The wide variety of reasons for feeling guilty in adults: findings from a large cross-sectional web-based survey.

BACKGROUND: Experiencing some sort of guilt is a common phenomenon in adulthood. As feeling guilty is usually unpleasant and may even lead to further negative psychological consequences like depression, the aim of this study was to provide comprehensive information on the reasons for such feelings in adults. METHODS: A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted between May 2019 and April 2020, collecting qualitative information on reasons for feeling guilty in n = 604 adults (mean/SD age = 45.3/16.4 years; n = 346/57.3% women, n = 255/42.2% men and n = 3/0.5% adults without identification with a particular gender). Stated reasons were inductively classified into (super-)/categories, and information on frequency and percentage (total, gender- and age-specific) for each of these (super-)/categories was provided. RESULTS: Participants altogether stated 1515 reasons for feeling guilty that were classified into 12 supercategories and 49 categories. "Telling lies/withholding truth/information" followed by "Not spending (enough) time with family (members)/Not taking (enough) care of family (members)/not being there for family (members)" were the most frequent categories of reasons for feeling guilty in the sample. Guilt feelings explicitly referring to "religious beliefs" or a "subjectively perceived more general responsibility'" (e.g., for society, humankind, problems of the world), by contrast, were of minor importance. Male and female participants as well as participants of different ages showed similarities but also several differences in stated reasons for feeling guilty. Female participants, for example, more often experienced feelings of guilt related to family members, children and to some kind of general responsibility for the wellbeing of others, whereas male participants felt guilty more often because of some kind of misconduct/mistakes being made or because of difficulties in marriage/relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Adults can feel guilty for a wide variety of different reasons. Most reasons seem to be rather concrete (e.g., related to concrete negative self-attributions/flaws or to concrete social situations with concrete individuals). There also seem to be some age- and gender-related differences in reasons for feeling guilty.

Dos modelos medicionales para comprender la importancia de la aceptación incondicional, como reguladora de impulsividad y culpa, en adolescentes que han iniciado actividad sexual coital

Resumen La investigación referente a la sexualidad adolescente, identificando factores de protección, ha sido fundamental para el desarrollo de las políticas de salud pública. La aceptación incondicional no ha sido explorada en este contexto, lo que es peculiar si se considera su potencial teórico-práctico como un supuesto filosófico que aporte a la intervención psicoterapéutica y a la comprensión de la cognición humana. Este estudio abarcó a 1149 adolescentes de la ciudad de Huancayo, Perú, entre 13 y 18 años de edad, cursando estudios entre tercero y quinto de secundaría, de los cuales 53, 4% fueron de sexo masculino y 46,6% de sexo femenino, todos respondieron a tres escalas: Aceptación incondicional (UAQ), Bienestar de impulsividad (Barratt) y sentimiento de culpa (SC-35) El 12% de ellos afirmó haber sostenido relaciones sexuales coitales y resolvieron una escala de conductas sexuales seguras (SBQ). Los resultados mostraron una diferencia significativa en el efecto directo que tiene la impulsividad en el sentimiento de culpa, mediado por la aceptación incondicional, cuando se compara el modelo mediacional en adolescentes que no han iniciado su vida coital (Efecto indirecto ,0224 LLCI=003 ULCI=061) y en adolescentes que ya la han iniciado Efecto indirecto, (1012 LLCI=0173 ULCI=2447). Al explorar en estos últimos se ubica además un modelo de mediación significativo del efecto de las conductas sexuales seguras en la impulsividad, mediado por la aceptación incondicional (Efecto indirecto -,0847 LLCI=-2315 ULCI=-.0061). Adicionalmente, se identifican diferencias significativas de la relación de las variables según el género. Estos resultados nos permiten concluir que la aceptación incondicional cumple un rol importante para prevenir el sentimiento de culpa en los adolescentes cuando ya han iniciado actividad sexual coital, así mismo para explicar el efecto inverso que tienen las conductas sexuales seguras en la impulsividad. A partir de esto se sugiere educación en aceptación incondicional en adolescentes para prevenir impulsividad y sentimiento de culpa asociada a las prácticas de relaciones sexuales coitales

