Analytical quaternion-based bias estimation algorithm for fast and accurate stationary gyro-compassing.

This work introduces a novel approach to Strapdown Inertial Navigation System (SINS) alignment, distinct from recursive methods like Kalman filtering. The proposed methodology expedites bias error calculations by utilizing quaternion-based analytical relationships, which bypasses the slow convergence behavior associated with recursive algorithms, particularly in azimuth angle error estimation. In addition, the proposed approach demonstrates comparable accuracy to traditional fine alignment methods. Simulations and experiments validate that in contrast to the 10-min time requirement of traditional fine alignment methods (for azimuth angle estimation in stationary conditions), the proposed approach achieves the same accuracy within 20 s. However, limitations exist as the algorithm is applicable only in stationary conditions, and necessitating a high-grade IMU capable of measuring the earth's rotation rate.

Structural and functional analysis of aquaporins in Bombus terrestris.

Bombus terrestris are efficient pollinators in forestry and agriculture, with higher cold tolerance than other bees. Yet, their cold tolerance mechanism remains unclear. Aquaporins (AQPs) function as cell membrane proteins facilitating rapid water flow, aiding in osmoregulation. Recent studies highlight the importance of insect AQPs in dehydration and cold stress. Comparative transcriptome analysis of B. terrestris under cold stress revealed up-regulation of four AQPs, indicating their potential role in cold tolerance. Seven AQPs-Eglp1, Eglp2, Eglp3, DRIP, PRIP, Bib, and AQP12L-have been identified in B. terrestris. These are widely expressed in various tissues, particularly in the alimentary canal and Malpighian tubules. Functional analysis of BterAQPs in the Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing system showed distinct water and glycerol selectivity, with BterDrip exhibiting the highest water permeability. Molecular modeling of BterDrip revealed six transmembrane domains, two NPA motifs, and an ar/R constriction region (Phe131, His256, Ser265, and Arg271), likely contributing to its water selectivity. Silencing BterDRIP accelerated mortality in B. terrestris under cold stress, highlighting the crucial role of BterDRIP in their cold tolerance and providing a molecular mechanism for their cold adaptation.

Decoupling Plasmonic Hot Carrier from Thermal Catalysis via Electrode Engineering.

Increased attention has been directed toward generating nonequilibrium hot carriers resulting from the decay of collective electronic oscillations on metal known as surface plasmons. Despite numerous experimental endeavors, demonstrating hot carrier-mediated photocatalysis without a heating contribution has proven challenging, particularly for single electron transfer reactions where the thermal contribution is generally detrimental. An innovative engineering solution is proposed to enable single electron transfer reactions with plasmonics. It consists of a photoelectrode designed as an energy filter and photocatalysis performed with light function modulation instead of continuously. The photoelectrode, consisting of FTO/TiO2 amorphous (10 nm)/Au nanoparticles, with TiO2 acting as a step-shape energy filter to enhance hot electron extraction and charge-separated state lifetime. The extracted hot electrons were directed toward the counter electrode, while the hot holes performed a single electron transfer oxidation reaction. Light modulation prevented local heat accumulation, effectively decoupling hot carrier catalysis from the thermal contribution.

Winter wheat ear counting based on improved YOLOv7x and Kalman filter tracking algorithm with video streaming.

Accurate and real-time field wheat ear counting is of great significance for wheat yield prediction, genetic breeding and optimized planting management. In order to realize wheat ear detection and counting under the large-resolution Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) video, Space to depth (SPD) module was added to the deep learning model YOLOv7x. The Normalized Gaussian Wasserstein Distance (NWD) Loss function is designed to create a new detection model YOLOv7xSPD. The precision, recall, F1 score and AP of the model on the test set are 95.85%, 94.71%, 95.28%, and 94.99%, respectively. The AP value is 1.67% higher than that of YOLOv7x, and 10.41%, 39.32%, 2.96%, and 0.22% higher than that of Faster RCNN, SSD, YOLOv5s, and YOLOv7. YOLOv7xSPD is combined with the Kalman filter tracking and the Hungarian matching algorithm to establish a wheat ear counting model with the video flow, called YOLOv7xSPD Counter, which can realize real-time counting of wheat ears in the field. In the video with a resolution of 3840×2160, the detection frame rate of YOLOv7xSPD Counter is about 5.5FPS. The counting results are highly correlated with the ground truth number (R2 = 0.99), and can provide model basis for wheat yield prediction, genetic breeding and optimized planting management.

