Nutritional strategies, performance, digestibility, and carcass traits of Santa Ines and Rabo Largo breeds in a tropical climate.

The aim of this study was to compare the performance, intake, digestibility, ruminal parameters, carcass traits, and the yield of commercial cuts of Santa Ines (SI) and Rabo Largo (RL) breeds fed diets with high or low roughage-to-concentrate ratio (R:C) under a tropical climate. Twenty lambs from each breed were individually housed in covered pens and fed the experimental diets for 58 days. The diets were formulated to meet the growth requirements of lambs with a roughage-to-concentrate ratio of 70:30 and 30:70. Significant interactions of breed × diet for nutrient intake were observed (P < 0.05), with SI lambs fed low R:C diet showing higher intake of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and total carbohydrates compared to RL lambs fed the same diet. SI lambs fed high R:C diet had higher intake of neutral detergent fiber than RL lambs (P < 0.05). SI lambs displayed better average daily gain and feed efficiency, regardless of diet (P < 0.05). Carcass traits and gastrointestinal components were influenced by breed and diet (P < 0.05). SI lambs fed low R:C diet showed higher subcutaneous fat thickness and better carcass finishing compared to RL lambs (P < 0.05). SI breed lambs exhibited better growth performance, carcass traits, and gastrointestinal characteristics, even when fed diets with a high roughage-to-concentrate ratio.

Cardiac function, myocardial fat deposition, and lipid profile in young smokers: a cross-sectional study.

Background: There is a possibility that cardiac morphometric characteristics are associated with the lipid profile, that is, the composition and concentration of triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and others lipoproteins in young smokers without comorbidities. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the association of cardiac morphometric characteristics, myocardial fat deposition, and smoking cessation with the lipid profile of young smokers. Methods: A clinical and laboratory evaluation of lipids and the smoking status was performed on 57 individuals, including both a smoker group and a control group. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with proton spectroscopy was performed to identify cardiac changes and triglyceride (TG) deposition in myocardial tissue. Results: No differences were observed between the groups (control vs. smokers) in relation to the amount of myocardial TG deposition (p = 0.47); however, when TG deposition was correlated with cardiac MRI variables, a positive correlation was identified between smoking history and myocardial TG deposition [hazard ratio (95% CI), 0.07 (0.03-0.12); p = 0.002]. Furthermore, it was observed that the smoking group had lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [51 (45.5-59.5) mg/dl vs. 43 (36-49.5) mg/dl, p = 0.003] and higher TG [73 (58-110) mg/dl vs. 122 (73.5-133) mg/dl, p = 0.01] and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [14.6 (11.6-22.2) mg/dl vs. 24.4 (14.7-26.6) mg/dl, p = 0.01] values. In the control and smoking groups, a negative correlation between TGs and the diameter of the aortic root lumen and positive correlation with the thickness of the interventricular septum and end-diastolic volume (EDV) of both the right ventricle (RV) and left ventricle (LV) were noted. Moreover, in the RV, positive correlations with the end-systolic volume (ESV) index (ESVI), stroke volume (SV), ESV, and EDV were observed. Regarding serum free fatty acids, we found a negative correlation between their values and the diameter of the lumen of the ascending aortic vessel. Lipoprotein lipase showed a positive correlation with the SV index of the RV and negative correlation with the diameter of the lumen of the ascending aortic vessel. Conclusion: Several associations were observed regarding cardiac morphometric characteristics, myocardial fat deposition, and smoking cessation with the lipid profile of young smokers.

Analysis of the Effect of the TRPC4/TRPC5 Blocker, ML204, in Sucrose-Induced Metabolic Imbalance.

Sugar-induced metabolic imbalances are a major health problem since an excessive consumption of saccharides has been linked to greater obesity rates at a global level. Sucrose, a disaccharide composed of 50% glucose and 50% fructose, is commonly used in the food industry and found in a range of fast, restaurant, and processed foods. Herein, we investigated the effects of a TRPC4/TRPC5 blocker, ML204, in the metabolic imbalances triggered by early exposure to sucrose-enriched diet in mice. TRPC4 and TRPC5 belong to the family of non-selective Ca+2 channels known as transient receptor potential channels. High-sucrose (HS)-fed animals with hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia, were accompanied by increased body mass index. mesenteric adipose tissue accumulation with larger diameter cells and hepatic steatosis in comparison to those fed normal diet. HS mice also exhibited enhanced adipose, liver, and pancreas TNFα and VEGF levels. ML204 exacerbated hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia, fat tissue deposition, hepatic steatosis, and adipose tissue and liver TNFα in HS-fed mice. Normal mice treated with the blocker had greater hepatic steatosis and adipose tissue cell numbers/diameter than those receiving vehicle, but showed no significant changes in tissue inflammation, glucose, and lipid levels. The results indicate that TRPC4/TRPC5 protect against the metabolic imbalances caused by HS ingestion.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a yeast culture with a fermentation medium improves the performance of feedlot cattle / Saccharomyces cerevisiae como cultura de levedura com meio fermentativo melhora o desempenho de bovinos confinados