Abstract Research on protective factors on adolescence sexuality has been fundamental for the development of public health policy. Unconditional acceptance has not been explored in this context which is peculiar due to its theoretical and practice potential to improve psychotherapy and the understanding of human cognition. The sample for the present study was 1149 teenagers from Huancayo, Perú (Male: 53,4%; Female: 46,6%). The age Interval was between 13 and 18 years and they were studying in high school between third and fifth grade. They were evaluated with three scales: Unconditional Acceptance questionnaire (UAQ) Barratt impulsiveness Scale and feelings of guilt (SC-35). 12% of the sample claimed to had sexual intercourse and solved a sexual safe behaviors scale (SBQ). Results showed a significant difference between the mediation model of unconditional acceptance (in the effects of impulsiveness on the feeling of guilt) in teenagers that have initiated their sexual life (Indirect effect,1012 LLCI=0173 ULCI=2447) and teenagers that haven't initiated it (Indirect Effect ,0224 LLCI=003 ULCI=061). By exploring the first model, a significant mediational effect of unconditional acceptance has been found in the relation between sexual safe behaviours and impulsiveness (Indirect Effect -,0847 LLCI=-2315 ULCI=-.0061). Additionally. Significant differences of the variables according to genre were found. These results allow us to conclude that unconditional acceptance is important for the prevention of feelings of guilt in teenagers when they have initiated their sexual life. Additionally, is important to explain the negative effect that sexual safe behaviours has on impulsiveness. Unconditional acceptance education is suggested for prevent impulsiveness and feeling of guilt associated to sexual practices.

Development of Burnout Syndrome in Non-university Teachers: Influence of Demand and Resource Variables.

Psychosocial risks at work are an important occupational problem since they can have an impact on workers' health, productivity, absenteeism, and company profits. Among their consequences, burnout stands out for its prevalence and associated consequences. This problem is particularly noteworthy in the case of teachers. The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of some psychosocial factors (demand and resource variables) and risks in burnout development, taking into consideration the levels of burnout according to the Spanish Burnout Inventory (SBI). This paper contributes to advancing knowledge on this issue by analyzing the influence of work characteristics and personal characteristics on the progress of burnout. The sample consisted of 8,235 non-university teachers (2,268 men 27.5% and 5,967 women 72.5%), aged 22 to 70 (M = 45.16, SD = 9.18). For this purpose, statistical modeling by logistic regression was used. The results of this study showed that No burnout level was positively related with resources variables and negatively with demand variables. In the Medium-High levels and the higher levels of burnout (i.e., Profile 1 and Profile 2), there is a positive relation with demand variables and a negative one with resource variables. In conclusion, demand variables cause an increase in the burnout levels, influencing positively the movements between the levels of No burnout to Medium-High levels of burnout and Medium-High levels to Profile 1. At the same time, resource variables had a negative influence on burnout. However, the results in the movement between Profile 1 and Profile 2 were not expected. The variable Imbalance had a negative relationship with the movement between Profile 1 to Profile 2, and Social support and Autonomy at work had a positive relationship with this movement. Therefore, when professionals feel higher levels of burnout, lack of imbalance together with social support and autonomy could contribute to increased feelings of guilt and risk of higher burnout.

The Mediator Role of Feelings of Guilt in the Process of Burnout and Psychosomatic Disorders: A Cross-Cultural Study.

