The Gall Wasp Ophelimus migdanorum and Its Parasitoid Closterocerus chamaeleon on Eucalyptus globulus at Two Sites with Different Rainfall Parameters in Bogotá, Colombia.

As a pest, the gall wasp Ophelimus migdanorum poses a risk to several Eucalyptus species in Colombia. In the tropical Andes, its biological development and the damage it causes can be influenced by climate, particularly rainfall. In this regard, we examined gall phenology, population fluctuation, and leaf damage caused by O. migdanorum, and its parasitoid Closterocerus chamaeleon, over 5 months at two sites with contrasting rainfall in peri-urban areas of Bogotá, Colombia. Gall phenology and foliar damage were assessed on 10 trees per site. We characterized gall phenology by assessing their size and color, wasps' developmental stages, as well as affected leaf area and gall density on the leaf blade. Additionally, the individuals found in five attraction traps at each site were quantified biweekly to record population fluctuations. The effect of rainfall on wasp frequency and gall density between sampling sites and dates was compared using the chi-square test, while the relationship with rainfall was evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Only females of the gall wasp and its parasitoid were observed during the study, displaying multivoltine behavior. Six developmental stages of the galls were differentiated, each characterized by distinct coloration. Drier microclimates favored gall size, wasps' development stage frequency, population trend, and foliar damage. The general trend indicated a greater abundance of the parasitoid C. chamaeleon compared to O. migdanorum. Our study suggests that O. migdanorum has a less damaging effect on E. globulus in areas with rainy microclimates.

Antiteuchus tripterus (Fabricius, 1787) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae): First Record of This Native Stink Bug Damaging the Threatened Araucaria angustifolia in Brazil.

This is the first report of Antiteuchus tripterus (Fabricius, 1787) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) damaging Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze, 1898 (Pinales: Araucariaceae) plants in Brazil. This bug, native to the neotropical region, damaged this plant on fragments of mixed rain forest in Bueno Brandão, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Araucaria angustifolia, native and with ecological and economic values, was widely used in the lumber market and, therefore, threatened with extinction. Nymphs and adults of A. tripterus were observed in March and April with a population reduction until June 2022. The bioecology and damage caused by A. tripterus on A. angustifolia are not known.

Evaluation of cold storage techniques to improve mass rearing of Cleruchoides noackae from Thaumastocoris peregrinus eggs.

The egg parasitoid Cleruchoides noackae Lin & Huber, 2007 (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) is originated from Australia and the main biological control agent of Thaumastocoris peregrinus Carpenter & Dellapé, 2006 (Hemiptera: Thaumastocoridae) on Eucalyptus L'Hér (Myrtaceae). Companies that grow Eucalyptus are in need of a mass rearing protocol to increase the number of individuals produced and improve the quality of this parasitoid. The aim of this study was to define a protocol for mass rearing C. noackae in T. peregrinus eggs, based in the evaluations of the key biological attributes of this parasitoid in the parental and F1 generations, after the cold storage of the parasitised host eggs. Two methods were tested as C. noackae rearing protocols. In the first, parasitised eggs of T. peregrinus by C. noackae were cold stored for 7 days after being left in a climatic chamber at 24 ± 2°C, 60 ± 10% RH and a photoperiod of 12:12 (light:dark) h (standard environmental conditions) for 3, 6, 9 or 12 days. In the second, T. peregrinus eggs parasitised by C. noackae were maintained in a climatic chamber under standard environmental conditions for 6 days, after which these eggs were cold-stored for 0 (control), 7, 14 or 21 days. Parasitism (%), and the development period (parasitism to adult) and female proportion (%) of C. noackae were evaluated. Based on the results (parental generation: parasitism, around 45%; F1 generation: parasitism, around 55%; development period, around 16 days; female proportion, around 60%), eggs should be stored at 5°C on the sixth day after parasitism by C. noackae and maintained at this temperature for 7 days. The cold storage of T. peregrinus eggs, after parasitism, can be included in the mass rearing protocols of the parasitoid C. noackae.

Presence of the Eucalyptus snout beetle in Ecuador and potential invasion risk in South America.