Increasing the energy content of animal feed aims to enhance productive performance and improve carcass finishing. However, when randomly performed, this action can result in gastrointestinal dysfunctions that impair performance. One way to avoid such dysfunctions is to supplement the animal feed with Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as a yeast culture or autolyzed yeast, on ingestive behavior, apparent feed digestibility, productive performance, and carcass traits of feedlot finished steers. Thirty-six ½ Angus x ½ Nellore animals with 369 ± 4 kg average initial body weight were used. The experiment lasted 133 days: 28 days for adaptation to the experimental diets and facilities, four evaluation periods, three of which with 28 days, and a fourth period with 21 days. The experimental design was a completely randomized block with three treatments and six replications. The treatments were a yeast-free diet (Control), a diet with yeast culture (7 g animal-1 day-1), and a diet with autolyzed yeast (7 g animal-1 day-1). The experimental diet consisted of 400 g kg-1 corn silage and 600 g kg-1 concentrate on a dry matter basis. Animals supplemented with yeast culture spent more time ruminating and showed higher apparent digestibility of dry matter (5.94 hours day-1 and 74.67%, respectively). Supplementation with yeast culture resulted in greater daily weight gains in animals from 0-56, 0-84, and 0-105 experimental days (1.661, 1655, and 1.667 kg day-1, respectively) than animals that received autolyzed yeast, and those that received no additive, as well as feed conversion was better for these animals. Daily and experimental carcass gains were higher for animals that received yeast culture (1.119 kg day-1, and 117.5 kg, respectively). Animals supplemented with yeast culture had greater fat thickness in the Longissimus dorsi, in the rib region, and greater subcutaneous fat gain throughout the finishing period (5.61, 6.25, and 3.04 mm, respectively). The supply of yeast culture is recommended during the finishing phase as it improves feed digestibility and promotes greater weight gain, carcass gain, and greater subcutaneous fat deposition.(AU)

Elevar o teor energético da ração dos animais tem por intuito potencializar o desempenho produtivo e promover melhor acabamento nas carcaças. No entanto, esta ação quando realizada ao acaso pode gerar disfunções no trato gastrointestinal que comprometem o desempenho. Uma forma de evitar tais disfunções é administrar leveduras Saccharomyces cerevisiae de forma suplementar na ração dos animais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do uso de Saccharomyces cerevisiae, como cultura de leveduras ou como levedura autolisada, no comportamento ingestivo, digestibilidade aparente da ração, desempenho produtivo e as características de carcaça de novilhos terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 36 animais ½ Angus x ½ Nelore com peso corporal médio inicial de 369 ± 4 kg. O experimento teve duração de 133 dias divididos em 28 dias de adaptação às rações e instalações experimentais, e quatro períodos de avaliação, sendo três períodos de 28 dias e um quarto período de 21 dias. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos inteiramente casualizados com três tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos foram: ração sem leveduras (Controle); ração com cultura de leveduras (7 g animal-1 dia-1); e ração com levedura autolisada (7 g animal-1 dia-1). A ração experimental foi constituída por 400 g kg-1 silagem de milho e 600 g kg-1 concentrado em base de matéria seca. Os animais suplementados com cultura de leveduras permaneceram mais tempo ruminando e apresentaram maior digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca em relação aos demais (5,94 horas dia-1 e 74,67%, respectivamente). O uso de cultura de leveduras promoveu maiores ganhos de peso diário de 0-56, 0-84 e de 0-105 dias (1,661, 1655 e 1,667 kg dia-1, respectivamente) em relação aos animais que receberam levedura autolisada e aos que não receberam nenhum aditivo, assim como a conversão alimentar foi melhor para estes animais. Os ganhos de carcaça diário e do período experimental foram superiores para os animais que receberam cultura de leveduras em suas rações (1,119 kg dia-1 e 117,5 kg respectivamente). Os animais suplementados com cultura de leveduras possuíram maior espessura de gordura no Longissimus dorsi, na região do costilhar e maior ganho de gordura subcutânea ao longo do período de terminação (5,61, 6,25 e 3,04 mm, respectivamente). O uso da cultura de leveduras na fase de terminação é recomendado, pois melhora a digestibilidade da ração e promove maior ganho de peso, ganho de carcaça e maior deposição de gordura subcutânea.(AU)

Long-Lasting Effects of Incubation Temperature During Fetal Development on Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Broilers.

