Identification and bioinformatic analysis of invA gene of Salmonella in free range chicken / Identificação e análise bioinformática do gene invA de Salmonella em frango caipira

Salmonella is a serious cause of the health issues in human and animal worldwide. Salmonella has been isolated from different biological samples and it considers as the key role in induction of inflammation of gastrointestinal tract which in turn cause diarrhoea in different species. To further understand the involvement of Salmonella in contaminating and infecting fresh eggs and meat of free-range chicken. This study aimed to establish the microbiological and molecular detections of Salmonella in the cloaca of the free-range chicken and to identify predicted biological functions using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomic (KEGG) pathways and protein-protein interaction. Cloacal swabs were collected from free range chicken raised in the local farm in Duhok city. The isolates were cultured and biochemical test performed using XLD and TSI, respectively. Molecular detection and functional annotation of invA gene was carried out using Conventional PCR and bioinformatics approaches. The present study found that Salmonella was detected in 36 out of 86 samples using microbiological methods. To confirm these findings, invA gene was utilised and 9 out of 36 Salmonella isolates have shown a positive signal of invA by agarose gel. In addition, bioinformatic analysis revealed that invA gene was mainly associated with bacterial secretion processes as well as their KEGG terms and Protein-Protein Interaction were involved in bacterial invasion and secretion pathways. These findings suggested that invA gene plays important role in regulating colonization and invasion processes of Salmonella within the gut host in the free range chicken.

A salmonela é uma causa séria de problemas de saúde em humanos e animais em todo o mundo. Salmonella tem sido isolada de diferentes amostras biológicas e é considerada como o principal papel na indução da inflamação do trato gastrointestinal que por sua vez causa diarreia em diferentes espécies. Compreender melhor o envolvimento da Salmonella na contaminação e infecção de ovos frescos e carne de frango caipira. Este estudo teve como objetivo estabelecer as detecções microbiológicas e moleculares de Salmonella na cloaca da galinha caipira e identificar as funções biológicas previstas usando as vias da Enciclopédia de Gene e Genômica de Kyoto (KEGG) e interação proteína-proteína. Suabes cloacais foram coletados de galinhas criadas ao ar livre em fazenda local na cidade de Duhok. Os isolados foram cultivados e o teste bioquímico realizado com XLD e TSI, respectivamente. A detecção molecular e anotação funcional do gene invA foi realizada usando PCR convencional e abordagens de bioinformática. O presente estudo descobriu que Salmonella foi detectada em 36 das 86 amostras usando métodos microbiológicos. Para confirmar esses achados, o gene invA foi utilizado e 9 dos 36 isolados de Salmonella mostraram um sinal positivo de invA pelo gel de agarose. Além disso, a análise bioinformática revelou que o gene invA estava associado principalmente a processos de secreção bacteriana, assim como seus termos KEGG e interação proteína-proteína estavam envolvidos na invasão bacteriana e nas vias de secreção. Esses achados sugeriram que o gene invA desempenha um papel importante na regulação dos processos de colonização e invasão de Salmonella dentro do hospedeiro intestinal na galinha caipira.

Performance and meat quality of Label Rouge chickens at different slaughter ages / Parâmetros de produção e qualidade da carne de frangos Label Rouge em diferentes idades de abate

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the performance parameters, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of Label Rouge chickens raised under an alternative system as a function of age at slaughter. The design was completely randomized with a 5×2 factorial arrangement, with slaughtering at five ages (70, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days) and two sexes. A total of 240 birds (Pescoço Pelado strain) were used, including 120 females and 120 males. Performance, carcass, physicochemical, proximate composition, and muscle fiber traits were evaluated. Rearing time and sex had significant effects on performance-related traits, with better results for males. The interaction between slaughter age and sex had a significant effect on the carcass and physicochemical parameters, which cause different responses in males and females with increasing slaughter age. For the proximate composition and muscle fiber analysis, the interaction between the parameters studied only had a significant effect on ether extract in the breast. The increase in age resulted in chickens with higher live and carcass weight at slaughter but lower performance indices. Females had lower carcass yield and greater deposition of abdominal fat. Females had lower tenderness in the drumstick and males in the breast with increasing slaughter age, and both cuts had more intense color and redness and reduced lightness starting at the slaughter age of 90 days.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os parâmetros de desempenho e as características de carcaça e qualidade da carne de frangos Label Rouge criados em sistema alternativo em função do aumento da idade de abate. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC) disposto em esquema fatorial (2x5), sendo dois sexos (macho e fêmea) e cinco idades de abate (70, 90, 120, 150 e 180 dias). Foram utilizadas 240 aves (Pescoço Pelado), sendo 120 fêmeas e 120 machos, sendo avaliados os parâmetros de desempenho, carcaça, físico-químicos, composição centesimal e fibra muscular. Com o aumento no tempo de produção houve efeitos dos períodos de produção e sexo em relação a variáveis de desempenho, com melhores resultados para os machos. Para os parâmetros de carcaça e físico-químicos, houve interação entre sexo e idade de abate, revelando comportamento diferenciado para machos e fêmeas com aumento da idade de abate. Para a composição centesimal e análise das fibras musculares, somente para extrato etéreo no peito foi verificado interação entre os fatores estudados. O aumento da idade proporcionou a obtenção de frangos com maiores pesos vivos e de carcaça ao abate com consequente redução dos índices de desempenho, além de menor rendimento de carcaça e maior deposição de gordura abdominal nas fêmeas. As fêmeas apresentam menor maciez na coxa e os machos no peito com aumento da idade de abate e, em ambos os cortes, ocorreu maior intensificação da cor, índice de vermelho e redução do brilho a partir de 90 dias ou em maiores idades de abate.