Eucalyptus snout beetles are a complex of at least eight cryptic species (Curculionidae: Gonipterus scutellatus complex), native to mainland Australia and Tasmania, that defoliate Eucalyptus trees and are considered important pests. Since the 19th century, three species of the complex have been introduced to other continents. Here, we document the presence of Eucalyptus snout beetles in Ecuador. We used DNA data for species identification and unambiguously demonstrated that the Ecuadorian specimens belong to the species Gonipterus platensis, which has low genetic diversity compared with other species in the complex. We analyzed G. platensis' potential distribution in South America with ecological niche models and found several areas of high to intermediate climatic suitability, even in countries where the pest has not been registered, like Peru and Bolivia. Accurate identification of species in the G. scutellatus complex and understanding of their potential distribution are essential tools for improved management and prevention tactics.

Los gorgojos del eucalipto son un complejo de al menos ocho especies crípticas (Curculionidae: complejo Gonipterus scutellatus), nativos de Australia continental y Tasmania, que defolian árboles de eucalipto y son considerados como plagas de importancia. Desde el siglo 19, tres especies de este complejo se han introducido a otros continentes. En este trabajo reportamos la presencia de gorgojos del eucalipto en Ecuador. Usamos datos genéticos para la identificación específica y demostramos claramente que los especímenes ecuatorianos pertenecen a la especie Gonipterus platensis, la cual tiene baja diversidad genética comparada con otras especies en el complejo. Analizamos la distribución potencial de G. platensis en América del Sur con modelos de nicho ecológico y encontramos varias áreas con idoneidad ambiental alta a intermedia, incluso en países donde esta especie no ha sido registrada, como Perú y Bolivia. La correcta identificación de las especies del complejo Gonipterus scutellatus y una mejor comprensión de su distribución potencial constituyen herramientas fundamentales para optimizar medidas de manejo y prevención.

Fungal Community Associated with the Leaf-Cutting Ant Acromyrmex crassispinus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Colonies: a Search for Potential Biocontrol Agents.

The leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex crassispinus is considered an important pest in forest plantations in southern Brazil. This work aimed to study the fungal community associated with A. crassispinus colonies, subjected to treatments with subdoses of granulated baits (sulfluramid), which might reduce the ability of the ants to care for their symbiotic fungus and other fungi (maybe biocontrol fungi) would take over, to prospect for potential biological control agents. Samplings of fungus gardens and dead ants allowed the identification of 195 fungal isolates, distributed in 29 families, 36 genera, and 53 species. The most frequent genera were Trichoderma (49.2%), Penicillium (13.8%), Chaetomium (6.2%), and Fusarium (3.6%). This is the first study that conducted a survey of antagonistic and entomopathogenic fungi to A. crassispinus and its symbiotic fungus, reporting for the first time the occurrence of potential biological control agents. Escovopsis weberi, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizomucor variabilis, Trichoderma atroviride, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningiopsis, and Trichoderma spirale are considered some of the potential biocontrol organisms.

Genetic diversity, phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses of Oncideres impluviata (Germar, 1823) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil

ABSTRACT The Cerambycidae Oncideres impluviata (Germar, 1823) is an important insect pest for Acacia mearnsii De Wild in Southern Brazil. The damage caused by their girdling behavior reduces tree productivity, specially in the early years of plant establishment, when girdling is performed on the main trunk of trees. Here, we used a fragment of the mtDNA COI gene to analyze the genetic diversity, population structure and demography of O. impluviata in Southern Brazil, as well as to present the first hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships among species of the genus Oncideres. Our results identified five distinct haplotypes among the populations of O. impluviata, with the most common haplotype identified as O.imp_COI_01. The phylogenetic inferences corroborated the monophyly of O. impluviata with maximum statistical support. In addition, the phylogeny recovered three main population strains that are largely congruent with the haplotype network, which includes two lineages that are found in different edaphic regions of Rio Grande do Sul (Serra do Sudeste and Encosta Inferior do Nordeste). This is the first molecular phylogenetic assessment of O. impluviata. Our findings provide insights into the evolution of a significant species for the Brazilian forestry sector, as well as new resources for planning of pest management strategies.