Increasing evidence indicates that fetal programming may cause permanent effects on offspring adipose tissue and body composition. Previous study showed reduction in newly-hatched broiler chick adiposity by manipulating incubation temperature during fetal development. The present study examined whether incubation temperature during fetal development has long-term effects on post-hatching fat deposition in broilers. Broiler breeder eggs (Cobb-500®) were incubated under constant low (36°C, LT), control (37.5°C, CT) or high (39°C, HT) temperature from day 13 onward, giving to eggshell temperature of 37.3 ± 0.08°C, 37.8 ± 0.2°C, and 38.8 ± 0.3°C, respectively. Male chicks were reared under recommended temperatures until 42 days old. LT 21 days old broilers exhibited higher blood cholesterol than CT broilers, and higher triglycerids, VLDL, and LDL, and lower HDL than CT and HT broilers. LT broilers presented higher liver cholesterol than CT broilers and lower ether extract percentage than CT broilers. Adipocyte count was lower in the abdomen than in the thigh. Until day 21 of age, feed intake was higher in LT than in HT broilers. At day 42 of age, blood cholesterol and LDL were higher in HT broilers than in CT and LT broilers. Liver cholesterol was higher in LT than in HT broilers. LT treatment reduced neck and increased thigh adipocyte size compared to CT treatment, while the HT treatment reduced abdomen and neck adipocyte size compared to other two treatments and in the thigh compared to LT treatment. In CT broilers, thigh adipocytes were smaller than abdomen and neck adipocytes. HT treatment increased adipocyte number per area in the neck compared to LT and CT treatment, and LT and HT treatments reduced adipocyte count in the thigh compared to CT treatment. CT broilers presented higher adipocyte count in the thigh than the abdomen and neck, while HT broilers presented higher adipocyte count in the neck than the abdomen and thigh. Cell proliferation was lower in the abdomen than in the thigh. The results show incubation temperature manipulation during fetal development has long-term and distinct effects on regional adiposity, and can be used to modulate broiler fat deposition.

Study on the Major Genes Related with Fat Deposition in Liver and Abdominal Fat of Different Breeds of Chicken

Fat deposition is higher in fast growing chickens than in slow growing chickens. The liver is the major organ for lipogenesis and fat deposition in chickens, although genetic background, age, and gender also influence fat deposition. In the present study, we aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying fat deposition in liver and abdominal fat. We determined the expression abundances of the key genes regulating fat metabolism in fast-growing (FG) broilers (Cobb) and slow-growing (SG) broilers (HS1) and found that ACC, FAS, PGC-1α, PPARγ, SREBP-1c and PLIN1genes were expressed in the abdominal fat and liver tissues of FG and SG. ANOVA analysis showed that the breed, age, and tissue factors influenced the expressions of ACC, FAS, PGC-1α, PPARγ, SREBP-1c, and PLIN1 genes in the liver and abdominal fat of FG and SG. Also, the expressions of PPARγ and PLIN1 in the liver of SG were higher than that of FG. The results suggest that the differences in adipocyte development and adipose deposition between breeds are due to genetic factors.(AU)

Genome-wide association study and pathway analysis for carcass fatness in Nellore cattle measured by ultrasound.

Identifying genes or genomic regions influencing carcass-quality traits such as fatness (FTN) is essential to optimize the genetic selection processes in beef cattle. The aim of this study was to identify genomic regions associated with FTN in Nellore cattle as well as to elucidate the metabolic pathways related to the phenotypic expression. Ultrasound-based measurements of FTN were collected in 11 750 animals, with 39 903 animals in the pedigree file. Additionally, 1440 animals were genotyped using the GGP-indicus 35K SNP panel, which contained 33 623 SNPs after quality control. Twenty genes related to FTN were found on 11 chromosomes, explaining 12.96% of the total additive genetic variance. Gene ontology revealed seven genes: NR1L2, PKD2, GSK3ß, EXT1, RAD51B, SORCS1 and DPH6, associated with important processes related to FTN. In addition, novel candidate genes (MAATS1, LYPD1, CDK5RAP2, RAD51B, c13H2Oorf96 and TRAPPC11) were detected and could provide further knowledge to uncover genetic regions associated to carcass fatness in beef cattle.

