The efficacy of fluconazole for anti-fungal prophylaxis in peritoneal dialysis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The efficacy of fluconazole as a prophylactic strategy in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on peritoneal dialysis (PD) with prior antibiotic exposure is controversial in the current literature. This study aimed to compare a strategy of fluconazole prophylaxis versus no-prophylaxis for patients in PD on antibiotics for previous episodes of peritonitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing fluconazole prophylaxis with no prophylaxis for PD-related peritonitis. The search was conducted on PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central in January 23, 2023. The outcome of interest was the occurrence of fungal peritonitis (FP). RESULTS: We included six studies (1 RCT, 5 observational) with 4515 occurrences of peritonitis, of which 1098 (24.8%) received fluconazole prophylaxis in variable doses, whereas 3417 (75.6%) did not receive prophylaxis during peritonitis episodes. Overall, fluconazole prophylaxis was associated with a lower incidence of FP (OR 0.22; 95% CI 0.12-0.41; p<0.001; I2=0%). Subgroup analysis of studies that administered daily doses of fluconazole also demonstrated a reduced incidence of FP in patients who received antifungal prophylaxis (OR 0.31; CI 0.14-0.69; p=0.004; I2=0%). CONCLUSIONS: In this meta-analysis of 4515 episodes of PD-related peritonitis, prophylaxis with fluconazole significantly reduced episodes of FP as compared with no antifungal prophylaxis.

The efficacy of fluconazole for anti-fungal prophylaxis in peritoneal dialysis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis / Eficacia de fluconazol para profilaxis antifúngica en los pacientes de diálisis peritoneal: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis

Introduction and objectives: The efficacy of fluconazole as a prophylactic strategy in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on peritoneal dialysis (PD) with prior antibiotic exposure is controversial in the current literature. This study aimed to compare a strategy of fluconazole prophylaxis versus no-prophylaxis for patients in PD on antibiotics for previous episodes of peritonitis. Materials and methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing fluconazole prophylaxis with no prophylaxis for PD-related peritonitis. The search was conducted on PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central in January 23, 2023. The outcome of interest was the occurrence of fungal peritonitis (FP). Results: We included six studies (1 RCT, 5 observational) with 4515 occurrences of peritonitis, of which 1098 (24.8%) received fluconazole prophylaxis in variable doses, whereas 3417 (75.6%) did not receive prophylaxis during peritonitis episodes. Overall, fluconazole prophylaxis was associated with a lower incidence of FP (OR 0.22; 95% CI 0.12–0.41; p<0.001; I2=0%). Subgroup analysis of studies that administered daily doses of fluconazole also demonstrated a reduced incidence of FP in patients who received antifungal prophylaxis (OR 0.31; CI 0.14–0.69; p=0.004; I2=0%). Conclusions: In this meta-analysis of 4515 episodes of PD-related peritonitis, prophylaxis with fluconazole significantly reduced episodes of FP as compared with no antifungal prophylaxis.(AU)

Introducción y objetivos: La eficacia de fluconazol como estrategia profiláctica en los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) sometidos a diálisis peritoneal (DP) con exposición antibiótica previa es controvertida en la literatura actual. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la estrategia de profilaxis con fluconazol frente a no profilaxis para los pacientes de DP con régimen antibiótico por episodios previos de peritonitis. Materiales y métodos: Realizamos una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de estudios observacionales y ensayos controlados aleatorizados (ECA), comparando la profilaxis con fluconazol y la no profilaxis para la peritonitis relacionada con DP. Dicha búsqueda se realizó en PubMed, EMBASE y Cochrane Central el 23 de enero de 2023. El resultado de interés fue la aparición de peritonitis fúngica (PF). Resultados: Incluimos seis estudios (1 ECA, 5 observacionales) con 4.515 episodios de peritonitis, de los cuales 1.098 (24,8%) recibieron profilaxis de fluconazol en dosis variables, mientras que 3.417 (75,6%) no recibieron profilaxis durante los episodios de peritonitis. En general, la profilaxis de fluconazol estuvo asociada a una menor incidencia de PF (OR: 0,22; IC 95%: 0,12-0,41; p<0,001; I2=0%). El análisis de subgrupo de los estudios que administraron dosis diarias de fluconazol también demostró una incidencia reducida de PF en los pacientes que recibieron profilaxis antifúngica (OR: 0,31; IC 95%: 0,14-0,69; p=0,004, I2=0%). Conclusiones: En este metaanálisis de 4.515 episodios de peritonitis relacionada con DP, la profilaxis con fluconazol redujo significativamente los episodios de PF, en comparación con la no profilaxis antifúngica.(AU)

Abscesos renales bilaterales multifocales por Candida albicans / Bilateral multifocal kidney abscess due to Candida al bicans

Resumen Los abscesos renales son una complicación poco frecuente de las infecciones del tracto urinario y suelen asociarse con un aumento de la morbi-mortalidad. La mayoría de los casos ocurre en pacientes con factores predisponentes como la inmunosupresión. El diagnóstico requiere de una elevada sospecha clínica y el trata miento consiste en el uso de antibióticos y antifúngicos parenterales asociados o no a intervenciones quirúrgicas como nefrostomía y nefrectomía. Son pocos los casos publicados en la literatura médi ca de abscesos renales bilaterales multifocales y menos aún por Candida albicans. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 20 años de edad con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 diagnosticada a los 8 años, múltiples internaciones por cetoacidosis diabética y reciente internación por can didemia (Candida albicans) completando tratamiento con fluconazol por 23 días. A los 18 días de su externación, consulta por dolor en flancos de tipo sordo y síntomas ge nerales; se realizó tomografía de abdomen con contraste que mostró abscesos multifocales bilaterales. Aislándose Candida albicans en una de las muestras obtenidas de las lesiones; recibió tratamiento con fluconazol 400 mg por 6 semanas endovenoso y 2 semanas vía enteral, evolu cionando favorablemente con mejoría clínica e image nológica continuando seguimiento clínico ambulatorio. Este reporte resalta la importancia del diagnóstico y tratamiento de esta complicación infrecuente en enfer medades complejas como la diabetes.