Performance and meat quality of Label Rouge chickens at different slaughter ages / Parâmetros de produção e qualidade da carne de frangos Label Rouge em diferentes idades de abate

This study evaluated the performance parameters, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of Label Rouge chickens raised under an alternative system as a function of age at slaughter. The design was completely randomized with a 5×2 factorial arrangement, with slaughtering at five ages (70, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days) and two sexes. A total of 240 birds (Pescoço Pelado strain) were used, including 120 females and 120 males. Performance, carcass, physicochemical, proximate composition, and muscle fiber traits were evaluated. Rearing time and sex had significant effects on performance-related traits, with better results for males. The interaction between slaughter age and sex had a significant effect on the carcass and physicochemical parameters, which cause different responses in males and females with increasing slaughter age. For the proximate composition and muscle fiber analysis, the interaction between the parameters studied only had a significant effect on ether extract in the breast. The increase in age resulted in chickens with higher live and carcass weight at slaughter but lower performance indices. Females had lower carcass yield and greater deposition of abdominal fat. Females had lower tenderness in the drumstick and males in the breast with increasing slaughter age, and both cuts had more intense color and redness and reduced lightness starting at the slaughter age of 90 days.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os parâmetros de desempenho e as características de carcaça e qualidade da carne de frangos Label Rouge criados em sistema alternativo em função do aumento da idade de abate. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC) disposto em esquema fatorial (2x5), sendo dois sexos (macho e fêmea) e cinco idades de abate (70, 90, 120, 150 e 180 dias). Foram utilizadas 240 aves (Pescoço Pelado), sendo 120 fêmeas e 120 machos, sendo avaliados os parâmetros de desempenho, carcaça, físico-químicos, composição centesimal e fibra muscular. Com o aumento no tempo de produção houve efeitos dos períodos de produção e sexo em relação a variáveis de desempenho, com melhores resultados para os machos. Para os parâmetros de carcaça e físico-químicos, houve interação entre sexo e idade de abate, revelando comportamento diferenciado para machos e fêmeas com aumento da idade de abate. Para a composição centesimal e análise das fibras musculares, somente para extrato etéreo no peito foi verificado interação entre os fatores estudados. O aumento da idade proporcionou a obtenção de frangos com maiores pesos vivos e de carcaça ao abate com consequente redução dos índices de desempenho, além de menor rendimento de carcaça e maior deposição de gordura abdominal nas fêmeas. As fêmeas apresentam menor maciez na coxa e os machos no peito com aumento da idade de abate e, em ambos os cortes, ocorreu maior intensificação da cor, índice de vermelho e redução do brilho a partir de 90 dias ou em maiores idades de abate.

Viabilidade econômica na produção de frango de corte de crescimento lento em Rio Branco/Acre / Economic viability in the production of slow-growing broiler chicken in Rio Branco/Acre

O Brasil é destaque mundial na produção de frango de corte baseada no modelo de integração. Alguns produtores têm migrado para a produção independente no sistema semiconfinado de criação de frangos caipiras a fim de atender a um nicho de mercado e obter maior lucratividade. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer os custos de produção e o resultado de um ciclo de produção de frangos de corte de crescimento lento criados em sistema semi-intensivo em Rio Branco/Acre. O estudo foi desenvolvido a partir da simulação da criação de frangos de crescimento lento da linhagem Vermelho Pesadão no sistema semiconfinado. O custo de produção foi calculado por meio de duas metodologias, o custo operacional e o custo total. A margem bruta (MB), a margem líquida (ML) e o resultado também foram calculados. Realizou-se a análise de cenários MOP (mais provável, otimista e pessimista). O item alimentação foi o custo mais elevado. Em todos os cenários, o faturamento foi suficiente para cobrir o COT. Porém, no cenário pessimista, a lucratividade foi baixa e o resultado negativo. O elevado valor dos insumos da ração torna a atividade inviável economicamente.