C/EBPb converts bovine fibroblasts to adipocytes without hormone cocktail induction

BACKGROUND: Adipogenesis and fibrogenesis can be considered as a competitive process in muscle, which may affect the intramuscular fat deposition. The CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPb) plays an important role in adipogenesis, which is well-characterized in mice, but little known in bovine so far. RESULTS: In this study, real-time qPCR revealed that the level of C/EBPb was increased during the developmental stages of bovine and adipogenesis process of preadipocytes. Overexpression of C/EBPb promoted bovine fibroblast proliferation through mitotic clonal expansion (MCE), a necessary process for initiating adipogenesis, by significantly downregulating levels of p21 and p27 (p < 0.01). Also, the PPARc expression was inhibited during the MCE stage (p < 0.01). 31.28% of transfected fibroblasts adopted lipid-laden adipocyte morphology after 8 d. Real-time qPCR showed that C/EBPb activated the transcription of early stage adipogenesis markers C/EBPa and PPARc. Expression of ACCa, FASN, FABP4 and LPL was also significantly upregulated, while the expression of LEPR was weakened. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded C/EBPb can convert bovine fibroblasts into adipocytes without hormone induction by initiating the MCE process and promoting adipogenic genes expression, which may provide new insights into the potential functions of C/EBPb in regulating intramuscular fat deposition in beef cattle.

Dietary soybean oil modulates fatty acid composition of pork.

This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of soybean oil level on performance and fatty acid profile of backfat and longissimus lumborum muscle of gilts. Forty-eight gilts with an initial weight of 21.75 ± 0.138 kg and final weight of 98.65 ± 2.106 kg were subjected to one of the following six dietary soybean oil inclusions (0.00, 1.086, 2.173, 3.259, 4.345, and 5.432%). Experimental design was completely randomized block with six treatments and four replicates of two animals each. Lipid profile of backfat and longissimus lumborum muscle was analyzed by gas chromatography. Increasing dietary soybean oil levels did not influence final weight, daily weight gain, and feed intake (P > 0.05) but improved feed to gain ratio (P < 0.05). The inclusion of soybean oil modified the lipid profile of backfat and muscle, reduced saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, and increased polyunsaturated fatty acids concentration, mainly linoleic and α-linolenic acids (P < 0.05). Increasing dietary soybean oil inclusion decreased atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes, and the omega-6:omega-3 ratio of the backfat and longissimus lumborum muscle (P < 0.05). The level of soybean oil in swine diets influenced backfat and longissimus lumborum lipid profile.

Performance and egg quality of Japanese quail fed diets containing microalgae Schizochytrium sp

A trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of different levels of microalgae Schizochytrium sp. on performance, yolk lipid profile, and egg quality of Japanese quail. A flock of 210 quail was distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 g of Schizochytrium sp./kg of feed) and six replications with seven birds per cage. Performance and egg quality were not affected, except for a quadratic effect on yolk color, which reached the maximum value with the inclusion of 40 g of Schizochytrium sp./kg. There was linear reduction in the content of saturated fatty acids and a linear increase of polyunsaturated:saturated and polyunsaturated:monounsaturated ratios and n-6. The content of n-3 showed a minimum value with the inclusion of 6.5 g of Schizochytrium sp./kg, and the n-6:n-3 ratio was maximized with the addition of 10.5 g of microalgae/kg. As for the sensory attributes color, aroma, and overall impression, there was linear increase with the addition of increasing levels of microalgae. The inclusion of up to 40 g of microalgae Schizochytrium sp./kg in the diet of Japanese quail did not present changes in the performance nor in the egg quality but accentuated the yolk color, promoted the fortification of n-3 in the eggs, and still provided excellent sensorial acceptance. The egg fortification can add value to the product, increasing the producer remuneration and improving the nutritional quality of the diet for humans.