Ecological importance of lepidopteran defoliators on eucalyptus plantations based in faunistic and natural enemy analyses / Importância ecológica de lepidópteros desfolhadores em cultivo de eucalipto baseado em análises faunísticas e inimigos naturais

Areas planted with Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake variety platyphylla F. Muell. (Myrtaceae) expand annually in most regions of Brazil. Many lepidopteran species defoliate this plant, but with damage varying per species. The objective of this study was to identify the pest status of lepidopteran defoliators based in the faunistic analysis of these insects and of their natural enemies on E. urophylla variety platyphylla plantations in a representative producing region of Brazil. Adult moths of lepidopterans and of their natural enemies were captured using a light trap, installed every two weeks, from September 2016 to August 2018. A total of 183, 10, three and 139 lepidopteran species was captured and classified as primary, secondary, without defined importance to eucalypt plants and non-identified with 1,419, seven, 465 and 876 individuals, respectively. Two primary pest species were constants, two accessories and six accidentals and all secondary ones were accidentals. Six primary pest species were common and dominant and four non-dominants. Faunistic indices indicated the main lepidopteran species that should be monitored in pest management programs. Seven hymenopteran species (65 individuals), three dipterans (49 individuals) and two hemipterans (four individuals) were the natural enemies collected using light traps. The monitoring of lepidopteran pests with light traps can contribute to the management and to reduce damage and control costs for these species, besides identifying natural enemies for biological control programs in Eucalyptus plantations.

Áreas plantadas com Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake variedade platyphylla F. Muell. (Myrtaceae) se expandem anualmente na maioria das regiões do Brasil. Muitas espécies de lepidópteros desfolham esta planta, mas com danos que variam de acordo com a espécie. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o status de praga de lepidópteros desfolhadores com base na análise faunística desses insetos e de seus inimigos naturais em plantios de E. urophylla variedade platyphylla em uma região produtora representativa do Brasil. As mariposas e seus inimigos naturais foram capturadas com armadilha luminosa, instalada quinzenalmente, de setembro de 2016 a agosto de 2018. Um total de 183, 10, três e 139 espécies de lepidópteros foram capturadas e classificadas como primária, secundária, sem importância definida para eucaliptocultura e não identificadas com 1419, sete, 465 e 876 indivíduos, respectivamente. Duas espécies de pragas primárias foram constantes, duas acessórias e seis acidentais e todas as secundárias foram acidentais. Seis espécies de pragas primárias foram comuns e dominantes e quatro não dominantes. Os índices faunísticos indicaram as principais espécies de lepidópteras que devem ser monitoradas em programas de manejo de pragas. Sete espécies de himenópteros (65 indivíduos), três dípteros (49 indivíduos) e dois hemípteros (quatro indivíduos) foram os inimigos naturais coletados com armadilha luminosa. O monitoramento de lepidópteros-praga com armadilha luminosa pode contribuir para o manejo e redução de danos e custos de controle para essas espécies, além de identificar inimigos naturais para programas de controle biológico em cultivos de eucalipto.

Detection and estimation of Mastigimas anjosi (Hemiptera: Calophyidae) populations on Cedrela fissilis trees.

Mastigimas anjosi is an important pest of Cedrela fissilis in the southeastern and southern regions of Brazil. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of the temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and natural enemies on the flight activity of adults and the movement of M. anjosi nymphs, with two sampling methods, yellow sticky traps and direct collections on the leaves of C. fissilis trees. The sex ratio of this pest was also assessed. The number of M. anjosi individuals was negatively correlated with the minimum and maximum temperatures, with a population peak in late May and early June 2017. The numbers of individuals of this psyllid was positively correlated with the relative humidity and rainfall. Larvae and adults of Cycloneda sanguinea, Hippodamia convergens adults and Atopozelus opsimus nymphs and adults preyed upon M. anjosi adults and nymphs on C. fissilis leaves in the field. Mastigimas anjosi sex ratio was 0.46. Information about sampling methods of M. anjosi and its natural enemies is presented and can contribute to the integrated management of this pest in the field.