Uncovering an effecient binary system as a chemosensor for visual and fluorescence detection of chromium (VI) in water samples.

There is an urgent requirement for the development of sensitive and quick sensors to monitor chromium (VI) due to its substantial carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. A coexisting system of coumarin 334 and diphenylcarbazide (C334/DPC) was used in this study as a fluorescent chemosensor to detect Cr(VI) ions. Upon the addition of Cr(VI), a purple chelate complex (Cr(III)-diphenylcarbazone) was produced, which resulted from the quantitative reaction between Cr(VI) ions and diphenylcarbazide (DPC), whereas no interaction between Cr(VI) and coumarin 334 took place. More interestingly, the absorption spectra of purple (Cr(III)-diphenylcarbazone) complex (λmax = 540 nm) were overlapped with emission and excitation spectra of coumarin 334 (λex/em = 453/492), resulting in the efficient quenching of coumarin 334 (C334) via the inner filter effect. Furthermore, the semi-quantitative estimation of Cr(VI) ion concentration may be achieved by visually watching the progressive color transformation of the probe from yellow to red after the addition different concentration of Cr(VI). The calibration plot for determination of Cr(VI) by this method is ranging from 0.048 to 268 µM. DFT calculations were conducted to enrich our understanding about the mechanism of action. This approach demonstrates an excellent selectivity and sensitivity for Cr(VI) including a detection limit of 48 nM. The new sensor was successfully applied to water samples (tap, mineral, and waste waters). The accuracy was confirmed by the atomic absorption spectroscopy.

A rapid method to monitor structural perturbations of High-Concentrated therapeutic antibody solutions using Intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence emission spectroscopy.

Drug product development of therapeutic antibody formulations is still dictated by the risk of protein particle formation during processing or storage, which can lead to loss of potency and potential immunogenic reactions. Since structural perturbations are the main driver for irreversible protein aggregation, the conformational integrity of antibodies should be closely monitored. The present study evaluated the applicability of a plate reader-based high throughput method for intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence emission (ITFE) spectroscopy to detect protein aggregation due to protein unfolding in high-concentrated therapeutic antibody samples. The impact of fluorophore concentration on the ITFE signal in microplate readers was investigated by analysis of dilution series of two therapeutic antibodies and pure tryptophan. At low antibody concentrations (<5 mg/mL, equivalent to 0.8 mM tryptophan), the low inner filter effect suggests a quasi-linear relationship between antibody concentration and ITFE intensity. In contrast, the constant ITFE intensity at high protein concentrations (>40 mg/mL, equivalent to 6.1 mM tryptophan) indicate that ITFE spectroscopy measurements of IgG1 antibodies are feasible in therapeutically relevant concentrations (up to 223 mg/mL). Furthermore, the capability of the method to detect low levels of unfolding (around 1 %) was confirmed by limit of detection (LOD) determination with temperature-stressed antibody samples as degradation standards. Change of fluorescence intensity at the maximum (ΔIaM) was identified as sensitive descriptor for protein degradation, providing the lowest LOD values. The results demonstrate that ITFE spectroscopy performed in a microplate reader is a valuable tool for high-throughput monitoring of protein degradation in therapeutic antibody formulations.

Fiber-optics based fluorescence detection. Part I: Basic concepts.

Continuous in-line detection and process monitoring are essential for industrial, analytical, and biomedical applications. Lightweight, highly flexible, and low-cost fiber optics enable the construction of compact and robust hand-held devices for in situ chemical and biological species analysis in both industrial and biomedical in vitro/in vivo detection. Despite the broad range of fiber-optic based applications, we lack a good understanding of the parameters that govern the efficiency of light collection or the sensitivity of detection. Consequently, comparing samples of different optical density and/or geometry becomes challenging and can lead to misinterpretation of results; especially when we lack the approaches necessary to correct the detected signal (spectra) for artifacts such as inner-filter effect or scattering. Hence, in this work, we discuss factors affecting the signal detected by the fiber optic in the bare and lens-coupled flat-tipped configurations that lead to signal/spectral distortions. We also present a simple generic model describing the excitation profile and emission collection efficiency that we verify with experimental data. Understanding the principles governing the signal collected by the fiber will provide rationales for correcting the measured emission spectra and recovering the true emission profile of optically dense samples.