Effect of dietary nutrition on tail fat deposition and evaluation of tail-related genes in fat-tailed sheep

BACKGROUND: The effects of dietary nutrition on tail fat deposition and the correlation between production performance and the Hh signaling pathway and OXCT1 were investigated in fat-tailed sheep. Tan sheep were fed different nutritional diets and the variances in tail length, width, thickness and tail weight as well as the mRNA expression of fat-related genes (C/EBPα, FAS, LPL, and HSL) were determined in the tail fat of sheep at three different growth stages based on their body weight. Furthermore, the correlations between tail phenotypes and the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway components (IHH, PTCH1, SMO, and GLI1) and OXCT1 were investigated. RESULTS: C/EBPα, FAS, LPL, and HSL were expressed with differences in tail fat of sheep fed different nutritional diets at three different growth stages. The results of the two-way ANOVA showed the significant effect of nutrition, stage, and interaction on gene expression, except the between C/EBPα and growth stage. C/EBPα, FAS, and LPL were considerably correlated with the tail phenotypes. Furthermore, the results of the correlation analysis demonstrated a close relationship between the tail phenotypes and Hh signaling pathway and OXCT1. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated the gene-level role of dietary nutrition in promoting tail fat deposition and related tail fat-related genes. It provides a molecular basis by which nutritional balance and tail fat formation can be investigated and additional genes can be identified. The findings of the present study may help improve the production efficiency of fat-tailed sheep and identify crucial genes associated with tail fat deposition.

Substitution of ractopamine by safflower or coconut oil as an additive in finishing pig diets / Substituição da ractopamina por óleo de cártamo ou óleo de coco como aditivos em dietas para suínos em terminação

The objective of this study was to explore the substitution of ractopamine by coconut or safflower oil in finishing pig diets. The study included 24 crossbred barrows weighing 78.00 ± 8.76 kg distributed in a randomized block design with four treatments and six replicates composed of: basal ration (BR), BR + 10 ppm ractopamine, BR + four 1 g capsules of safflower oil, and BR + four 1 g capsules of coconut oil. Performance evaluation showed that safflower oil, ractopamine, and coconut oil supplementation had a significant effect (P 0.05) on weight gain and feed conversion. Carcass-related variables were also affected by the treatments (P 0.05), with fat thickness 3 (FT3) reduced by the use of safflower oil, ractopamine, and coconut oil. Rib eye area was positively affected (P 0.05) by diet, with ractopamine, coconut oil, and safflower oil supplementation treatments showing higher values than control diet treatment. The diets also affected fatty acid profiles (P 0.05), with decreased myristic acid content in animals supplemented with ractopamine and safflower oil and increased deposition of palmitoleic and oleic acids in animals supplemented with coconut oil and safflower oil, respectively. Results suggested that both safflower oil and coconut oil can be used as substitutes for ractopamine.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a substituição da suplementação da ractopamina pelo uso dos óleos de coco ou cártamo nas dietas de suínos em terminação. Foram utilizados 24 suínos machos castrados mestiços com peso médio de 78,00±8,76 kg, distribuídos em um delineamento de blocos casualizados, contendo quatro tratamentos e seis repetições compostos por: Ração Basal (RB); RB + 10 ppm de ractopamina; RB + 4 cápsulas de 1 grama cada de óleo de cártamo e RB + 4 cápsulas de 1 grama cada de óleo de coco. Na avaliação do desempenho foi observado o efeito (P 0,05) da suplementação das dietas com óleo de cártamo, ractopamina e coco no ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. As variáveis relacionadas com as carcaças também foram afetadas pelos tratamentos (P 0,05), sendo a espessura de toucinho 3 (ET3) reduzida pelo uso do óleo de cártamo, ractopamina e coco. Na avaliação da área de olho de lombo foram observados efeitos positivos (P 0,05), com maiores valores para os tratamentos suplementados com ractopamina, óleo de coco e com óleo de cártamo, quando comparados com a dieta controle. As dietas também afetaram o perfil dos ácidos graxos (P 0,05) de forma positiva, com a redução do ácido míristico do toucinho nas dietas com ractopamina e óleo de cártamo e aumento na deposição dos ácidos graxos palmitoleico e oleico do lombo nas dietas suplementadas com óleo de coco e cártamo, respectivamente. Conclui-se que tanto o óleo de coco quanto o de cártamo podem ser utilizados como substitutos da ractopamina.(AU)

Substitution of ractopamine by safflower or coconut oil as an additive in finishing pig diets / Substituição da ractopamina por óleo de cártamo ou óleo de coco como aditivos em dietas para suínos em terminação