Brazil stands out worldwide in the production of broiler chickens based on the integration model. Some farmers have migrated to independent models in the semi-confined system of free-range chickens to meet a niche market and obtain greater profitability. Thus, this study aimed to know the production costs and the result of a production cycle of slow-growing broiler chickens raised in a semi-intensive system in Rio Branco, Acre. The study was developed from the simulation of the creation of slow-growing chickens from the "heavy red" lineage in a semi-confined system. The production cost was calculated using two methodologies, the operating cost and the total cost. The gross margin (GM), the net margin (NM), and the result were also calculated. The MOP scenario analysis (most likely, optimistic, and pessimistic) was performed. The food item was the highest cost. In all scenarios, the revenues was sufficient to cover costs. However, in the pessimistic scenario, profitability was low and the result was negative. The high value of feed inputs makes the activity economically unviable.

Retracted: Economic viability in free-range chicken production.

Despite the lack of large-scale farming of free-range chickens in Brazil, their production generates income in the countryside and prevents exodus of rural families in agricultural regions. The objective of this study is to evaluate the economic viability of free-range broiler production in different facilities. The experiment was conducted in two different sheds (masonry shed-SM and wooden shed-SW) located in the Plural Space of the Universidade Federal do Vale São Francisco, municipality of Juazeiro, BA. Here, 200 heavy red French free-range chickens were distributed in the two sheds and were raised from the 1st to the 88th day (slaughter). Assuming that the minimum age for slaughter is 85 days, the results indicated that at least 205 birds in SM and 217 birds in SW were necessary for the producer to earn the minimum per capita monthly wage in Brazil (2020); at least 411 birds in CG and 600 birds in GM were found to be necessary to achieve maximum productivity at the end of the production cycle. The maximum profitability in the slaughter of the chickens was achieved at an age of 60 days.

A systematic review of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes in Gallus gallus domesticus worldwide: The focus is Brazil.

Toxoplasma gondii was initially classified in three main lineages related to its virulence: Types I, II, and III. The recombination of genes during sexual cycle in felids gut led to more than 200 genotypes, found in ToxoDB database, using 11 RFLP markers. Free-range chickens are good bioindicators of soil contamination with T. gondii oocysts. In this sense, there are systematic reviews regarding data of genetic characterization of this parasite in felines and ruminants, but not in chickens heretofore, what makes this work necessary. A systematic review of the literature was performed with papers published prior to September 21, 2020. The main inclusion criteria were the presence of T. gondii genotypes, isolated strictly from free-range chickens, in experimental works. Initially, a total of 1,343 studies related to the terms were identified on databases and 30 studies were selected to be systematically reviewed. A total of 561 isolates of T. gondii from 6,356 free-range chickens were analyzed for genotyping, revealing 190 genotypes. ToxoDB #59 and #2 were the most frequent in America, #1 was the most frequent in Africa and three atypical isolates from genotype ToxoDB #9 were found in Asia. There is no data from Europe and Oceania. The majority of studies were Brazilian (16/30). A total of 68 RFLP genotypes were recognized among the 561 isolates' DNAs analyzed from the 30 studies. Some studies showed new genotypes never described before, which reinforces the idea that in some years even more new genotypes will be identified, due to gradual genetic recombination. A large number of undefined genotypes makes it necessary to perform Nested PCR technique when genotyping. Moreover, the lack of data in Continents such as Europe, Asia, and Oceania makes it necessary to perform new isolating and genotyping studies in these places.