Abstract Renal abscesses are a rare complication of urinary tract infections and may be associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Most cases occur in patients with predisposing factors such as immunosuppression. Diagnosis requires high clinical suspicion and its treat ment consists in the use of parenteral antibiotics and antifungals associated or not with surgical interventions such as nephrostomy and nephrectomy. Few cases have been published in the medical literature of multifocal bilateral renal abscesses and even fewer due to Candida albicans. We present the case of a 20-year-old woman with type 1 diabetes mellitus, diagnosed at age 8, multiple hospitalizations for diabetic ketoacidosis, and recent hospitalization for candidemia (Candida albicans) treated with fluconazole for 23 days. Eighteen days after her discharge, she consulted for dull flank pain and gen eral symptoms. Contrast enhanced abdominal tomography showed bilateral multifocal abscesses and Candida albicans was isolated in one of the samples obtained from lesions. She received fluconazole 400 mg, 6 weeks i.v. and 2 weeks via enteral route, evolving favorably with clinical and imag ing improvement, continuing outpatient clinical monitoring. This report highlights the importance of diagnosis and treatment of this rare complication in complex diseases such as diabetes mellitus.

Endocarditis due to Candida albicans in an immunocompromised patient: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Fungal endocarditis is a low-frequency disease with a challenging diagnosis, as it can be mistaken with bacterial endocarditis. Fungal endocarditis causes higher mortality rates in immunocompromised patients. In the clinical practice, the endocarditis caused by fungi represents up to 10% of all infectious endocarditis cases and has a mortality rate of nearly 50%. CASE REPORT: Here we present the case of a 53-year-old woman under corticosteroid therapy with a history of rheumatic heart disease, aortic valve replacement, and rheumatoid arthritis, who presented with fungal endocarditis caused by Candida albicans. Even though the patient received 3 years of antifungal prophylaxis with fluconazole, had valve replacement surgery, and received intensive care, the patient finally worsened and died. CONCLUSIONS: Comorbidities and corticosteroid therapy predisposed the patient to acquire fungal endocarditis. This case highlights the importance of implementing procedures for the isolation and identification of fungi, and for carrying out antifungal-susceptibility testing, as well as establishing surveillance programs to identify infection-causing species and drug resistance patterns in hospitals. Moreover, designing and upgrading the algorithm for infectious endocarditis is the key to future improvements in diagnosis.

Validación de la metodología para cuantificar el fluconazol y sus impurezas orgánicas en materia prima por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución / Method validation for the quantification of fluconazole and its organic impurities in raw material using high-performance liquid chromatography

Introducción. La eficiencia de una metodología para analizar una sustancia farmacológica puede verse afectada por las condiciones reales del laboratorio de cada país, incluyendo el clima. Por esta razón, se requiere validar el método con las pautas recomendadas para ello y optimizar el proceso, para asegurar el éxito y la confianza en los resultados. Objetivo. Validar una metodología para la cuantificación simultánea del fluconazol (materia prima) y sus impurezas orgánicas mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución con detector de arreglo de diodos en condiciones de clima tropical y con todos los requisitos normativos. Materiales y métodos. Se hicieron pruebas previas a la validación del método: idoneidad del sistema, estudio de filtros, límite de cuantificación, ausencia del error sistemático, estudios de degradación forzada y estabilidad de las soluciones. Además, se validaron: la especificidad, la linealidad, la exactitud, la precisión y la robustez. Resultados. La pureza espectral del método se logró al obtener la separación de los productos de degradación de los picos de los analitos. La estabilidad de las soluciones no se vio afectada, en la frecuencia evaluada de 24 horas, a temperatura ambiente y de refrigeración. Se obtuvo una linealidad con coeficientes de correlación mayores o iguales a 0,999 para la valoración y mayores o iguales a 0,997 para las impurezas. La recuperación estuvo en el rango de 98 a 102,0 % de fluconazol, con una exactitud entre el 80 y el 120 % para las impurezas. El factor de repetibilidad y reproducibilidad no superó la desviación estándar relativa del 2,0 % para la valoración y, la del 5,0 %, para las impurezas, lo cual mostró una solidez adecuada del método. Además, se obtuvo un tiempo corto de ejecución del análisis, lo que permitió la rápida determinación de la calidad de la materia prima. Conclusión. Se demostró que el método de cuantificación de fluconazol, validado por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución con detector de arreglo de diodos, es lo suficientemente selectivo, preciso, exacto, lineal y robusto; además, es capaz de generar resultados analíticos veraces en condiciones de uso reales, incluyendo el clima tropical de Colombia.

Introduction. The real laboratory conditions of each country, including climate, can affect the method's efficiency in analyzing a pharmacological substance. Thus, it is necessary to validate the process according to the corresponding guidelines and optimize it to ensure success and confidence in the results. Objective. The objective was to validate a methodology for fluconazole and its organic impurities quantification in raw material using high-performance liquid chromatography, with a diode array detector, under tropical climate conditions, and complying with all regulatory requirements. Materials and methods. We performed pre-validation tests of the method consisting of system adequacy, filters study, quantification limit, absence of systematic error, forced degradation studies, and solutions stability. In addition, we validated the specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness of the system. Results. Separation of the degradation products from the analyte peaks allowed the achievement of the method's spectral purity. The solution's stability was not affected during the evaluated time (24 hours) at room temperature and under refrigeration. Linearity resulted in correlation coefficients greater than or equal to 0.999 for the evaluation and greater than or equal to 0.997 for impurities. We obtained a fluconazole recovery varying from 98 to 102% with an accuracy between 80 to 120% for impurities detection. The repeatability and reproducibility factor did not exceed a relative standard deviation of 2.0% for the evaluation and of 5.0% for the impurities, demonstrating the adequate robustness of the method. In addition, a short analysis execution time allowed the quick determination of the raw material quality. Conclusion. We demonstrated that the fluconazole quantification method validated by high-performance liquid chromatography is sufficiently selective, precise, exact, linear, and robust to generate accurate analytical results under real conditions, including the tropical climate of Colombia.