Enhancing hydrological insight: isotopic methods revealing groundwater-surface water interactions in the Lower Quang Tri River Group, Vietnam.

The Lower Quang Tri River Group, situated in central Vietnam, faces a myriad of challenges, notably the decline in groundwater levels and the salinisation of both groundwater and surface water, significantly impacting water availability for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes. To address these pressing concerns, this study adopts a comprehensive methodology integrating hydrogeological measurements, isotopic techniques, and chemical analyses of various water sources, including local precipitation, surface water bodies, reservoirs, and groundwater samples. Utilising the deuterium and oxygen-18 signatures (δ2H and δ18O) in water molecules as environmental tracers for the assessment of base flow and water sources enables a nuanced understanding of the intricate interaction between surface water and groundwater. Research findings elucidate that during the dry season, groundwater recharge primarily stems from water in the reservoirs over approximately seven months. Base flow contributes between 80 and 85 % of streamflow during the rainy season, escalating to 100 % during the dry season. The mean travelling time of the base flow is estimated at 120 ± 10 days using the sine curve model developed by Rodgers et al. The insights gleaned from this study are poised to play a pivotal role in guiding the local water resources managers in licensing for the exploitation of a right quantities of groundwater as sustainable management strategies in the region.

Determination of unbound platinum concentrations in human plasma using ultrafiltration and precipitation methods.

Quantification of the unbound portion of platinum (Pt) in human plasma is important for assessing the pharmacokinetics of the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin. In this study, we sought to compare the recovery of unbound Pt using Nanosep® filters to 1) traditional filters (Centrifree®, Centrisart®, Amicon®) or trichloroacetic acid (TCA) protein precipitation, and 2) unbound, bound, and total Pt concentrations in clinical specimens. For the tested filters, the impact of 1) molecular weight cut-offs, 2) centrifugation force, and 3) total Pt concentration on Pt binding in human plasma was evaluated. Pt was quantified using inductively coupled-plasma mass spectrometry. In human plasma spiked with 0.9 µg/mL Pt, the percent of unbound Pt increased at higher centrifugation speeds. By comparison, the percent of unbound Pt was highest (42.1%) following TCA protein precipitation. When total Pt was ≤0.9 µg/mL, unbound Pt (∼20-30%) was consistent across filters. Conversely, when plasma was spiked with Pt exceeding 0.9 µg/mL, the percent of unbound Pt increased from 36.5 to 48% using ultrafiltration, compared to 63.4% to 79% with TCA precipitation. In patients receiving cisplatin-containing chemotherapy, the fraction of unbound Pt at concentrations exceeding 0.9 µg/mL ranged between 35 and 90%. Moreover, the unbound fraction of Pt in plasma correlated with the concentration of unbound (R2 = 0.738) and total Pt (R2 = 0.335). In summary, this study demonstrates that 1) the percent of unbound Pt is influenced by total and unbound Pt levels in vitro and in clinical specimens, and 2) ultrafiltration with Nanosep® filters is a feasible method for quantifying unbound Pt concentrations in human plasma.

Recurrent Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) Filter: Should a Computed Tomography (CT) Venogram and Inferior Vena Cavagram Be the Standard of Care?

A pulmonary embolism (PE) is a life-threatening complication of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Although timely anticoagulation is the first-line treatment for DVT, an inferior vena cava (IVC) filter can be considered when anticoagulation is contraindicated. Unfortunately, IVC filters come with complications of their own, including thrombus formation in or around the filter. An 89-year-old man with a past medical history of coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and prior DVT status post IVC filter implantation five years ago in 2018 presented with hypotension, dizziness, and syncope. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) of the chest showed bilateral PEs. Venous Doppler ultrasound of the bilateral lower extremities was negative for DVT. CT venogram was performed; however, the contrast filling was suboptimal and as such, a venous thrombosis could not be ruled out. Therefore, an inferior vena cavagram was performed through the right common femoral vein and confirmed a large thrombus positioned cephalad to the IVC filter. A thrombectomy was performed and the IVC filter was replaced given the patient was at high risk for venous thromboembolism recurrence and complications.  Although an IVC filter offers some protection from recurrent PEs, it does have risks and complications. As seen in our patient, the IVC filter can be a nidus for the formation of a thrombus which has the risk of dislodging. When evaluating a patient for the source of a PE, it is important to consider prior IVC implant and perform further workups, such as a CT venogram or an inferior vena cavagram, to evaluate for thrombus in or around the filter.