Neospora caninum in free-range chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) from southern Brazil / Neospora caninum em galinhas de vida livre (Gallus gallus domesticus) do sul do Brasil

Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular parasite that can infect many domestic and wild animals, including birds. These animals are important sources for monitoring of environmental contamination, as they could become infected through sporulated oocysts; however, the real role of birds in the biological cycle of N. caninum remains uncertain. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anti-N. caninum antibodies, evaluate associated factors, detect the parasite by molecular testing of free-range chickens from Brazil, and evaluate different techniques for its serological diagnosis. Blood samples of 366 chickens from 25 farms were collected for serological assays. The indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect anti-N. caninum antibodies. Chickens that tested seropositive by IFAT had their brain tissues and a pool of organs (heart, lung, and liver) submitted to PCR for molecular detection of the parasite. Out of 366 chickens, 65 (17.8%) and 163 (44.6%) were seropositive by IFAT and ELISA, respectively. Brain tissues (n=60) and the pools of organs (n=65) were negative in the PCR. Our results showed a high prevalence of antibodies in free-range chickens and that IFAT is the more sensitive technique for the detection of anti-N. caninum antibodies.(AU)

Neospora caninum é um parasita intracelular obrigatório que pode infectar vários animais domésticos e silvestres, incluindo as aves. Esses animais são importantes fontes para o monitoramento da contaminação ambiental, uma vez que eles podem se infectar por meio da ingestão de oocistos. Porém, o real papel das aves no ciclo biológico do N. caninum ainda é incerto. Este estudo teve como objetivos determinar a prevalência de anticorpos anti-N. caninum, avaliar fatores associados, detectar o parasita por meio de teste molecular em galinhas de vida livre do Brasil e avaliar diferentes técnicas para o diagnóstico sorológico. Amostras de sangue de 366 galinhas de 25 fazendas foram coletadas para testes sorológicos. A reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) e o ensaio de imunoabsorção enzimática (ELISA) foram utilizados para detectar anticorpos anti-N. caninum. As amostras de tecidos (cérebro, coração, pulmão e fígado) de galinhas soropositivas na RIFI foram coletadas e submetidas à PCR para detecção molecular do parasita. Das 366 galinhas, 65 (17,8%) e 163 (44,6%) foram soropositivas pela RIFI e ELISA, respectivamente. Nenhuma amostra foi positiva na PCR. Esses resultados demonstram uma elevada prevalência de anticorpos em galinhas de vida livre e que a RIFI é uma técnica mais sensível para a detecção de anticorpos anti-N. caninum.(AU)

Neospora caninum in free-range chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) from southern Brazil / Neospora caninum em galinhas de vida livre (Gallus gallus domesticus) do sul do Brasil

Abstract Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular parasite that can infect many domestic and wild animals, including birds. These animals are important sources for monitoring of environmental contamination, as they could become infected through sporulated oocysts; however, the real role of birds in the biological cycle of N. caninum remains uncertain. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anti-N. caninum antibodies, evaluate associated factors, detect the parasite by molecular testing of free-range chickens from Brazil, and evaluate different techniques for its serological diagnosis. Blood samples of 366 chickens from 25 farms were collected for serological assays. The indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect anti-N. caninum antibodies. Chickens that tested seropositive by IFAT had their brain tissues and a pool of organs (heart, lung, and liver) submitted to PCR for molecular detection of the parasite. Out of 366 chickens, 65 (17.8%) and 163 (44.6%) were seropositive by IFAT and ELISA, respectively. Brain tissues (n=60) and the pools of organs (n=65) were negative in the PCR. Our results showed a high prevalence of antibodies in free-range chickens and that IFAT is the more sensitive technique for the detection of anti-N. caninum antibodies.

Resumo Neospora caninum é um parasita intracelular obrigatório que pode infectar vários animais domésticos e silvestres, incluindo as aves. Esses animais são importantes fontes para o monitoramento da contaminação ambiental, uma vez que eles podem se infectar por meio da ingestão de oocistos. Porém, o real papel das aves no ciclo biológico do N. caninum ainda é incerto. Este estudo teve como objetivos determinar a prevalência de anticorpos anti-N. caninum, avaliar fatores associados, detectar o parasita por meio de teste molecular em galinhas de vida livre do Brasil e avaliar diferentes técnicas para o diagnóstico sorológico. Amostras de sangue de 366 galinhas de 25 fazendas foram coletadas para testes sorológicos. A reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) e o ensaio de imunoabsorção enzimática (ELISA) foram utilizados para detectar anticorpos anti-N. caninum. As amostras de tecidos (cérebro, coração, pulmão e fígado) de galinhas soropositivas na RIFI foram coletadas e submetidas à PCR para detecção molecular do parasita. Das 366 galinhas, 65 (17,8%) e 163 (44,6%) foram soropositivas pela RIFI e ELISA, respectivamente. Nenhuma amostra foi positiva na PCR. Esses resultados demonstram uma elevada prevalência de anticorpos em galinhas de vida livre e que a RIFI é uma técnica mais sensível para a detecção de anticorpos anti-N. caninum.