Expression of ERG11, ERG3, MDR1 and CDR1 genes in Candida tropicalis / Expresión de los genes ERG11, ERG3, MDR1 y CDR1 en Candida tropicalis

Introduction. Drug resistance to azoles is a growing problem in the Candida genus. Objective. To analyze molecularly the genes responsible for fluconazole resistance in Candida tropicalis strains. Materials and methods. Nineteen strains, with and without exposure to fluconazole, were selected for this study. The expression of MDR1, CDR1, ERG11, and ERG3 genes was analyzed in sensitive, dose-dependent sensitive, and resistant strains exposed to different concentrations of the antifungal drug. Results. MDR1, ERG11 and ERG3 genes were significantly overexpressed in the different sensitivity groups. CDR1 gene expression was not statistically significant among the studied groups. Seven of the eight fluconazole-resistant strains showed overexpression of one or more of the analyzed genes. In some dose-dependent sensitive strains, we found overexpression of CDR1, ERG11, and ERG3. Conclusion. The frequency of overexpression of ERG11 and ERG3 genes indicates that they are related to resistance. However, the finding of dose-dependent resistant/sensitive strains without overexpression of these genes suggests that they are not exclusive to this phenomenon. More basic research is needed to study other potentially involved genes in the resistance mechanism to fluconazole.

Introducción. La farmacorresistencia a los azoles es un problema creciente en el género Candida. Objetivo. Analizar molecularmente los genes responsables de la resistencia a fluconazol en cepas de Candida tropicalis. Materiales y métodos. Para este estudio, se seleccionaron 19 cepas, con exposición a fluconazol y sin ella. Se analizó la expresión de los genes MDR1, CDR1, ERG11 y ERG3 en cepas sensibles, sensibles dependiente de la dosis, y resistentes, previamente expuestas a diferentes concentraciones del fármaco antifúngico. Resultados. Se encontró que los genes MDR1, ERG11 y ERG3 estaban significativamente sobreexpresados en los diferentes grupos de sensibilidad. La expresión del gen CDR1 no fue estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos estudiados. Siete de las ocho cepas resistentes a fluconazol mostraron sobreexpresión de uno o más de los genes analizados. En algunas cepas sensibles dependientes de la dosis, se encontró sobreexpresión de CDR1, ERG11 y ERG3. Conclusión. La sobreexpresión de los genes ERG11 y ERG3 indica que están relacionados con la resistencia de las cepas de Candida. Sin embargo, el hallazgo de cepas resistentes o sensibles según la dosis, sin sobreexpresión de estos genes, sugiere que pueden existir otros genes involucrados en este fenómeno. Se necesitan más investigaciones básicas que contribuyan al estudio de otros genes potencialmente involucrados en el mecanismo de resistencia al fluconazol.

Endocarditis due to Candida albicans in an immunocompromised patient: A case report / Endocarditis por Candida albicans en una paciente inmunocomprometida: presentación de un caso

Case report: Here we present the case of a 53-year-old woman under corticosteroid therapy with a history of rheumatic heart disease, aortic valve replacement, and rheumatoid arthritis, who presented with fungal endocarditis caused by Candida albicans. Even though the patient received 3 years of antifungal prophylaxis with fluconazole, had valve replacement surgery, and received intensive care, the patient finally worsened and died. Conclusions: Comorbidities and corticosteroid therapy predisposed the patient to acquire fungal endocarditis. This case highlights the importance of implementing procedures for the isolation and identification of fungi, and for carrying out antifungal-susceptibility testing, as well as establishing surveillance programs to identify infection-causing species and drug resistance patterns in hospitals. Moreover, designing and upgrading the algorithm for infectious endocarditis is the key to future improvements in diagnosis.(AU)

Antecedentes: La endocarditis fúngica es una enfermedad de baja incidencia cuyo diagnóstico puede ser complicado al confundirse con la endocarditis bacteriana. La endocarditis fúngica se asocia a mayor mortalidad en pacientes inmunocomprometidos. En la práctica clínica, la endocarditis fúngica representa hasta el 10% de las endocarditis infecciosas, con una mortalidad de aproximadamente el 50%. Caso clínico: Mujer de 53 años con endocarditis fúngica por Candida albicans en tratamiento con corticosteroides por antecedentes de fiebre reumática, prótesis de válvula aorta y artritis reumatoide. A pesar de 3 años de profilaxis antifúngica con fluconazol, un nuevo reemplazo valvular y cuidados intensivos, la paciente finalmente empeora y muere. Conclusiones: Las comorbilidades y la toma de corticosteroides predispusieron a la paciente a adquirir una endocarditis fúngica. Esto resalta la importancia de implementar procedimientos de aislamiento, identificación del hongo y pruebas de sensibilidad a los antifúngicos, así como establecer programas de vigilancia para identificar especies causantes de infecciones y patrones de resistencia en hospitales. Además, diseñar y actualizar el algoritmo para un mejor diagnóstico de las endocarditis infecciosas es una cuestión clave.

Perfiles de expresión de los genes ERG11, MDR1 y AFR1 en Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii aislados de pacientes con HIV / Gene expression profiles of ERG11, MDR1 y AFR1 in Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubbi isolated from HIV patients

Introducción. El fluconazol es el antifúngico más utilizado para la prevención y el tratamiento de infecciones causadas por el género Cryptococcus, agente etiológico de la criptococosis. La resistencia al fluconazol en los aislamientos de Cryptoccocus neoformans puede hacer fracasar el tratamiento y generar recaídas de la infección. Objetivo. Evaluar los perfiles de expresión de los genes AFR1, MDR1 y ERG11 en aislamientos clínicos de C. neoformans var. grubii, durante la respuesta in vitro a la inducción con fluconazol. Materiales y métodos. Se estudiaron 14 aislamientos de C. neoformans var. grubii provenientes de pacientes con HIV, de los cuales 6 eran sensibles al fluconaol y 8 presentaban sensibilidad disminuida. Los niveles de expresión de los genes ERG11, AFR1 y MDR1 se determinaron mediante PCR en tiempo real. Resultados. Los aislamientos resistentes al fluconazol mostraron sobreexpresión de los genes AFR1 y MDR1, mientras que la expresión de los fenotipos de resistencia evaluados se mantuvo homogénea en ERG11, en todos los aislamientos de C. neoformans var. grubii. Conclusiones. La sobreexpresión de los genes AFR1 y MDR1 que codifican las bombas de eflujo, contribuye a la resistencia al fluconazol en los aislamientos estudiados. Sin embargo, los patrones de resistencia que se registran en este hongo, sumado a los casos de recaídas en pacientes con HIV, no pueden atribuirse únicamente a los casos de resistencia por exposición al fármaco. Otros mecanismos podrían también estar involucrados en este fenómeno, como la resistencia emergente (resistencia mediante otros genes ERG) y la heterorresistencia, los cuales deben ser estudiados en estos aislamientos.