Prospecting toxicity of the avobenzone sunscreen in plants.

Avobenzone (AVO) is a sunscreen with high global production and is constantly released into the environment. Incorporating sewage biosolids for fertilization purposes, the leaching from cultivated soils, and the use of wastewater for irrigation explain its presence in the soil. There is a lack of information about the impact of this sunscreen on plants. In the present study, the ecotoxicity of AVO was tested at concentrations 1, 10, 100, and 1,000 ng/L. All concentrations caused a reduction in root growth of Allium cepa, Cucumis sativus, and Lycopersicum esculentum seeds, as well as a mitodepressive effect, changes in the mitotic spindle and a reduction in root growth of A. cepa bulbs. The cell cycle was disturbed because AVO disarmed the enzymatic defense system of root meristems, leading to an accumulation of hydroxyl radicals and superoxides, besides lipid peroxidation in cells. Therefore, AVO shows a high potential to cause damage to plants and can negatively affect agricultural production and the growth of non-cultivated plants.

Gaussian filter facilitated deep learning-based architecture for accurate and efficient liver tumor segmentation for radiation therapy.

Purpose: Addressing the challenges of unclear tumor boundaries and the confusion between cysts and tumors in liver tumor segmentation, this study aims to develop an auto-segmentation method utilizing Gaussian filter with the nnUNet architecture to effectively distinguish between tumors and cysts, enhancing the accuracy of liver tumor auto-segmentation. Methods: Firstly, 130 cases of liver tumorsegmentation challenge 2017 (LiTS2017) were used for training and validating nnU-Net-based auto-segmentation model. Then, 14 cases of 3D-IRCADb dataset and 25 liver cancer cases retrospectively collected in our hospital were used for testing. The dice similarity coefficient (DSC) was used to evaluate the accuracy of auto-segmentation model by comparing with manual contours. Results: The nnU-Net achieved an average DSC value of 0.86 for validation set (20 LiTS cases) and 0.82 for public testing set (14 3D-IRCADb cases). For clinical testing set, the standalone nnU-Net model achieved an average DSC value of 0.75, which increased to 0.81 after post-processing with the Gaussian filter (P<0.05), demonstrating its effectiveness in mitigating the influence of liver cysts on liver tumor segmentation. Conclusion: Experiments show that Gaussian filter is beneficial to improve the accuracy of liver tumor segmentation in clinic.

A Rare Case of Right Atrial Thrombus in a Patient With Recurrent Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma.

Patients with cancer are at risk for thrombotic complications due to a hypercoagulable state. However, the benefit of prophylactic anticoagulation is unclear in many subsets of these patients. For the first episode of acute thromboembolic disease (VTE) in patients with active cancer, anticoagulant therapy is administered for at least three to six months. Herein, we present a 31-year-old female with active, recurrent stage IIIa classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) (nodular sclerosis), previously treated for proximal upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT), presenting for evaluation of shortness of breath and eventually diagnosed with bilateral pulmonary embolism (PE) secondary to a right atrial thrombus. The patient was successfully treated with surgical resection of the thrombus. With this case report, we hope to encourage physicians to use prophylactic indefinite anticoagulation in patients with active cancer and previous DVT, including patients with upper extremity DVT.

Stereotactic body radiation therapy for prostate cancer: a dosimetric comparison of IMRT and VMAT using flattening filter and flattening filter-free beams.

This retrospective study was performed to evaluate plan quality and treatment delivery parameters of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for prostate cancer. The study utilized different isocentric modulated techniques: intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) using 6 MV flattening filter (FF) and 10 MV flattening filter-free beams (FFF). Fifteen retrospective prostate cancer patients were selected for this study. Sixty plans were created with an SBRT-prescribed dose of 36.25 Gy delivered in five fractions. Planning target volume (PTV) coverage, plan quality indices, doses delivered to organs at risk (OARs), and treatment delivery parameters were compared for all plans. It turned out that VMAT plans, particularly those using the FFF beam, provided superior target conformality and a steeper dose gradient as compared to IMRT plans. Additionally, VMAT plans showed better OARs sparing compared to IMRT plans. However, IMRT plans delivered a lower maximum dose to the target than VMAT plans. Importantly, the VMAT plans resulted in reduced treatment delivery parameters, including beam on time (BOT), monitor unit (MU), and modulation factor (MF), compared to IMRT plans. Furthermore, a statistically significant difference was observed in BOT and mean body dose between FF and FFF beams, with FFF beams showing superior performance. Considering all results, VMAT using 10 MV (FFF) is suggested for treating prostate cancer patients with SBRT. This offers the fastest delivery in addition to maintaining the highest plan quality.