Burnout was recently declared by WHO as an "occupational phenomenon" in the International Classification of Diseases 11th revision (ICD-11), recognizing burnout as a serious health issue. Earlier studies have shown that feelings of guilt appear to be involved in the burnout process. However, the exact nature of the relationships among burnout, guilt and psychosomatic disorders remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediator role of feelings of guilt in the relationship between burnout and psychosomatic disorders, and perform a cross-cultural validation of the multi-dimensional model by Gil-Monte in two samples of teachers (Portuguese vs. Spanish). The study sample was composed of 1,266 teachers, 1,062 from Spain, and 204 from Portugal. Burnout was measured by the Spanish Burnout Inventory. Hypotheses were tested together in a path model. The results obtained provide empirical evidence for the mediator role of guilt in the relationship between the Burnout syndrome and psychosomatic disorders in the sample of teachers from Spain and Portugal, and they contribute to the empirical validation of the model by Gil-Monte. The results indicate that guilt should be incorporated as a symptom of burnout in order to identify individuals affected by burnout and profiles or types of burnout to differentiate it from other pathologies like depression.

Determinants of consumers' food management behavior: Applying and extending the theory of planned behavior.

Approximately one quarter of the food supplied in the world is wasted across the food supply chain. Almost half of this amount is related to household food waste, which results from mis-management of consumption. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the consumer food management behavior in order to reduce food waste. Survey data were gathered among 405 Iranian respondents who were responsible for food preparation in their households and were aged from 15 to 64 years old, by using an extended theory of planned behavior (TPB). In addition to measuring the constructs of planned behavior theory, the feeling of guilt construct was incorporated to the model. The extended model was derived and examined through structural equation modeling (SEM). Results showed the usefulness of using the extended model of planned behavior in predicting intention to reduce food waste and food consumption management. Moreover, attitude, perceived behavioral control, feeling of guilt, subjective norm and intention of not wasting food were the drivers of managing food consumption and avoiding food waste. Besides, results showed that intention to reduce household food waste is predictable by attitude, subjective norm and feelings of guilt constructs. At the end, implications of the study for changing consumers' food management behavior are discussed.

The symptom-specific efficacy of antidepressant medication vs. cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of depression: results from an individual patient data meta-analysis.

A recent individual patient data meta-analysis showed that antidepressant medication is slightly more efficacious than cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in reducing overall depression severity in patients with a DSM-defined depressive disorder. We used an update of that dataset, based on seventeen randomized clinical trials, to examine the comparative efficacy of antidepressant medication vs. CBT in more detail by focusing on individual depressive symptoms as assessed with the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Five symptoms (i.e., "depressed mood" , "feelings of guilt" , "suicidal thoughts" , "psychic anxiety" and "general somatic symptoms") showed larger improvements in the medication compared to the CBT condition (effect sizes ranging from .13 to .16), whereas no differences were found for the twelve other symptoms. In addition, network estimation techniques revealed that all effects, except that on "depressed mood" , were direct and could not be explained by any of the other direct or indirect treatment effects. Exploratory analyses showed that information about the symptom-specific efficacy could help in identifying those patients who, based on their pre-treatment symptomatology, are likely to benefit more from antidepressant medication than from CBT (effect size of .30) versus those for whom both treatments are likely to be equally efficacious. Overall, our symptom-oriented approach results in a more thorough evaluation of the efficacy of antidepressant medication over CBT and shows potential in "precision psychiatry" .

Are young university millennials compulsive in their purchase? / ¿Los jóvenes millenials universitarios son compulsivos en su compra? / Serão os jovens universitários compulsivos nas suas compras? / Les jeunes milléniaux universitaires sont-ils des acheteurs compulsifs?