Introduction: Fluconazole is the most used antifungal drug for prevention and treatment of Cryptococcus spp. infections, the etiological agent of cryptococcosis. Resistance to fluconazole among Cryptococcus neoformans isolates can lead to treatment failure and generate relapses. Objective: To evaluate the expression profles of the AFR1, MDR1 and ERG11 genes in C. neoformans var. grubii clinical isolates during the in vitro response to fluconazole induction. Materials and methods: Fourteen C. neoformans var. grubii isolates recovered from HIV patients were studied, in which 6 showed sensitivities to fluconazole and 8 decreased sensitivity. The expression levels of ERG11, AFR1 and MDR1 genes were determined by real-time PCR from extracted mRNA. Results: AFR1 and MDR1 genes from C. neoformans var. grubii were overexpressed in fluconazole resistant isolates, whereas ERG11 maintains homogeneous expression in all the evaluated resistance phenotypes of C. neoformans var. grubii isolates. Conclusions: The overexpression of AFR1 and MDR1 genes, which codify for efflux pumps, contributes to fluconazole resistance in the studied isolates. However, the resistance patterns in this fungus and the relapse cases in HIV patients cannot be attributed solely to the exposure to the drug. Heteroresistance and the emerging resistance (resistance through other ERG genes), might be other mechanisms involved in this phenomenon, which must be studied in these isolations.

In vitro activity of juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) against both fluconazole-resistant and susceptible Candida isolates.

BACKGROUND: The rise in antifungal resistance and drug class limitations are causing higher morbidity and mortality rates all over the world. This issue highlights the urgent need for new and improved antifungal drugs with a novel target. AIMS: In order to evaluate whether juglone can be served as an alternative antifungal to cure drug-resistant Candida infections, we studied the in vitro susceptibility of juglone against fluconazole-susceptible and -resistance Candida isolates, alone and in combination. METHODS: Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed according to the CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) guidelines. RESULTS: Juglone exhibited the highest minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values, followed by fluconazole and nystatin. Voriconazole showed significantly better antifungal activity than juglone, fluconazole, and nystatin, with MIC50 and MIC90 of 0.031 and 0.5µg/mL. There were significant differences in MICs of fluconazole (p<0.001) and juglone (p<0.0003) between Candidaalbicans and the rest of the species. Combination of juglone with fluconazole revealed insignificant effects against fluconazole-susceptible and -resistant Candida isolates. Juglone increased the antifungal activity of fluconazole; however, no synergism effects were observed for any combination, and only an insignificant effect was found against all tested Candida species. CONCLUSIONS: Although obtaining new antifungal drugs is a critical point, a completely novel approach should be implemented.

An epidemiologic analysis of Candida spp. urinary infections in intensive care unit / Uma análise epidemiológica das infecções urinárias por Candida spp. em unidade de terapia intensiva / Un análisis epidemiológico de las infecciones urinarias por Candida spp. en la unidad de cuidados intensivos

Background and objectives: The finding of Candida species in urine is an usual finding and is called candiduria. There is an increase in the frequency of urinary tract infections (UTI) caused by Candida especially in critically ill patients. This study aimed to determine the epidemiological, clinical, and mycological characteristics of Candida urinary infections in intensive care unit (ICU) and antifungal susceptibilities. Methods: Urine cultures of 394 ICU patients with clinical suspicion of UTI were evaluated. After 24-48 hours of incubation, colonies appeared to grow as yeast, were morphologically examined by Gram staining. Candida strains that grew 104 ≥ CFU/mL in urine cultures were accepted as candiduria. The susceptibilities of the Candida strains to amphotericin B, itraconazole, fluconazole, voriconazole, flucytosine, and caspofungin were investigated with broth microdilution method. Results: The distribution of the isolated 100 urinary Candida strains were as, 54 Candida albicans, 34 C. glabrata, 7 C. tropicalis, 2 C. kefyr, 2 C. lusitaniae, and 1 as C. parapsilosis. Among 100 Candida species isolated in our study susceptibility rates of amphotericin B, flucytosine, caspofungin, fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole were 100%, 100%, 91%, 23%, 13%, 25.8%, respectively. Conclusion: Accurate identification of Candida spp., as well as the investigating the antifungal susceptibility, will be beneficial in terms of the effectiveness of the treatment and the prevention of resistance development.(AU)

Justificativa e objetivos: O achado de espécies de Candida na urina é um achado comum e é chamado de candidúria. Há um aumento na frequência de infecções do trato urinário (ITU) causadas por Candida, principalmente em pacientes críticos. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar as características epidemiológicas, clínicas e micológicas das infecções urinárias por Candida em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) e a susceptibilidade aos antifúngicos. Métodos: Foram avaliadas culturas de urina de 394 pacientes de UTI com suspeita clínica de ITU. Após 24-48 horas de incubação, as colônias pareceram crescer como leveduras, foram morfologicamente examinadas por coloração de Gram. As cepas de Candida que cresceram ≥104 UFC/mL em culturas de urina foram aceitas como candidúria. As suscetibilidades das cepas de Candida à anfotericina B, itraconazol, fluconazol, voriconazol, flucitosina e caspofungina foram investigadas com o método de microdiluição em caldo. Resultados: A distribuição das cepas 100 isoladas de Candida urinária foi de 54 Candida albicans, 34 C. glabrata, 7 C. tropicalis, 2 C. kefyr, 2 C. lusitaniae e 1 como C. parapsilosis. Entre 100 espécies de Candida isoladas em nosso estudo, as taxas de susceptibilidade de anfotericina B, flucitosina, caspofungina, fluconazol, itraconazol e voriconazol foram de 100%, 100%, 91%, 23%, 13%, 25,8%, respectivamente. Conclusão: A identificação precisa de Candida spp., bem como a investigação da susceptibilidade aos antifúngicos, será benéfica em termos de eficácia do tratamento e prevenção do desenvolvimento de resistência.(AU)