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to explore the substitution of ractopamine by coconut or safflower oil in finishing pig diets. The study included 24 crossbred barrows weighing 78.00 ± 8.76 kg distributed in a randomized block design with four treatments and six replicates composed of: basal ration (BR), BR + 10 ppm ractopamine, BR + four 1 g capsules of safflower oil, and BR + four 1 g capsules of coconut oil. Performance evaluation showed that safflower oil, ractopamine, and coconut oil supplementation had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on weight gain and feed conversion. Carcass-related variables were also affected by the treatments (P < 0.05), with fat thickness 3 (FT3) reduced by the use of safflower oil, ractopamine, and coconut oil. Rib eye area was positively affected (P < 0.05) by diet, with ractopamine, coconut oil, and safflower oil supplementation treatments showing higher values than control diet treatment. The diets also affected fatty acid profiles (P < 0.05), with decreased myristic acid content in animals supplemented with ractopamine and safflower oil and increased deposition of palmitoleic and oleic acids in animals supplemented with coconut oil and safflower oil, respectively. Results suggested that both safflower oil and coconut oil can be used as substitutes for ractopamine.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar a substituição da suplementação da ractopamina pelo uso dos óleos de coco ou cártamo nas dietas de suínos em terminação. Foram utilizados 24 suínos machos castrados mestiços com peso médio de 78,00±8,76 kg, distribuídos em um delineamento de blocos casualizados, contendo quatro tratamentos e seis repetições compostos por: Ração Basal (RB); RB + 10 ppm de ractopamina; RB + 4 cápsulas de 1 grama cada de óleo de cártamo e RB + 4 cápsulas de 1 grama cada de óleo de coco. Na avaliação do desempenho foi observado o efeito (P<0,05) da suplementação das dietas com óleo de cártamo, ractopamina e coco no ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. As variáveis relacionadas com as carcaças também foram afetadas pelos tratamentos (P<0,05), sendo a espessura de toucinho 3 (ET3) reduzida pelo uso do óleo de cártamo, ractopamina e coco. Na avaliação da área de olho de lombo foram observados efeitos positivos (P<0,05), com maiores valores para os tratamentos suplementados com ractopamina, óleo de coco e com óleo de cártamo, quando comparados com a dieta controle. As dietas também afetaram o perfil dos ácidos graxos (P<0,05) de forma positiva, com a redução do ácido míristico do toucinho nas dietas com ractopamina e óleo de cártamo e aumento na deposição dos ácidos graxos palmitoleico e oleico do lombo nas dietas suplementadas com óleo de coco e cártamo, respectivamente. Conclui-se que tanto o óleo de coco quanto o de cártamo podem ser utilizados como substitutos da ractopamina.

Purified glycerin diets for broilers from 8 to 42 days old / Glicerina purificada em dietas para frangos de corte dos 8 aos 42 dias de idade

Here we evaluate the technical viability of including purified glycerin in balanced diets for broilers from 8 to 42 days old. For this, we used 160 8-day-old broiler chickens from the Cobb 500® lineage, distributed in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments (0, 2, 4, and 6% of purified glycerin inclusion) and four replicates of ten birds. We evaluated feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion, final weight, organs biometry (heart, liver, gizzard and small intestine), carcass yield, special cuts yields (thigh, drumstick, and breast), meat color, and protein and fat deposition in the breast muscle. The purified glycerin inclusion levels in diets influenced (p < 0.05) weight gain, feed conversion, and broiler weight at 42 days, with no effect (p > 0.05) on feed intake (FI). Similarly, there was no effect (p > 0.05) on carcass and special cuts yields. The purified glycerin inclusion levels did not influence (p > 0.05) the relative gizzard weight, nor the relative small intestine weight and length. However, the purified glycerin inclusion levels did affect the relative heart and liver weights (p < 0.05). The purified glycerine inclusion levels in diets did not affect (p > 0.05) lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*) values, pH, or protein deposition, but did increases (p < 0.05) fat deposition in breast muscle. Based on our findings, we propose that the inclusion of 6% purified glycerin in diets is technically feasible for broilers of 8 to 42 days old.(AU)

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a viabilidade técnica da inclusão de glicerina purificada em dietas balanceadas para frangos de corte, dos 8 aos 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 160 pintos de corte, com 8 dias, da linhagem Cobb 500®, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com quatro tratamentos (0, 2, 4 e 6% de inclusão de glicerina purificada) e quatro repetições de dez aves. Foram avaliados o consumo de ração, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, peso final, biometria dos órgãos (coração, fígado, moela e intestino delgado), rendimento de carcaça, rendimentos de cortes nobres (coxa, sobrecoxa e peito), coloração e a deposição de proteína e deposição de gordura da carne do peito. Os níveis de inclusão de glicerina purificada nas dietas influenciaram (p < 0,05) o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar e o peso das aves aos 42 dias, não havendo efeito (p > 0,05) sobre o consumo de ração. Da mesma forma, não houve efeito (p > 0,05) sobre os rendimentos de carcaça e cortes nobres. Os níveis de inclusão de glicerina purificada não influenciaram (p > 0,05) os pesos relativos da moela, nem o peso relativo e/ou comprimento do intestino delgado. Entretanto, observou-se efeito (p < 0,05) sobre o peso relativo do coração e fígado. Os níveis de inclusão de glicerina purificada nas dietas não afetaram (p > 0,05) os valores de luminosidade (L*), vermelho (a*), amarelo (b*), pH e a deposição de proteína, mas, aumentou de maneira linear (p < 0,05) a deposição de gordura da carne de peito. A inclusão de até 6% de glicerina purificada nas dietas mostrou-se tecnicamente viável para frangos de corte dos 8 aos 42 dias de idade.(AU)