Abstract Objective: To analyze the purchasing behaviors in university students of the Mexican Republic and determine if there are differences between sexes that show the behavior provided is considered compulsive, following the model of Valence, d'Astous and Fortier. Materials and methods: We carried out a quantitative, descriptive, correlational and explanatory study, because it confirms the structure of the Valence d'Astous and Fortier compulsive buying scale, in the following factors: tendency to spend, reactive aspect and post-purchase guilt. The study involved 1,687 students of the millennials generation of 27 states of the Mexican Republic, composed of a 60 per cent of women and 40% men; the data collection was made via online with the software SurveyMonkey using a questionnaire of 16 items, in Likert scale. The statistical treatment used was the Pearson's Chi-square test, by the SPSS version 24. Results: The findings show that the purchasing behavior of the sample under study cannot be considered as compulsive disorder under the model of Valence, d'Astous And Fortier, although women in relation to men, had a tendency toward compulsive buying, this got on the results shown in the construct "tendency to spend". Conclusions: The results obtained by this research must be of great importance for companies; it is important to note that the subject of the compulsive buying should be a concern and the subject of further research for universities, authorities and practitioners of marketing. Today, thanks to studies on the subject, responsibles for developing the marketing strategies are becoming more aware of how they affect the decisions of consumers, we must not lose sight of the fact that the members of the millennial generation are the future of the country and the world, and they should have the opportunity to make more responsible consumption, of benefit to the current world and future generations.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar los comportamientos de compra de los estudiantes universitarios de la República Mexicana y determinar si existen diferencias por sexo que muestren que el comportamiento presentado se considera compulsivo, siguiendo el modelo de Valence, dAstous y Fortier. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de tipo cuantitativo, descriptivo, correlacional y explicativa, porque confirma la estructura de la escala de las compras compulsivas de Valence, d'Astous y Fortier en los factores: tendencia a gastar, urgencia de comprar y sentimientos de culpabilidad. El estudio involucró a 1.687 estudiantes de la generación millenials de 27 estados de la República Mexicana, compuesta por un 60% de mujeres y 40% varones; el levantamiento de la información fue online con el software survey monkey mediante cuestionario de 16 ítems, en escala de Likert. El tratamiento estadístico utilizado fue la Prueba Chi cuadrada Pearson, usando el paquete SPSS versión 24. Resultados: Los hallazgos muestran que el comportamiento de compra de la muestra bajo estudio no puede ser considerado como compulsivo bajo el modelo de Valence, d'Astous y Fortier, aunque las mujeres, en relación con los hombres, presentan tendencia hacia la compra compulsiva por los resultados mostrados en el constructo "tendencia a gastar". Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos por la investigación deben ser de gran importancia para las empresas; es importante destacar que el tema de la compra compulsiva no debe dejar de ser una preocupación y tema de investigación permanente para universidades, autoridades y practicantes de la mercadotecnia. Hoy en día, gracias a los estudios realizados sobre el tema, los encargados de elaborar las estrategias mercadológicas están tomando más conciencia de la forma como afectan en las decisiones de los consumidores, no hay que perder de vista que los integrantes de la generación millennial son el futuro del país y del mundo, y ellos deben tener la oportunidad de realizar consumos más responsables, de beneficio para el mundo actual y las generaciones futuras.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar os comportamentos de compras dos estudantes universitários da República Mexicana e determinar se há diferenças por sexo que mostram que o comportamento seja considerado compulsivo, seguindo o modelo de Valence, d'Astous e Fortier. Materiais e métodos: Realizou-se um estudo quantitativo, descritivo, correlacional e explicativo, confirmando a estrutura da escala de compras compulsivas de Valence, d'Astous e Fortier nos fatores: tendencia para gastar, o desejo de comprar e os sentimentos de culpa. O estudo envolveu 1.687 estudantes da "geração do milénio" dos 27 estados da República Mexicana, composto por 60% de mulheres e 40% de homens; o levantamento das informa9oes foi efetuado via on-line através do software survey monkey, com aplica9áo de um questionário com 16 itens, sob forma de escala Likert. O tratamento estatístico baseou-se na analise do Qui-quadrado, utilizando-se o programa SPSS versão 24. Resultados: Os dados mostram que o comportamento da amostra em estudo não pode ser considerada como tendo comortamentos compulsivos de compra com base no modelo de Valence, d'Astous e Fortier. Porém, as mulheres comparadas com os homens tem uma tendência para as compras compulsivas porque os resultados demonstram uma "tendência para o gasto". Conclusões: Os resultados obtidos são de importancia capital para as empresas; é importante destacar que o tema das compras compulsivas deve continuar a ser uma preocupação e objecto de estudo para as universidades, as autoridades e os profissionais de marketing. Hoje, graçãs aos estudos realizados sobre o tema, os decisores de politicas de marketing estão mais conscientes de como afetam as decisoes dos consumidores, e náo se pode de ter em atenção o fato de que os membros da "Geração do milénio" são o futuro do país e do mundo, devendo ter a oportunidade de realizar um consumo mais responsável, com benefícios para o mundo atual e futuras gerações.