Tree and shrub recruitment under environmental disturbances in temperate forests in the south of Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Recruitment after disturbance events depends on many factors including the environmental conditions of the affected area and the vegetation that could potentially grow in such affected areas. To understand the regeneration characteristics that occurs in temperate forests, we evaluated differences in the number of seedlings from trees and shrubs along an altitudinal gradient in Sierra Norte of Oaxaca, Mexico in different biological, climatic, edaphic, light, topographic, and disturbance regimes. Here, we aimed to test the hypothesis that the environmental disturbances influence on recruitment (positive or adverse influence). We sampled the vegetation to obtain recruitment and adult data, and species composition. RESULTS: We identified three disturbance regimes: areas affected by forest harvesting, areas exposed to pest management, and undisturbed areas. We identified 29 species of trees and shrubs (9 species of the genus Pinus, 1 species of the genus Abies, 10 species of the genus Quercus, and 9 of other species of broadleaf). We found that both environmental conditions and disturbances influence the recruitment of vegetation in the study area. In particular, disturbances had a positive influence on the regeneration of oak and other broadleaf species by increasing the number of seedlings, and a negative influence on the regeneration of conifers by decreasing the recruitment. Because the recruitment of conifers is more likely in undisturbed areas (sites over 3050 m). CONCLUSIONS: Environmental factors and anthropogenic disturbances can alter the recruitment of forests. Consequently, knowing which factors are key for the recruitment of vegetation is fundamental for decision-making processes. This is particularly relevant in areas as the one in this study because it provides knowledge to local people on vegetation recovery for a proper management of their biological resources.

Population Development of the Invasive Species Thaumastocoris peregrinus (Hemiptera: Thaumastocoridae) on four Eucalyptus Species of the Subgenus Symphyomyrtus.

Thaumastocoris peregrinus Carpintero & Dellapé (Hemiptera: Thaumastocoridae) is a small sap-sucking insect that feeds on Eucalyptus L'Hér. leaves. Although it is native to Australia, it currently has a global distribution and it is considered as one of the big five pests of eucalypts around the world. We described the development of T. peregrinus population on four Eucalyptus species under the environmental conditions in Argentina. We also analyzed the use of yellow sticky traps as a monitoring method for this pest. The four Eucalyptus species were suitable for T. peregrinus. A cyclic pattern was observed in the development of the bronze bug population with an annual seasonal peak followed by a decrease in the abundance, reaching a minimum value during the unfavorable seasons. During the fall and winter seasons, epizootic events were registered in all the Eucalyptus species, caused by an entomopathogenic fungus. None of the meteorological variables had a clear influence neither on the bronze bug population nor with the occurrence of fungal infection. We found a significant relationship between the number of nymphs and adults of T. peregrinus in branches and the number of individuals caught in traps, suggesting that traps give actual information about the bronze bug abundance in the tree canopy.

Detection of pine woodwasp in Pinus taeda in São Paulo State, Brazil / Detecção da vespa-da-madeira em Pinus taeda no estado de São Paulo, Brasil

The woodwasp Sirex noctilio (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) is one of the main pests of Pinus plantations in South America. The aim of this study is to report the occurrence of S. noctilio in Pinus taeda in Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. The surveys were carried out in the arboretum of Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA) da Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), campus Botucatu, SP where six species of Pinus are distributed in blocks of 100 trees. Resin beads were observed on the trunks and stems of Pinus species. In post-flight evaluation it was reported that 8.77% of P. taeda trees showed symptoms of oviposition by S. noctilio. A female S. noctilio was found performing oviposition. Sirex noctilio is present in Botucatu, increasing the geographical distribution of the pest in São Paulo State.(AU)

A vespa-da-madeira, Sirex noctilio (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) é uma das principais pragas de plantações de Pinus na América do Sul. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar a ocorrência de Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) em Pinus taeda em Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. As pesquisas foram realizadas no arboreto da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA) da Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), campus Botucatu, SP, composto por seis espécies de Pinus distribuídas em blocos de 100 árvores. Respingos de resina foram visualizados nos troncos das espécies de Pinus. Na avaliação pós-revoada verificou-se que 8,77% das árvores de P. taeda apresentaram sintomas de oviposição por S. noctilio. Uma fêmea de S. noctilio foi encontrada realizando oviposição. Sirex noctilio está presente em Botucatu, ampliando a distribuição geográfica da praga no estado de São Paulo.(AU)

