpose of this study was to identify the level of grief experience, family hardiness and family resource for management after bereavement of a family member. The subjects of this study were 100 family members who had lost a family member from cancer within the past two years. The data was analyzed using the SPSS program for descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Duncan test, and Pearson correlation. The results were as follows. 1. The mean score for the level of grief was 2.84 +/- 0.66. The mean score for the a family hardiness was 3.08 +/- 0.39. The mean score for the level of family resource management was 2.70 +/- 0.35. 2. The level of grief experience differed according to respondent's age was F=2.95, p=.02, and type of bereavement was t=2.01, p=.04. 3. The level of family hardiness was not significantly different according to respondent's and familial characteristics. 4. The level of family resource management differed according to monthly income of the family (F=3.98, p=.01). 5. There were negative correlations between grief experience and family hardiness (r= -.551, p<.001), grief experience and family resource for management (r=-.351, p<.001). Family hardiness was positively related with family resource for management (r=.709, p<.001). In conclusion, family hardiness and family resource management were identified as important variables that contributed to reduce the grief experience. Therefore, it is important to develop nursing intervention that enhances family hardiness and family resource for management for bereaved family.