Résumé Objectif: Analyser les comportements d'achat des étudiants universitaires mexicains selon le sexe et déterminer s'il existe un comportement considéré compulsif, d'après le modele de Valence, d'Astous et Fortier. Matériaux et méthode: L'étude réalisée est quantitative, descriptive, corrélationnelle et explicative, car elle confirme la structure de l'Échelle de mesure de l'achat compulsif de Valence, d'Astous et Fortier pour les facteurs suivants: tendance à dépenser, envie d'acheter et sentiment de culpabilité. L'échantillon a inclus 1.687 étudiants de la génération millénaire, de 27 États du Mexique, 60% de sexe féminin et 40% de sexe masculin. L'information a été recueillie en ligne avec le logiciel Survey Monkey grâce à un questionnaire de 16 items, de type échelle de Likert. Le traitement statistique a été réalisé au moyen du test du Chi-carré, avec le logiciel SPSS versión 24. Resultados: Les résultats montrent que le comportement d'achat de l'échantillon étudié ne peut être considéré compulsif d'après le modèle de Valence, d'Astous et Fortier; cependant, selon la section "tendance a dépenser", les femmes ont tendance à acheter plus compulsivement que les hommes. Conclusions: Les résultats obtenus dans cette recherche sont d'une grande importance pour les entreprises; il est important de souligner que la question de l'achat compulsif ne devrait pas cesser d'être une préoccupation et un thème de recherche permanent pour les universités, les autorités et les praticiens du marketing Aujourd'hui, grâce aux études sur ce sujet, les responsables du développement de stratégies de marketing sont de plus en plus conscients de leur impact sur les décisions des consommateurs. Nous ne devons pas perdre de vue que les membres de la génération millénaire sont l'avenir du pays et du monde; ils doivent avoir l'opportunité de consommer de façon plus responsable, pour bénéficier au monde actuel et aux générations futures.

The role of guilt in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

Background: A growing body of evidence supports the notion that the emotional profile of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) may be more diverse than traditional accounts presume. PTSD's image as an anxiety-based disorder is undergoing change as the significance of other emotions in its development becomes more evident. Experimental research is needed in order to expand the understanding of underlying processes driving the development of PTSD. Objective: Experimentally test the influence of stressor-related guilt on the occurrence of PTSD symptomatology. Method: A non-clinical student sample faced an analogue trauma, a stressor in the form of a computer crash and related loss of data. We either personally blamed participants for causing the incident (blame group) or told them that it was a technical failure and therefore not their fault (no-blame group). Levels of guilt before and after the incident as well as number and associated distress of incident-related intrusions were assessed using a one-day diary and compared between groups. Results: The guilt manipulation was successful: feelings of guilt significantly increased in the blame group but not in the no-blame group. Furthermore, the blame group showed a significantly higher number of intrusions and associated distress compared to the no-blame group at one-day follow-up. Conclusions: These laboratory findings indicate that feelings of guilt may lead to increased PTSD symptomatology, supporting the view that guilt experienced in reaction to a traumatic event may be part of a causal mechanism driving the development of PTSD.