Justificación y objetivos: El hallazgo de especies de Candida en la orina es un hallazgo habitual y se denomina candiduria. Hay un aumento en la frecuencia de infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU) causadas por Candida, especialmente en pacientes críticamente enfermos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y micológicas de las infecciones urinarias por Candida en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) y la susceptibilidad antifúngica. Métodos: Se evaluaron urocultivos de 394 pacientes de UCI con sospecha clínica de ITU. Después de 24-48 horas de incubación, las colonias parecían crecer como levadura, se examinaron morfológicamente mediante tinción de Gram. Las cepas de Candida que crecieron 104 ≥ UFC / ml en urocultivos se aceptaron como candiduria. Las susceptibilidades de las cepas de Candida a la anfotericina B, itraconazol, fluconazol, voriconazol, flucitosina y caspofungina se investigaron con el método de microdilución en caldo. Resultados: La distribución de las cepas 100 urinarias aisladas de Candida fue de, 54 C. albicans, 34 C. glabrata, 7 C. tropicalis, 2 C. kefyr, 2 C. lusitaniae y 1 como C. parapsilosis. Entre las 100 especies de Candida aisladas en nuestro estudio, las tasas de susceptibilidad de anfotericina B, flucitosina, caspofungina, fluconazol, itraconazol y voriconazol fueron 100%, 100%, 91%, 23%, 13%, 25,8%, respectivamente. Conclusión: La identificación precisa de Candida spp., así como la investigación de la susceptibilidad antifúngica, será beneficiosa en términos de la eficacia del tratamiento y la prevención del desarrollo de resistencias.(AU)

Hiperplasia gingival por verapamilo y la influencia de la interacción con fluconazol / Verapamil gingival hyperplasia and the influence of interaction with fluconazole

PRESENTACIÓN DEL CASO: se presenta el caso de una mujer que al acudir a retirar su medicación nos informa que padece inflamación y sangrado de encías. Se observa que entre su tratamiento farmacológico figura verapamilo 240mg (desde el 4/4/19), por lo que se le ofrece a ir a la zona de atención personalizada para revisar su medicación y analizar si alguno de sus medicamentos puede estar relacionado con el problema de salud descrito. Además la paciente padece una onicomicosis, por la que tiene pautado fluconazol 200mg cada 12 horas una semana al mes durante 6 meses (inicio 28/6/21). La aparición de los problemas en las encías coincidió con el inicio del tratamiento antifúngico, lo que le supone una molestia importante con recurrentes complicaciones por las que ha debido acudir al dentista y al médico y por la que ha llegado a tener prescrito amoxicilina/clavulánico.EVALUACIÓN: tras consultar bibliografía sobre hiperplasia gingival asociada a antagonistas del calcio y los medicamentos empleados por la paciente, sospechamos que la hiperplasia gingival podría estar agravada por la influencia de la interacción entre verapamilo y fluconazol. Dicha interacción puede producir una posible acumulación del antagonista del calcio, con el consiguiente riesgo de manifestaciones tóxicas. Fluconazol al ser un inhibidor enzimático puede incrementar las concentraciones plasmáticas de verapamilo, por la posible reducción del metabolismo hepático del antagonista del calcio metabolizado a través del CYP3A4. Vemos interesante un cambio en la medicación que no se asocie a hiperplasia gingival.INTERVENCIÓN: a la vista de lo descrito anteriormente, preparamos un informe al médico informando de la situación, explicando la influencia de la interacción y sugiriendo la utilización de alternativas de diferente grupo terapéutico que no guarden relación con la hiperplasia gingival. (AU)

Perfil de resistencia antifúngica en el tratamiento de candidiasis vaginal: Un diagnóstico de agentes etiológicos / Antifungal resistance profile in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis: A diagnosis of etiologic agents

Introducción: En las micosis, la resistencia a los antifúngicos aumenta debido a los diagnósticos y tratamientos incorrectos. Por tanto, se ha sugerido la vigilancia y el seguimiento de las cepas resistentes para garantizar una terapia adecuada. Objetivo: Determinar las especies de Candida y el perfil de resistencia a fluconazol y voriconazol, que presentan los aislados obtenidos de muestras almacenadas durante los meses diciembre 2017 y marzo 2018 de pacientes provenientes del Laboratorio del Hospital Regional "Miguel Ángel Mariscal Llerena" del departamento de Ayacucho, Perú. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal, en el cual se aislaron 110 cepas de Candida sp almacenadas por un período de cuatro meses, y procesadas por métodos estandarizados y aprobados por el Ministerio de Salud (MINSA) y el Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS) del Perú relacionados con el diagnóstico de agentes etiológicos de micosis humanas y la sensibilidad antifúngica con los métodos estandarizados de Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). Resultados: Se observó C. albicans en 86,4 % de los aislados seguida por C. glabrata con 9,1 %, C. parapsilosis 2,7 % y 0,9 % de C. tropicalis y C. krusei. El 10,5 % de C. albicans fue resistente al fluconazol y voriconazol con CMI ≥ 128 μg/mL y ≥ 16 μg/mL respectivamente, mientras que 20 % de C. glabrata mostró sensibilidad dosis dependiente y 10 % de resistencia al fluconazol. Conclusiones: Existe una gran variedad de especies de Candida, siendo la C. albicans la más común, seguida por C. glabrata, con un mayor porcentaje de aislamiento en comparación con otras especies. Se puede observar que estas especies poseen grados de vulnerabilidad considerables a la aplicación de fármacos como el fluconazol y voriconazo(AU)

Introduction: In mycoses, resistance to antifungals increases due to incorrect diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, surveillance and monitoring of resistant strains has been suggested to ensure adequate therapy. Objective: To determine the Candida species and the resistance profile to fluconazole and voriconazole presented by the isolates obtained from samples stored during the months of December 2017 and March 2018 from patients coming from the Laboratory of the Regional Hospital "Miguel Ángel Mariscal Llerena" in the department of Ayacucho, Peru. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study in which 110 strains of Candida sp were isolated and stored for a period of four (04) months, and processed by standardized methods approved by the Ministry of Health (MINSA) and the National Institute of Health (INS) of Peru related to the diagnosis of etiological agents of human mycosis and antifungal sensitivity with the standardized methods of the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). Results: C. albicans was observed in 86,4 % of isolates, followed by C. glabrata (9,1 %), C. parapsilosis (2,7 %), and 0,9 % of C. tropicalis and C. krusei; 10,5 % of C. albicans was resistant to fluconazole and voriconazole with MIC ≥ 128 μg/mL and ≥ 16 μg/mL respectively, while 20 % of C. glabrata showed dose dependent sensitivity and 10 % resistance to fluconazole. Conclusions: There is a wide variety of Candida species, with C. albicans being the most common, followed by C. glabrata, with a higher percentage of isolation compared to other species. It can be seen that these species have considerable degrees of vulnerability to the application of drugs such as fluconazole and voriconazole(AU)