Filter bank temporally local multivariate synchronization index for SSVEP-based BCI.

BACKGROUND: Multivariate synchronization index (MSI) has been successfully applied for frequency detection in steady state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) based brain-computer interface (BCI) systems. However, the standard MSI algorithm and its variants cannot simultaneously take full advantage of the time-local structure and the harmonic components in SSVEP signals, which are both crucial for frequency detection performance. To overcome the limitation, we propose a novel filter bank temporally local MSI (FBTMSI) algorithm to further improve SSVEP frequency detection accuracy. The method explicitly utilizes the temporal information of signal for covariance matrix estimation and employs filter bank decomposition to exploits SSVEP-related harmonic components. RESULTS: We employed the cross-validation strategy on the public Benchmark dataset to optimize the parameters and evaluate the performance of the FBTMSI algorithm. Experimental results show that FBTMSI outperforms the standard MSI, temporally local MSI (TMSI) and filter bank driven MSI (FBMSI) algorithms across multiple experimental settings. In the case of data length of one second, the average accuracy of FBTMSI is 9.85% and 3.15% higher than that of the FBMSI and the TMSI, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The promising results demonstrate the effectiveness of the FBTMSI algorithm for frequency recognition and show its potential in SSVEP-based BCI applications.

Tuned exchange imaging: Can the filter exchange imaging pulse sequence be adapted for applications with thin slices and restricted diffusion?

Filter exchange imaging (FEXI) is a double diffusion-encoding (DDE) sequence that is specifically sensitive to exchange between sites with different apparent diffusivities. FEXI uses a diffusion-encoding filtering block followed by a detection block at varying mixing times to map the exchange rate. Long mixing times enhance the sensitivity to exchange, but they pose challenges for imaging applications that require a stimulated echo sequence with crusher gradients. Thin imaging slices require strong crushers, which can introduce significant diffusion weighting and bias exchange rate estimates. Here, we treat the crushers as an additional encoding block and consider FEXI as a triple diffusion-encoding sequence. This allows the bias to be corrected in the case of multi-Gaussian diffusion, but not easily in the presence of restricted diffusion. Our approach addresses challenges in the presence of restricted diffusion and relies on the ability to independently gauge sensitivities to exchange and restricted diffusion for arbitrary gradient waveforms. It follows two principles: (i) the effects of crushers are included in the forward model using signal cumulant expansion; and (ii) timing parameters of diffusion gradients in filter and detection blocks are adjusted to maintain the same level of restriction encoding regardless of the mixing time. This results in the tuned exchange imaging (TEXI) protocol. The accuracy of exchange mapping with TEXI was assessed through Monte Carlo simulations in spheres of identical sizes and gamma-distributed sizes, and in parallel hexagonally packed cylinders. The simulations demonstrate that TEXI provides consistent exchange rates regardless of slice thickness and restriction size, even with strong crushers. However, the accuracy depends on b-values, mixing times, and restriction geometry. The constraints and limitations of TEXI are discussed, including suggestions for protocol adaptations. Further studies are needed to optimize the precision of TEXI and assess the approach experimentally in realistic, heterogeneous substrates.

Co,Ce nanoparticles supported on stacked wire mesh cartridges. Activity and stability in diesel soot combustion.