Planteamiento: Un creciente conjunto de evidencias apoya la noción de que el perfil emocional del Trastorno por Estrés Postraumático (TEPT) puede ser más diverso de lo que suponen las consideraciones tradicionales. La imagen del TEPT como un trastorno basado en la ansiedad está experimentando cambios a medida que se hace más evidente la importancia de otras emociones en su desarrollo. Se necesita investigación experimental para ampliar la comprensión de los procesos subyacentes que fomentan el desarrollo del trastorno por estrés postraumático. Objetivo: Probar experimentalmente la influencia de la culpa relacionada con el factor de estrés en la ocurrencia de la sintomatología del TEPT. Método: Una muestra no clínica de estudiantes se enfrentó a un trauma análogo, que es un factor de estrés en forma de fallo informático y la consiguiente pérdida de datos. O bien culpamos personalmente a los participantes por causar el incidente (culpan al grupo) o les dijimos que se trataba de un fallo técnico y, por lo tanto, no era su culpa (no culpan al grupo). Se evaluaron los niveles de culpabilidad antes y después del incidente, así como la cantidad de intrusiones relacionadas con el incidente y la angustia asociada usando un diario de 1 día y se compararon entre ambos grupos. Resultados: La manipulación de la culpa tuvo éxito, ya que los sentimientos de culpa aumentaron significativamente en el grupo al que se culpó, pero no en el grupo al que no se culpó. Además, el grupo de la culpa mostró un número significativamente mayor de intrusiones y de angustia asociada en comparación con el grupo sin culpa en el seguimiento 1 día después. Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos de laboratorio indican que los sentimientos de culpa pueden conducir a una mayor sintomatología del TEPT, lo que respalda la opinión de que la culpa experimentada en reacción a un evento traumático puede ser parte de un mecanismo causal que fomenta el desarrollo del TEPT.

Gendering Guilt among Dependent Family Members' Caregivers.

This study analyzes guilt among family caregivers of dependent patients, from a gender perspective. A qualitative design was used, conducting in-depth interviews and focus groups. Using purposive sampling, we selected 73 family caregivers and 23 health professionals (family medicine, community nursing, and social work) from the Primary Care District of Seville. The content of the information collected was analyzed in terms of the following categories: a) guilt for abandoning family and friends; b) guilt for the relationship with the dependent person; and c) guilt for placing the relative in a nursing home. To validate the findings, data sources, methodological techniques, and researchers' disciplines were all triangulated. Results indicated that women report more guilt than men for abandoning family and friends, and because of their relationship with the dependent person. However, with respect to nursing home placement, no difference was observed as a function of gender. The high incidence of caregiver guilt needs to be addressed by health professionals to avoid the emergence of other mental health issues.

Identifying predictive clinical characteristics of the treatment efficacy of mirtazapine monotherapy for major depressive disorder.

BACKGROUND: Mirtazapine, which is classified as a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant, is widely prescribed for the treatment of major depressive disorder. The potential predictive factors of the efficacy of mirtazapine and the tolerability based on the incidence of oversedation and jitteriness/anxiety syndrome were evaluated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with major depressive disorder were retrospectively investigated. Study subjects comprised 68 patients with depression who received mirtazapine as an initial antidepressant at the Department of Psychiatry of the Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital from September 2009 to March 2013. The efficacy of mirtazapine monotherapy was evaluated based on the Clinical Global Impression Improvement score. Clinical characteristics were compared between remission and nonremission groups to determine the factors predicting the efficacy. Moreover, discontinuation rates due to adverse effects, including oversedation and jitteriness/anxiety syndrome, were examined, and the effects of confounding factors were evaluated. RESULTS: The remission rate of mirtazapine monotherapy was 36.8% among the 68 enrolled subjects. The mean final doses in the remission and nonremission groups were 27.6±13.5 mg and 26.0±14.1 mg, respectively, and there was no significant difference between them. Multiple logistic analyses revealed that the absence of guilt (odds ratio [OR] =0.15; 95% CI [1.66-37.24], P=0.006) and the presence of psychomotor retardation (OR =4.30; 95% CI [1.30-16.60], P=0.016) were significantly related to the efficacy of mirtazapine monotherapy. The discontinuation rates due to oversedation and jitteriness/anxiety syndrome were 13.2% and 11.8%, respectively. Age did not differ significantly between patients with or without oversedation or jitteriness/anxiety syndrome (P=0.078 and P=0.579, respectively). CONCLUSION: The absence of guilt and the presence of psychomotor retardation may predict the efficacy of mirtazapine, and mirtazapine may be tolerable for all ages.