In vitro activity of juglone (5-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone) against both fluconazole-resistant and susceptible Candida isolates

Background:The rise in antifungal resistance and drug class limitations are causing higher morbidity and mortality rates all over the world. This issue highlights the urgent need for new and improved antifungal drugs with a novel target.Aims:In order to evaluate whether juglone can be served as an alternative antifungal to cure drug-resistant Candida infections, we studied the in vitro susceptibility of juglone against fluconazole-susceptible and -resistance Candida isolates, alone and in combination.Methods:Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed according to the CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) guidelines.Results:Juglone exhibited the highest minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values, followed by fluconazole and nystatin. Voriconazole showed significantly better antifungal activity than juglone, fluconazole, and nystatin, with MIC50 and MIC90 of 0.031 and 0.5μg/mL. There were significant differences in MICs of fluconazole (p<0.001) and juglone (p<0.0003) between Candidaalbicans and the rest of the species. Combination of juglone with fluconazole revealed insignificant effects against fluconazole-susceptible and -resistant Candida isolates. Juglone increased the antifungal activity of fluconazole; however, no synergism effects were observed for any combination, and only an insignificant effect was found against all tested Candida species.Conclusions:Although obtaining new antifungal drugs is a critical point, a completely novel approach should be implemented. (AU)

Antecedentes:El aumento de la resistencia a los antifúngicos y las limitaciones propias de los fármacos son responsables de mayores tasas de morbimortalidad en todo el mundo. Este trabajo destaca la urgente necesidad de nuevos y mejorados fármacos antimicóticos contra una nueva diana.Objetivos:Con el fin de evaluar si la juglona puede servir como un antifúngico alternativo para curar las infecciones por Candida resistentes a los fármacos antifúngicos, hemos estudiado la sensibilidad in vitro a la juglona de aislamientos de Candida sensibles y resistentes al fluconazol, solo y en combinación.Métodos:La prueba de sensibilidad a los antifúngicos se realizó de acuerdo con las guías del Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).Resultados:La juglona mostró los valores de concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) más altos, seguida por el fluconazol y la nistatina. El voriconazol mostró una actividad antifúngica significativamente mejor que la juglona, el fluconazol y la nistatina, con valores de CMI50 y CMI90 de 0,031 y 0,5μg/mL. Hubo diferencias significativas en las CMI del fluconazol (p<0,001) y la juglona (p<0,0003) entre los aislamientos de Candida albicans y aquellos de otras especies. La combinación de juglona con fluconazol reveló efectos insignificantes contra cepas de Candida sensibles y resistentes al fluconazol. La juglona aumentó la actividad antifúngica del fluconazol; sin embargo, no se observaron efectos de sinergia para ninguna combinación y solo se encontró un efecto insignificante contra todas las especies de Candida ensayadas.Conclusiones:Aunque el diseño o el descubrimiento de nuevos fármacos antimicóticos es una tarea crítica, es necesario planificar un abordaje completamente novedoso. (AU)

[Severe Candida sepsis in a 28-year-old female patient with initial diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and marked hyperosmolar coma]. / Fulminante Candida-Sepsis bei einer 28-jährigen Patientin mit Erstdiagnose eines Diabetes mellitus und ausgeprägtem hyperosmolarem Koma.

We report on a 28-year-old female patient who had no history of diseases and who was brought to our intensive care unit in a comatose state by the ambulance service. The clinical picture corresponded to sepsis with a massively increased blood sugar concentration (> 2000 mg/dl) as well as a pronounced skin mycosis in the groin region of the very obese patient (body mass index [BMI]: 33.7 kg/m2) in the physical examination. The treatment of sepsis was initially supplemented by a calculated antifungal treatment. The blood culture diagnosis confirmed the presence of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. Despite adequate anti-infective treatment, the patient developed a septic shock in the further course, so that the additional escalation of treatment was initiated by renal replacement therapy on the second day and venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation because of an ARDS. Despite all of these measures and maximum intensive care treatment, the patient developed a progressive multiple organ failure. When the pupils became rigid to light, a cerebral computed tomography was carried out. This showed evidence of a severe cerebral edema without signs of cerebral bleeding. Multiple examinations of somatosensory evoked potentials and electroencephalograms showed signs of irreversible brain damage. In view of this poor prognosis the therapeutic measures were limited. The patient died on day 24 after admission to the intensive care unit. The case study shows that antifungal treatment should definitely be considered in the context of sepsis treatment if there is a clinically justified suspicion.The role of the severely altered metabolic situation with massive hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis cannot be finally assessed.

Comparação da ação entre o antifúngico fluconazol e o óleo essencial de Melaleuca Alternifolia sobre amostras de leveduras do gênero Candida / Comparison of the action between the antifungal fluconazole and the essential oil of Melaleuca Alternifolia on samples of yeasts of the genus Candida