Detection of pine woodwasp in Pinus taeda in São Paulo State, Brazil / Detecção da vespa-da-madeira em Pinus taeda no estado de São Paulo, Brasil

ABSTRACT: The woodwasp Sirex noctilio (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) is one of the main pests of Pinus plantations in South America. The aim of this study is to report the occurrence of S. noctilio in Pinus taeda in Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. The surveys were carried out in the arboretum of Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA) da Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), campus Botucatu, SP where six species of Pinus are distributed in blocks of 100 trees. Resin beads were observed on the trunks and stems of Pinus species. In post-flight evaluation it was reported that 8.77% of P. taeda trees showed symptoms of oviposition by S. noctilio. A female S. noctilio was found performing oviposition. Sirex noctilio is present in Botucatu, increasing the geographical distribution of the pest in São Paulo State.

RESUMO: A vespa-da-madeira, Sirex noctilio (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) é uma das principais pragas de plantações de Pinus na América do Sul. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar a ocorrência de Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) em Pinus taeda em Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. As pesquisas foram realizadas no arboreto da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA) da Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), campus Botucatu, SP, composto por seis espécies de Pinus distribuídas em blocos de 100 árvores. Respingos de resina foram visualizados nos troncos das espécies de Pinus. Na avaliação pós-revoada verificou-se que 8,77% das árvores de P. taeda apresentaram sintomas de oviposição por S. noctilio. Uma fêmea de S. noctilio foi encontrada realizando oviposição. Sirex noctilio está presente em Botucatu, ampliando a distribuição geográfica da praga no estado de São Paulo.

First report of Hypsipyla grandella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on African mahogany Khaya ivorensis

The mahogany shoot borer Hypsipyla grandella Zeller is an important economic pest in all American tropical forests, because it prevents monoculture of valuable timber trees species like mahogany and cedar. The shoot borer damages several tree structures, especially the apical shoots, impairing the formation of the commercial stem. This pest can attack the plants during the year and one larva per plant is enough to cause significant damage. In infested areas, the attack can reach up to 100 % of the trees. The Australian cedar and African mahogany have been cultivated in Brazil for timber production, because they are considered resistant to H. grandella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) attack. However, in this work we report for the first time the H. grandella attack to African mahogany Khaya ivorensis.(AU)

First report of Hypsipyla grandella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on African mahogany Khaya ivorensis

The mahogany shoot borer Hypsipyla grandella Zeller is an important economic pest in all American tropical forests, because it prevents monoculture of valuable timber trees species like mahogany and cedar. The shoot borer damages several tree structures, especially the apical shoots, impairing the formation of the commercial stem. This pest can attack the plants during the year and one larva per plant is enough to cause significant damage. In infested areas, the attack can reach up to 100 % of the trees. The Australian cedar and African mahogany have been cultivated in Brazil for timber production, because they are considered resistant to H. grandella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) attack. However, in this work we report for the first time the H. grandella attack to African mahogany Khaya ivorensis.

Does Diatomaceous Earth Control Leaf-Cutter Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Eucalyptus Plantations?

Genus Atta includes some of the most important Formicidae leaf cutter ants which cause extensive damage to the eucalyptus plantations. Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, one of the chief pests in Brazilian reforestation, can restrict and reduce forest productivity by its intense and constant leaf-cutting activities on plants at all stages. Therefore, the demand for new products to control A. sexdens rubropilosa indicates the study of the utilization of the dry powder formulation of diatomaceous earth (DE) against this pest in the eucalyptus cultivars. The study was conducted using 120 colonies of A. sexdens rubropilosa in Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex. Maiden x Eucalyptus urophylla Blake (Myrtaceae) (urograndis) stand. The randomized block experimental design was used with six treatments (1, 10, 25, and 50 g/m2 of DE, 6.0 g/m2 sulfluramid bait per square meter of loose soil, and the control) with five replications, each with four colonies of this ant. Diatomaceous earth was applied to the active A. sexdens rubropilosa ant holes, and the sulfluramid bait was applied in bulk in a localized manner. The control efficacy of A. sexdens rubropilosa with DE was low, showing values similar to that of the control, and, for this reason, it cannot be used to control this ant. The bait with sulfluramid showed higher efficacy than those of the other treatments.