Genomic selection for meat quality traits in Nelore cattle.

The objective of this study was to present heritability estimates and accuracy of genomic prediction using different methods for meat quality traits in Nelore cattle. Approximately 5000 animals with phenotypes and genotypes of 412,000 SNPs, were divided into two groups: (1) training population: animals born from 2008 to 2013 and (2) validation population: animals born in 2014. A single-trait animal model was used to estimate heritability and to adjust the phenotype. The methods of GBLUP, Improved Bayesian Lasso and Bayes Cπ were performed to estimate the SNP effects. Accuracy of genomic prediction was calculated using Pearson's correlations between direct genomic values and adjusted phenotypes, divided by the square root of heritability of each trait (0.03-0.19). The accuracies varied from 0.23 to 0.73, with the lowest accuracies estimated for traits associated with fat content and the greatest accuracies observed for traits of meat color and tenderness. There were small differences in genomic prediction accuracy between methods.

Purified glycerin diets for broilers from 8 to 42 days old / Glicerina purificada em dietas para frangos de corte dos 8 aos 42 dias de idade

Here we evaluate the technical viability of including purified glycerin in balanced diets for broilers from 8 to 42 days old. For this, we used 160 8-day-old broiler chickens from the Cobb 500® lineage, distributed in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments (0, 2, 4, and 6% of purified glycerin inclusion) and four replicates of ten birds. We evaluated feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion, final weight, organs biometry (heart, liver, gizzard and small intestine), carcass yield, special cuts yields (thigh, drumstick, and breast), meat color, and protein and fat deposition in the breast muscle. The purified glycerin inclusion levels in diets influenced (p 0.05) on feed intake (FI). Similarly, there was no effect (p > 0.05) on carcass and special cuts yields. The purified glycerin inclusion levels did not influence (p > 0.05) the relative gizzard weight, nor the relative small intestine weight and length. However, the purified glycerin inclusion levels did affect the relative heart and liver weights (p 0.05) lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*) values, pH, or protein deposition, but did increases (p < 0.05) fat deposition in breast muscle. Based on our findings, we propose that the inclusion of 6% purified glycerin in diets is technically feasible for broilers of 8 to 42 days old.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a viabilidade técnica da inclusão de glicerina purificada em dietas balanceadas para frangos de corte, dos 8 aos 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 160 pintos de corte, com 8 dias, da linhagem Cobb 500®, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com quatro tratamentos (0, 2, 4 e 6% de inclusão de glicerina purificada) e quatro repetições de dez aves. Foram avaliados o consumo de ração, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, peso final, biometria dos órgãos (coração, fígado, moela e intestino delgado), rendimento de carcaça, rendimentos de cortes nobres (coxa, sobrecoxa e peito), coloração e a deposição de proteína e deposição de gordura da carne do peito. Os níveis de inclusão de glicerina purificada nas dietas influenciaram (p 0,05) sobre o consumo de ração. Da mesma forma, não houve efeito (p > 0,05) sobre os rendimentos de carcaça e cortes nobres. Os níveis de inclusão de glicerina purificada não influenciaram (p > 0,05) os pesos relativos da moela, nem o peso relativo e/ou comprimento do intestino delgado. Entretanto, observou-se efeito (p 0,05) os valores de luminosidade (L*), vermelho (a*), amarelo (b*), pH e a deposição de proteína, mas, aumentou de maneira linear (p < 0,05) a deposição de gordura da carne de peito. A inclusão de até 6% de glicerina purificada nas dietas mostrou-se tecnicamente viável para frangos de corte dos 8 aos 42 dias de idade.