As onicomicoses são doenças causadas por fungos que acometem a pele, unhas e pelos, existindo diferentes formas clínicas e ocasionado por diversos agentes etiológicos. Os agentes causadores mais frequentes das onicomicoses são classificados como dermatófitos, não dermatófitos e leveduras. Dentre as leveduras destaca-se os fungos do gênero Candida, caracterizada como leveduriforme, em condições normais se apresentam como colonizantes, comensais e são consideradas oportunistas. A Candida albicans é a levedura mais comum de ser encontrada e está possui relatos de resistência ao fluconazol. A presença desta resistência representa um grande desafio terapêutico, pela escassez de alternativas no tratamento. Por conta disso muitas pessoas acabam optando por métodos alternativos para o controle deste tipo de infecção, um exemplo seria a aplicação de óleos essenciais naturais puros com ação combatente de microrganismos. O óleo essencial de Melaleuca, teve atividade antifúngica relatada por vários estudos usando diversas combinações de compostos originados da planta, mas sua aplicação mais comum é do óleo puro diluído. Porém os estudos aprofundando do quanto este composto possui de ação bactericida e antifúngica, comparados a medicamentos sintéticos, são escassos, mas sabe-se que com o uso frequente e correto do óleo ocasiona uma ação satisfatória. Objetivo geral foi descrever o efeito do óleo de Melaleuca sobre amostras de Candida albicans (ATT 90028) e Candida krusei (ATT 6258) comparando ao uso de Fluconazol.Método: Foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa qualitativa de caráter exploratório do uso tópico do óleo de Melaluca sobre Candida albicans (ATT 90028) e Candida krusei (ATT 6258) comparando com o antifúngico Fluconazol em método de difusão de disco.Os halos formados nos testes foram positivos para o Fluconazol, já para o óleo essencial de Melaleuca não constatando que a comparação por igual não é válida.

Onychomycosis are diseases caused by fungi that affect the skin, nails and hair, with different clinical forms and caused by different etiological agents. The most frequent causative agents of onychomycosis are classified as dermatophytes, non-dermatophytes and yeasts. Among the yeasts, the fungi of the genus Candida stand out, characterized as yeast, under normal conditions they present themselves as colonizers, commensals and are considered opportunistic. Candida albicans is the most common yeast to be found and has been reported to be resistant to fluconazole. The presence of this resistance represents a major therapeutic challenge, due to the scarcity of alternatives in the treatment. Because of this, many people end up opting for alternative methods to control this type of infection, an example would be the application of pure natural essential oils with microorganism-fighting action. Melaleuca essential oil has had antifungal activity reported by several studies using various combinations of compounds originating from the plant, but its most common application is as a diluted pure oil. However, the in-depth studies of how much this compound has bactericidal and antifungal action, compared to synthetic drugs, are scarce, but it is known that with the frequent and correct use of the oil it causes a satisfactory action. General objective was to describe the effect of Melaleuca oil on samples of Candida albicans (ATT 90028) and Candida krusei (ATT 6258) comparing to the use of Fluconazole. Method: A qualitative exploratory research was carried out on the topical use of Melaluca oil on Candida albicans (ATT 90028) and Candida krusei (ATT 6258) comparing it with the antifungal Fluconazole in a disc diffusion method. The halos formed in the tests were positive for Fluconazole, as for the essential oil of Melaleuca, not finding that the comparison is not valid.

Anidulafungin versus fluconazole in the treatment of Candida albicans chorioretinitis.

BACKGROUND: Candida albicans chorioretinitis is the most common cause of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis. Echinocandins are recommended as first-line therapy in the treatment of invasive candidiasis (IC), but in clinically stable patients with IC and endophthalmitis caused by Candida species susceptible to azole compounds these are the first-line treatment due to their better intraocular penetration. CASE REPORT: A 42-year-old woman admitted to hospital for duodenal perforation after gastrointestinal surgery and treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics developed C. albicans candidemia. According to protocol, an antifungal treatment with anidulafungin was given. The patient presented no visual symptoms but on routinary ophthalmoscopic examination multiple bilateral chorioretinal lesions were observed. Systemic therapy was changed to fluconazole, with good systemic and ocular results. CONCLUSIONS: Azole compounds are the first-line therapy for endophthalmitis associated with candidemia. However, clinical guidelines often propose echinocandins as the first option for IC. In some cases, C. albicans chorioretinitis will require a change in the systemic treatment to assure better intraocular penetration. According to the current evidence and our own experience, routine funduscopy is not necessary in all IC patients. However, we do recommend fundus examination in patients with visual symptoms or those unable to report them (paediatric patients and patients with an altered level of consciousness), and in those who are being treated with echinocandins in monotherapy.

Anterior uveal fungal abscess in an HIV positive patient.

Endogenous endophthalmitis (EE) accounts for approximately 2% to 8% of all cases of endophthalmitis. Candida albicans abscesses in the iris and ciliary body are a rare form of presentation, with only 3 cases reported up until now. The case is presented of a 27-year-old patient with an elevated lesion in the iris at the temporal zone of the left eye, with hypopyon, pupil membrane, and 4+ cells in the anterior chamber. Tests for syphilis and HIV were positive, and were associated with extraocular manifestations of secondary syphilis. Treatment with intravenous penicillin and HAART therapy were started, but the clinical course worsened after 7 days. Pars plana vitrectomy and an abscess aspiration were performed, and the intraocular fluids and the purulent content were sent for microbiological examination. Cultures were positive for Candida albicans. The case is presented of an anterior uveal abscess by Candida albicans in an HIV-positive patient not previously reported in the literature.

Absceso micótico uveal anterior en paciente VIH positivo / Anterior Uveal Fungal Abscess in an HIV Positive Patient

Los cuadros de endoftalmitis endógenas (EE) son aproximadamente el 2 al 8% de los casos de endoftalmitis. Los abscesos en iris y cuerpo ciliar por Candida albicans son una inusual forma de presentación, habiendo sólo 3 casos publicados. Presentamos el caso clínico de una mujer de 27 años que muestra una lesión tumoral sobreelevada en sector temporal del iris del ojo izquierdo con hipopión, membrana pupilar y 4 + de células en la cámara anterior. Las pruebas para sífilis y VIH son positivas y presentan manifestaciones extraoculares de secundarismo. Inicia tratamiento con penicilina intravenosa y terapia HAART, empeorando el cuadro luego del séptimo día. La paciente es sometida a una vitrectomía por pars plana para el drenaje del absceso y extracción de muestras para estudio microbiológico. Los resultados son positivos para Candida albicans. Presentamos un caso de absceso uveal anterior por Candida albicans en un paciente VIH positivo, sin antecedentes en la literatura. (AU)

Endogenous endophthalmitis (EE) accounts for approximately 2% to 8% of all cases of endophthalmitis. Candida albicans abscesses in the iris and ciliary body are a rare form of presentation, with only 3 cases reported up to now. A 27- year-old woman presented an elevated lesion in the iris root of her left eye, associated with 4 + cells in the anterior chamber, hypopyon and pupillary membrane. Tests for syphilis and HIV were positive, associated with extraocular manifestations of secondary syphilis. Treatment with intravenous penicillin and HAART therapy were started, but the clinical course worsened after 7 days. Pars plana vitrectomy and abscess resection biopsy were performed. The biopsy and intraocular fluids were sent for microbiological examination. Cultures were positive for Candida albicans. The case presented is an anterior uveal abscess by Candida Albicans in an HIV-positive patient that to the authors knowledge, not previously reported in the literature. (AU)