Distribuição espacial dos danos de Heilipodus naevulus em plantio de clones de eucalipto / Spatial distribution of damage caused by Heilipodus naevulus in a clonal eucalyptus plantation

As espécies Heilipodus naevulus (Mannerheim, 1836) foi detectado, em 2008, no município de Barão de Cocais, MG, em plantios comerciais de clones de eucalipto, danificando o ponteiro principal e o lateral. Devido ao seu hábito noturno, o seu tamanho reduzido, coloração acinzentada, e , por se abrigar na área de serapilheira durante o dia, a sua detecção é dificultada, sendo a sua presença apenas evidenciada através dos ponteiros tombados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer a distribuição desta espécie durante o primeiro ano de crescimento clones eucalipto, a fim de fornecer subsídios para a elaboração de um plano de amostragem. O trabalho foi realizado no município de Barão de Cocais, MG, a partir de outubro/2008 a março/2009. Nos dois talhões de avaliação foram estratificados em baixada, encosta e topo. Foram distribuídas 18 porções, de 10 x 10 árvores, sendo nove por talhão, e, três por estrato. Foi adotado como indicador da presença de H.naevulus na planta a presença ponteiro recém danificado. Para o cálculo da distribuição espacial foram empregados a Razão Variância/Média, o Índice de Morisita, o Parâmetro k da distribuição binomial negativa, o Coeficiente de Green, a Distribuição de Poisson e a Lei de potência de Taylor. Ao longo do período de avaliação da presença de H. naevulus, os índices calculados apresentaram um padrão agregado de ocorrência dos danos, indicando que a espécie apresenta um padrão agregado de distribuição, mesmo em baixa incidência.(AU)

The species Heilipodus naevulus (Mannerheim, 1836) was detected, in 2008, in the municipal district Barão de Cocais, MG, in commercial plantings of eucalypt clones, damaging the main and the lateral pointer. Due to its night habit, its reduced size, grayish coloration, and, for sheltering in the litter area during the day, its detection is hindered, being its presence just evidenced through tumbled pointers. This work aimed to know the distribution of this species during the first year of eucalypt clones growth in order to supply subsidies for elaborating of a sampling plan. The work was carried out in the municipal district from Barão de Cocais, MG, from October/2008 to March/2009. The two plots of evaluation were stratified into lowland, slope and top. Were distributed 18 portions, of 10 x 10 trees, being nine per plot, and three for stratum. It was adopted as indicator of H. naevulus presence in the plant the pointer presence newly damaged. For calculating of the space distribution were used the Variance/Mean Ratio, Morisita Index, Parameter k of the negative binomial distribution, the Green's Coefficient, Poisson's Distribution and the Law of Taylor's potency. Along the evaluation period of the H.naevulus presence, the calculated indexes introduced an aggregated pattern of damage occurrence. That Indicates that the species presents a aggregated pattern distribution, even in low incidence.(AU)

Distribuição espacial dos danos de Heilipodus naevulus em plantio de clones de eucalipto / Spatial distribution of damage caused by Heilipodus naevulus in a clonal eucalyptus plantation