Performance and carcass yield of broilers fed crude glycerin at differing inclusion levels

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of crude glycerin at differing inclusion levels on performance and carcass characteristics of broilers and litter moisture. 960 broilers of 21-42 days of age were used in a completely randomized design with six crude glycerin inclusion levels (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15%), with eight replicates containing 20 broiler chickens per experimental unit. There was a quadratic effect (p<0.05) for weight gain, feed intake and feed:gain ratio from 21 to 42 days of age. Higher levels of crude glycerin in diets increased (40.24%, p<0.05) the litter moisture and reduced (6.04%, p<0.05) the viability of of the birds. There were no effects (p>0.05) on carcass yield, breast, or liver percentages. However, there was an increase (6.17%, p<0.05) in leg yield and a decrease in (p<0,05, 7.05%) the drumstick yield. For the wing yield and abdominal fat, a quadratic effect (p<0.05) was observed. The protein and fat deposition rates, as well as the dry matter content of the carcass, showed a quadratic effect (p<0.05) due to the inclusion levels of crude glycerin. Crude glycerin may be used in broiler diets from 21 to 42 days, at up to 6% without harming the performance of the broilers, the yield and carcass quality, litter moisture, and the viability of broilers. It is recommended that crude glycerin can be fed at 5.63% from 21 to 42 days, while for lower feed conversion it is recommended that the level of 3.72% is used.(AU)

Performance and carcass yield of broilers fed crude glycerin at differing inclusion levels

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of crude glycerin at differing inclusion levels on performance and carcass characteristics of broilers and litter moisture. 960 broilers of 21-42 days of age were used in a completely randomized design with six crude glycerin inclusion levels (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15%), with eight replicates containing 20 broiler chickens per experimental unit. There was a quadratic effect (p0.05) on carcass yield, breast, or liver percentages. However, there was an increase (6.17%, p<0.05) in leg yield and a decrease in (p<0,05, 7.05%) the drumstick yield. For the wing yield and abdominal fat, a quadratic effect (p<0.05) was observed. The protein and fat deposition rates, as well as the dry matter content of the carcass, showed a quadratic effect (p<0.05) due to the inclusion levels of crude glycerin. Crude glycerin may be used in broiler diets from 21 to 42 days, at up to 6% without harming the performance of the broilers, the yield and carcass quality, litter moisture, and the viability of broilers. It is recommended that crude glycerin can be fed at 5.63% from 21 to 42 days, while for lower feed conversion it is recommended that the level of 3.72% is used.

Alternative Transcription of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma in the Liver Is Associated with Fatness of Chickens

The expression of four transcription variant of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma gene (PPARG) (XM_015292931.1; XM_015292932.1; XM_015292933.1 and NM_001001460.1) in the liver of broilers was measured and its correlation with abdominal fat weight and relative abdominal fat content was investigated. The study was conducted with 92 slow-growing crossbred chickens (Cobb males x indigenous Green-legged Partridge female chickens) divided into fat and lean groups, according to their abdominal fat yield. The NM_001001460.1 transcriptwas upregulated with ratio of means 4.26 (p0.01) in the fat group in relation to the lean group. Expression of this transcript was highly correlated with relative abdominal fat content (0.71, p0.01) and abdominal fat weight (0.59, p0.01). Two SNPs are located in putative transcription factor binding sites. Mutation -991C>A disrupts PPAR while mutation -884C>T disrupts C/EBP putative binding site. The gene expression analysis of PPARg showed that the expression of the transcripts (NM_001001460.1) was more than four times higher in fat than in lean chickens. These results point out that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma NM_001001460.1 transcript could be candidate gene for determination of abdominal fat deposition in the chickens.

Alternative Transcription of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma in the Liver Is Associated with Fatness of Chickens

The expression of four transcription variant of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma gene (PPARG) (XM_015292931.1; XM_015292932.1; XM_015292933.1 and NM_001001460.1) in the liver of broilers was measured and its correlation with abdominal fat weight and relative abdominal fat content was investigated. The study was conducted with 92 slow-growing crossbred chickens (Cobb males x indigenous Green-legged Partridge female chickens) divided into fat and lean groups, according to their abdominal fat yield. The NM_001001460.1 transcriptwas upregulated with ratio of means 4.26 (p0.01) in the fat group in relation to the lean group. Expression of this transcript was highly correlated with relative abdominal fat content (0.71, p0.01) and abdominal fat weight (0.59, p0.01). Two SNPs are located in putative transcription factor binding sites. Mutation -991C>A disrupts PPAR while mutation -884C>T disrupts C/EBP putative binding site. The gene expression analysis of PPARg showed that the expression of the transcripts (NM_001001460.1) was more than four times higher in fat than in lean chickens. These results point out that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma NM_001001460.1 transcript could be candidate gene for determination of abdominal fat deposition in the chickens.(AU)