In this work, Co3O4 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by precipitating a precursor salt solution in the form of microdroplets generated by a nebulizer, as an efficient, fast and low-cost approach. After drying and calcination, synthesized particles were deposited on stacked wire mesh monoliths by immersing the structures in a suspension containing synthesized Co3O4 particles and commercial ceria nanoparticles as a binder. These structured catalysts were evaluated for the combustion of diesel soot which constitutes a crucial step in the regeneration of catalytic particulate filters (CDPFs). Thermal and mechanical stability of Co,Ce washcoated monoliths were investigated. For this, successive catalytic evaluations of the structured system, with intermediate treatments at 900 °C (accelerated aging), were carried out indicating a very good activity and stability of the catalysts developed. Adherence tests showed good adhesion of the catalytic layer to the metallic substrate. Fresh and aged catalysts were fully characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Laser Raman Spectroscopy (LRS) and Temperature-Programmed Reduction (TPR). It was found that the catalytic coating resulted composed of nanometric CeO2 and Co3O4 along with chromium, iron and manganese oxides coming from the migration of the metallic substrate, in the catalytic cartridge calcined at 600 °C. Despite after calcination at 900 °C spinels of Co, Fe, Cr and Mn were observed, these oxides did not significantly affected the catalytic activity. Although this aging treatment at 900 °C was severe and is not expected under real conditions, it highlights the potential application of the catalytic metallic cartridges here developed.

Multilayer UWB bandpass filter using liquid crystal polymer technology.

This proposed design presents a novel bandpass filter employing a Marchand balun to attain ultra-wideband (UWB) performance extending from 3.1 to 10.7 GHz with 6.8 GHz central frequency and 110% FBW. The UWB bandpass filter's fractional bandwidth can be tailored owing to the diverse input/output impedances of the planar Marchand balun. This adaptability is accomplished by connecting two planar Marchand baluns consecutively, leveraging the concepts of transversal filter ideas and multilayer LCP technology resulting in 0.3 dB and 12 dB insertion and return losses respectively. In-depth guidelines for the formulation and synthesis of the UWB bandpass filter are incorporated.

Europium functionalized porphyrin-based metal-organic framework heterostructure and hydrogel for visual ratiometric fluorescence sensing of sulfonamides in foods.

Protecting human health and ensuring food security require the swift and accurate detection of sulfonamides (SAs) residues in foods. Herein, we proposed an Eu-postfunctionalized bimetallic porphyrin metal-organic framework (PCN-221(Zr/Ce)@Eu-DPA-H4btec) synthesized solvothermally for fluorescence sensing. The PCN-221(Zr/Ce)@Eu-DPA-H4btec fluorescent sensor demonstrated excellent stability and high selectivity to SAs, and the detection limits of sulfamethazine (SM2), sulfamerazine (SMR), and sulfamethoxydiazine (SMD) were as low as 56 nmol/L, 45 nmol/L, and 56 nmol/L, respectively. The PCN-221(Zr/Ce)@Eu-DPA-H4btec fluorescent sensor was successfully applied for the detection of SM2, SMR, and SMD in real pork and milk samples, with satisfactory recoveries (81.2-118.3%) and high precisions (RSDs <8.2, n = 3). Combining the optical properties of the nanohybrids, PCN-221(Zr/Ce)@Eu-DPA-H4btec integrated fluorescent hydrogels were innovatively prepared for visual sensing of SM2, SMR, and SMD. This study provides an uncomplicated and sensitive method for SAs detection in food matrices.

Lanthanum-loaded geopolymer for phosphate removal from agricultural runoff.

The removal of phosphate from agricultural runoff is of great importance to mitigate an overabundance of nutrients discharging into receiving water bodies, which are susceptible to eutrophication. In this study, a La-loaded geopolymer was produced by adding metakaolin within an alkaline medium, consisting of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The ratio of Na2SiO3:NaOH within the geopolymer slurry was manipulated to evaluate its effect on phosphate adsorption capacity. The 1.54 ratio yielded the highest adsorption capacity of 33.65 mg g-1. However, due to structural strength, safety, and economic considerations, the 2.0 ratio was used for the isotherm and kinetic adsorption testing. The La-loaded geopolymer exhibited higher phosphate removal in batch adsorption experiments at an acidic level (pH 4) and elevated temperature (40 °C). Moreover, ionic strength (3.5-20 mM) had a negligible impact on phosphate removal, indicating inner-sphere complexation as the main mechanism of adsorption. Additionally, bicarbonate and humic acid increased phosphate removal, whereas sulfate slightly decreased adsorption capacity. The La-loaded geopolymer was further evaluated using a synthetic agricultural solution, which yielded a Type III adsorption isotherm, demonstrating unrestricted multilayer phosphate adsorption. Results from this study verified the La-loaded geopolymer is a promising adsorbent for phosphate removal from agricultural runoff and underlined the importance of matrix effects on treatment performance.