As espécies Heilipodus naevulus (Mannerheim, 1836) foi detectado, em 2008, no município de Barão de Cocais, MG, em plantios comerciais de clones de eucalipto, danificando o ponteiro principal e o lateral. Devido ao seu hábito noturno, o seu tamanho reduzido, coloração acinzentada, e , por se abrigar na área de serapilheira durante o dia, a sua detecção é dificultada, sendo a sua presença apenas evidenciada através dos ponteiros tombados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer a distribuição desta espécie durante o primeiro ano de crescimento clones eucalipto, a fim de fornecer subsídios para a elaboração de um plano de amostragem. O trabalho foi realizado no município de Barão de Cocais, MG, a partir de outubro/2008 a março/2009. Nos dois talhões de avaliação foram estratificados em baixada, encosta e topo. Foram distribuídas 18 porções, de 10 x 10 árvores, sendo nove por talhão, e, três por estrato. Foi adotado como indicador da presença de H.naevulus na planta a presença ponteiro recém danificado. Para o cálculo da distribuição espacial foram empregados a Razão Variância/Média, o Índice de Morisita, o Parâmetro k da distribuição binomial negativa, o Coeficiente de Green, a Distribuição de Poisson e a Lei de potência de Taylor. Ao longo do período de avaliação da presença de H. naevulus, os índices calculados apresentaram um padrão agregado de ocorrência dos danos, indicando que a espécie apresenta um padrão agregado de distribuição, mesmo em baixa incidência.(AU)

The species Heilipodus naevulus (Mannerheim, 1836) was detected, in 2008, in the municipal district Barão de Cocais, MG, in commercial plantings of eucalypt clones, damaging the main and the lateral pointer. Due to its night habit, its reduced size, grayish coloration, and, for sheltering in the litter area during the day, its detection is hindered, being its presence just evidenced through tumbled pointers. This work aimed to know the distribution of this species during the first year of eucalypt clones growth in order to supply subsidies for elaborating of a sampling plan. The work was carried out in the municipal district from Barão de Cocais, MG, from October/2008 to March/2009. The two plots of evaluation were stratified into lowland, slope and top. Were distributed 18 portions, of 10 x 10 trees, being nine per plot, and three for stratum. It was adopted as indicator of H. naevulus presence in the plant the pointer presence newly damaged. For calculating of the space distribution were used the Variance/Mean Ratio, Morisita Index, Parameter k of the negative binomial distribution, the Green's Coefficient, Poisson's Distribution and the Law of Taylor's potency. Along the evaluation period of the H.naevulus presence, the calculated indexes introduced an aggregated pattern of damage occurrence. That Indicates that the species presents a aggregated pattern distribution, even in low incidence.(AU)

Distribuição espacial dos danos de Heilipodus naevulus em plantio de clones de eucalipto

The species Heilipodus naevulus (Mannerheim, 1836) was detected, in 2008, in the municipal district Barão de Cocais, MG, in commercial plantings of eucalypt clones, damaging the main and the lateral pointer. Due to its night habit, its reduced size, grayish coloration, and, for sheltering in the litter area during the day, its detection is hindered, being its presence just evidenced through tumbled pointers. This work aimed to know the distribution of this species during the first year of eucalypt clones growth in order to supply subsidies for elaborating of a sampling plan. The work was carried out in the municipal district from Barão de Cocais, MG, from October/2008 to March/2009. The two plots of evaluation were stratified into lowland, slope and top. Were distributed 18 portions, of 10 x 10 trees, being nine per plot, and three for stratum. It was adopted as indicator of H. naevuluspresence in the plant the pointer presence newly damaged. For calculating of the space distribution were used the Variance/Mean Ratio, Morisita Index, Parameter k of the negative binomial distribution, the Green's Coefficient, Poisson's Distribution and the Law of Taylor's potency. Along the evaluation period of the H.naevulus presence, the calculated indexes introduced an aggregated pattern of damage occurrence. That Indicates that the species presents a aggregated pattern distribution, even in low incidence.