Subjetividades cúmplices e o sofrimento psicossocial na contemporaneidade / Complice subjectivities and the psychic and social suffering in contemporary

O presente trabalho consiste em uma pesquisa bibliográfica que problematiza a sustentação subjetiva de práticas psicossociais conformistas. Para discutirmos nosso objeto de estudo, primeiramente adentramos no campo sociológico, na busca por compreender o nascedouro da atual organização do trabalho. Assim, foi possível entender o emergir do modelo toyotista de produção, o papel das mobilizações dos trabalhadores das décadas de 1950 a 1970 na vida socioeconômica e política dos indivíduos. Esta investigação viabilizou a historicização da subjetividade do homem contemporâneo e o sofrimento psicossocial paralisador no qual vive hoje. Pudemos discutir a cumplicidade inconsciente da subjetividade sob esses processos dolorosos, sua adesão a formas de pseudoindividuação engendradas pela indústria cultural. Por fim, analisamos a fragilização dos vínculos sociais ante a competição e o processo de internalização das injunções sociais violentadoras, sustentadas pelo sentimento de culpabilidade e suas consequências nas subjetividades atuais.

This reasearch intends to problematize the subjective support of conformist psychosocial practices. In order to discuss about our case study, first we have to enter in the sociological field, trying to understand the the birthplace of the current organization of Labor. The emergence of the Toyotist model, the role of mobilizations of workers in the decades from 1950 to1970, in the socioeconomic and political life of people. Investigations made feasible the historicization of contemporary human subjectivity and the psychosocial suffering which people experience today. We could discuss the unconscious complicity of subjectivity under these painful processes, its adherence to forms of pseudo-individualization engendered by the culture industry. Finally, we analyzed the weakening of social ties in the face of competition and the process of internalisation of violent social orders, underpinned by feelings of guilt and its consequences in the current subjectivities.

Subjetividades cúmplices e o sofrimento psicossocial na contemporaneidade / Complice subjectivities and the psychic and social suffering in contemporary

O presente trabalho consiste em uma pesquisa bibliográfica que problematiza a sustentação subjetiva de práticas psicossociais conformistas. Para discutirmos nosso objeto de estudo, primeiramente adentramos no campo sociológico, na busca por compreender o nascedouro da atual organização do trabalho. Assim, foi possível entender o emergir do modelo toyotista de produção, o papel das mobilizações dos trabalhadores das décadas de 1950 a 1970 na vida socioeconômica e política dos indivíduos. Esta investigação viabilizou a historicização da subjetividade do homem contemporâneo e o sofrimento psicossocial paralisador no qual vive hoje. Pudemos discutir a cumplicidade inconsciente da subjetividade sob esses processos dolorosos, sua adesão a formas de pseudoindividuação engendradas pela indústria cultural. Por fim, analisamos a fragilização dos vínculos sociais ante a competição e o processo de internalização das injunções sociais violentadoras, sustentadas pelo sentimento de culpabilidade e suas consequências nas subjetividades atuais.(AU)

This reasearch intends to problematize the subjective support of conformist psychosocial practices. In order to discuss about our case study, first we have to enter in the sociological field, trying to understand the the birthplace of the current organization of Labor. The emergence of the Toyotist model, the role of mobilizations of workers in the decades from 1950 to1970, in the socioeconomic and political life of people. Investigations made feasible the historicization of contemporary human subjectivity and the psychosocial suffering which people experience today. We could discuss the unconscious complicity of subjectivity under these painful processes, its adherence to forms of pseudo-individualization engendered by the culture industry. Finally, we analyzed the weakening of social ties in the face of competition and the process of internalisation of violent social orders, underpinned by feelings of guilt and its consequences in the current subjectivities.(AU)