Criptococosis meníngea / Meningeal cryptococcosis

RESUMEN La criptococosis es una enfermedad producida por levaduras encapsuladas que se adquiere por la inhalación de propágulos infectantes de Cryptoccoccus, principalmente por la C. neoformnas y en menor frecuencia por la C. gatti. La distribución de este hongo es global, pero se encuentra de manera habitual en excretas de aves como las palomas. El principal compromiso en las personas es a nivel de los pulmones, del cerebro o de forma diseminada. La criptococosis en el sistema nervioso central (SNQ se presenta con meningoencefalitis, rara vez en forma de lesiones localizadas granulomatosas conocidas como criptococoma. Esta micosis es una causa frecuente de meningitis que se encuentra, especialmente, en los pacientes con VIH/SIDA. Las manifestaciones clínicas de esta enfermedad en el SNC son: cefalea, alteración del estado mental, fiebre, náuseas, vómito, deterioro visual, parálisis del sexto nervio craneal y signos de irritación meníngea, entre otras. El diagnóstico se realiza por medio de cultivo, microscopía del líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) o detección del antígeno de criptococo. El tratamiento de la meningitis por criptococo se divide en tres fases: inducción, consolidación y mantenimiento. Los pilares del tratamiento son la anfotericina B, la flucitosina y el fluconazol.

SUMMARY Cryptococcosis is a disease produced by encapsulated yeast that is acquired by inhalation of infecting Cryp-tococcus propagules, mainly by C. neoformnas and less frequently by C gatti. The distribution of this fungus is global, but it is commonly found in the excreta of birds such as pigeons. The main commitment in people is at the level of the lungs, the brain or in a disseminated way. Cryptococcosis in the central nervous system (CNS) presents with meningoencephalitis, rarely as localized granulomatous lesions known as cryptococcoma. This mycosis is a frequent cause of meningitis especially found in patients with HIV / AIDS. The clinical manifestations of cryptococcosis in the CNS are: headache, altered mental status, fever, nausea, vomiting, visual impairment, sixth cranial nerve palsy, and signs of meningeal irritation, among others. Diagnosis is made by culture, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) microscopy, or by detection of cryptococcal antigen. The treatment of cryptococcal meningitis is divided into three phases: induction, consolidation, and maintenance. The mainstays of treatment are amphotericin B, flucytosine, and fluconazole.

Actividad antibacteriana y antifúngica del aceite esencial de Minthostachys mollis frente a microorganismos de la cavidad oral / Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of the essential oil of Minthostachys mollis against oral microorganisms

Introducción: La Minthostachys mollises una planta aromática que crece en América Latina y produce aceites esenciales con acción antimicrobiana. Objetivo: Determinar la actividad del aceite esencial de Minthostachys mollis en diferentes concentraciones, comparado con doxiciclina y fluconazol frente a Porphyromonas gingivalis, Staphylococcus aureus y Candida albicans, a las 24, 48 y 72 horas. Métodos: Se realiza estudio experimental in vitro y longitudinal. Se prepararon 15 pocillos por subgrupo para evaluar el efecto inhibitorio de todas las concentraciones, dando un total de 360 pocillos. Por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas se identificaron los componentes químicos del aceite esencial. Se analizó el efecto inhibitorio por el método de difusión de Kirby-Bauer en Agar Columbia y Agar Muller Hinton. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante la prueba ANOVA y Tukey. Resultados: En el análisis químico se identificó principalmente pulegona (30,17 por ciento) y mentona (16,55 por ciento). Los halos de inhibición de Minthostachys mollis al 100 por ciento a las 24, 48 y 72 horas frente a la Porphyromonas gingivalis, midieron: 10,2 mm, 9,8 mm y 9,6 mm, respectivamente; frente al Staphylococcus aureus, midieron: 10,4 mm, 9,7 mm y 9,4 mm, respectivamente; y, por último, frente a Candida albicans midieron: 9,8 mm, 8,9 mm y 8,5 mm, respectivamente. Todas las concentraciones de Minthostachys mollis presentaron un efecto antimicrobiano significativamente menor que el fluconazol y la doxiciclina (p < 0,001). Conclusiones: El aceite esencial de Minthostachys mollis al 100 % presentó su mejor actividad inhibitoria frente al Staphylococcus aureus, la Porphyromonas gingivalis y la Candida albicans a las 24 horas. Sin embargo, este efecto antimicrobiano disminuye a medida que pasa el tiempo(AU)

Introduction: Minthostachys mollis is an aromatic plant species growing in Latin America which produces essential oils with antimicrobial activity. Objective: Determine the activity of essential oil from Minthostachys mollis at various concentrations as compared with doxycycline and fluconazole against Porphyromonas gingivalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans at 24, 48 and 72 hours. Methods: An in vitro experimental longitudinal study was conducted. Fifteen wells were prepared per subgroup to evaluate the inhibitory effect of all concentrations, for a sum total of 360 wells. Chemical components of the essential oil were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The inhibitory effect was analyzed with the Kirby-Bauer diffusion method in Mueller-Hinton and Columbia agar. Statistical analysis was based on ANOVA and Tukey's test. Results: Chemical analysis mainly found pulegone (30.17 percent) and menthone (16.55 percent). The inhibition halos of 100 percent Minthostachys mollis at 24, 48 and 72 hours against Porphyromonas gingivalis measured 10.2 mm, 9.8 mm and 9.6 mm, respectively, against Staphylococcus aureus they measured 10.4 mm, 9.7 mm and 9.4 mm, respectively, and against Candida albicans they measured 9.8 mm, 8.9 mm and 8.5 mm, respectively. The antimicrobial effect of Minthostachys mollis at all concentrations was significantly lower than that of fluconazole and doxycycline (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The essential oil from 100% Minthostachys mollis displayed its best inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Candida albicans at 24 hours. However, such antimicrobial effect decreases with the passing of time(AU)