As espécies Heilipodus naevulus (Mannerheim, 1836) foi detectado, em 2008, no município de Barão de Cocais, MG, em plantios comerciais de clones de eucalipto, danificando o ponteiro principal e o lateral. Devido ao seu hábito noturno, o seu tamanho reduzido, coloração acinzentada, e , por se abrigar na área de serapilheira durante o dia, a sua detecção é dificultada, sendo a sua presença apenas evidenciada através dos ponteiros tombados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer a distribuição desta espécie durante o primeiro ano de crescimento clones eucalipto, a fim de fornecer subsídios para a elaboração de um plano de amostragem. O trabalho foi realizado no município de Barão de Cocais, MG, a partir de outubro/2008 a março/2009. Nos dois talhões de avaliação foram estratificados em baixada, encosta e topo. Foram distribuídas 18 porções, de 10 x 10 árvores, sendo nove por talhão, e, três por estrato. Foi adotado como indicador da presença de H.naevulus na planta a presença ponteiro recém danificado. Para o cálculo da distribuição espacial foram empregados a Razão Variância/Média, o Índice de Morisita, o Parâmetro kda distribuição binomial negativa, o Coeficiente de Green, a Distribuição de Poisson e a Lei de potência de Taylor. Ao longo do período de avaliação da presença de H. naevulus,os índices calculados apresentaram um padrão agregado de ocorrência dos danos, indicando que a espécie apresenta um padrão agregado de distribuição, mesmo em baixa incidência.

Eficiência do nim (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) como barreira natural ao ataque de Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) sobre o mogno (Swietenia macrophylla King) / The efficiency of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) as natural barrier to attack by Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on the Brazilian mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King)

The efficiency of Azadirachta indica as natural barrier against the attack by Hypsipyla grandellaon mahogany in different arrangements and planting densities was evaluated. The study was carried out in degraded pasture in Vigia, Pará. The experimental design was a randomized block in split plot in time with five replications, the forms of cultivation of mahogany as plots and the evaluation periods (months) as the subplots. The natural barrier formed by neem did not prevent the attack of H. grandella on mahogany, but delayed and minimized the attack in mixed plantings. It is recommended that mahogany should not be planted simultaneously with the neem, but a year after planting the neem, when it has more than three meters in height, forming a natural barrier more effective to pest attack.(AU)

A eficiência da espécie Azadirachta indica como barreira natural ao ataque da Hypsipyla grandella sobre o mogno em diferentes arranjos e densidades de plantio foi, avaliada. O estudo foi realizado numa área de pastagem degradada em Vigia, PA. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com cinco repetições, sendo as formas de cultivo do mogno as parcelas, e as épocas de avaliação (meses) as subparcelas. A barreira natural formada pelo nim não evitou o ataque de H. grandella sobre o mogno, mas retardou e minimizou o ataque em plantios mistos. Para o maior controle do ataque de H. grandella, o mogno não deve ser plantado simultaneamente com o nim, mas um ano após o plantio do nim, quando este apresenta mais de três metros de altura, formando uma barreira natural mais eficaz ao ataque desta praga.(AU)

Eficiência do nim (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) como barreira natural ao ataque de Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) sobre o mogno (Swietenia macrophylla King) / The efficiency of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) as natural barrier to attack by Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on the Brazilian mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King)

The efficiency of Azadirachta indica as natural barrier against the attack by Hypsipyla grandellaon mahogany in different arrangements and planting densities was evaluated. The study was carried out in degraded pasture in Vigia, Pará. The experimental design was a randomized block in split plot in time with five replications, the forms of cultivation of mahogany as plots and the evaluation periods (months) as the subplots. The natural barrier formed by neem did not prevent the attack of H. grandella on mahogany, but delayed and minimized the attack in mixed plantings. It is recommended that mahogany should not be planted simultaneously with the neem, but a year after planting the neem, when it has more than three meters in height, forming a natural barrier more effective to pest attack.

A eficiência da espécie Azadirachta indica como barreira natural ao ataque da Hypsipyla grandella sobre o mogno em diferentes arranjos e densidades de plantio foi, avaliada. O estudo foi realizado numa área de pastagem degradada em Vigia, PA. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com cinco repetições, sendo as formas de cultivo do mogno as parcelas, e as épocas de avaliação (meses) as subparcelas. A barreira natural formada pelo nim não evitou o ataque de H. grandella sobre o mogno, mas retardou e minimizou o ataque em plantios mistos. Para o maior controle do ataque de H. grandella, o mogno não deve ser plantado simultaneamente com o nim, mas um ano após o plantio do nim, quando este apresenta mais de três metros de altura, formando uma barreira natural mais eficaz ao ataque desta praga.