Nutritional quality and functional lipids in the free-range egg yolks of Brazilian family farmers / Calidad alimenticia y lípidos funcionales en las yemas de gallina del campo de agricultores de familias Brasileñas

ABSTRACT Nowadays consumers are more concerned about food quality as well as how food is produced. Moreover, consumer demand for more natural, nutritious, safer to eat, and environmentally sustainable food has drawn attention to alternative breeding systems, such as a free-range system. Hens' eggs represent a rich source of important nutrients, including lipids and carotenoids. A detailed characterization of the nutritional and lipid profile of free-range chicken eggs from family farms was carried out. The chemical composition of the free-range egg yolks confirmed the advantages of this farming system, as a relevant source of unsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids, functional compounds in the human diet. These findings can help improve income generation, food supplementation, and consolidation of the family farming system.

RESUMEN Cada vez más los consumidores se preocupan por la calidad de los alimentos, así como tambien de como ellos son producidos. Además, la demanda de los consumidores por alimentos más naturales, nutritivos, más seguros para el consumo y ambientalmente sostenibles ha llamado la atención a sistemas de cría de alternativa, como el sistema de gallina del campo. Los huevos de gallinas representan una fuente rica de sustancias nutritivas importantes, incluyendo lípidos y carotenoids. Fue realizada una caracterización detallada de los nutrientes y del perfil lipídicos de huevos de gallinas del campo de agricultores familiares. La composición química de yemas de gallinas del campo confirmó las ventajas de este sistema de producción, como una fuente importante compuestos funcionales como ácidos grasos insaturados y carotenoides, en la dieta humana. Además, estos hallados pueden ayudar a mejorar la generación de ingreso, la suplementación de alimentos y la consolidación de sistema de agricultura familiar.

Toxoplasma gondii: prevalence and characterization of new genotypes in free-range chickens from south Brazil.

Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite that can infect all warm-blooded animals including humans. Recent studies showed that T. gondii strains from South America are genetically diverse. The present work aimed to determine T. gondii prevalence in free-ranging chicken in northwest Parana state in Brazil by two serological tests, to isolate the parasites from seropositive chickens and to genotype the isolates. Antibodies to T. gondii in 386 serum samples from 24 farms were investigated by immunofluorescence antibody assay (IFA) and modified agglutination test (MAT). Samples having titers ≥ 16 were considered positive for both tests. Among the 386 serum samples, 102 (26.4%) were positive for IFA, 64 (16.6%) were positive for MAT, 47 (12.2%) were positive in both tests, and 119 (30.8%) were positive in at least one of the two tests. Brain and pool of heart, lung, and liver from the 119 seropositive chickens were used for mouse bioassay to isolate the parasites. Thirty eight (31.9%) of these seropositive chickens were considered positives in mouse bioassay and 18 isolates were obtained. The isolates were characterized by 10 PCR-RFLP genetic markers including SAG1, SAG2 (5'-3'SAG2, alt.SAG2), SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, and Apico. Results of genotyping were compared with the genotypes in ToxoDB database. It revealed ten genotypes, including ToxoDB PCR-RFLP genotypes #6 (n = 2), #19 (n = 1), #21 (n = 2), #111 (n = 2), #152 (n = 1), and #175 (n = 1) and four new types not described before. Our results confirmed a high genetic diversity of this parasite in southern Brazil and also showed that the use of two serological tests in combination can improve the chance of T. gondii isolation. More studies should be taken to determine the zoonotic potential of chickens in the transmission of T. gondii.

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of two Toxoplasma gondii isolates in free-range chickens from Uberlândia, Brazil.

The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in free-range chickens from Uberlândia, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, and characterize the genotypic and phenotypic features of two isolates of this parasite, considering the importance of these hosts in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis. Serum samples from 108 free-range chickens were obtained from ten different districts, and submitted to the modified agglutination test (MAT) for the presence of anti-T. gondii antibodies, and brain and heart tissue samples from infected chickens were processed for mouse bioassay. An overall seroprevalence of 71·3% was found and antibody titres ranged from 16 to 4096. After confirmation of seropositivity by mouse bioassay, the determination of the T. gondii genotypes of two isolates was performed by PCR-RFLP, using primers for the following markers: SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, new SAG2, Apico and CS3. These T. gondii isolates, designated TgChBrUD1and TgChBrUD2, were obtained from heart samples of free-range chickens. The TgChBrUD1 isolate belonged to ToxoDB PCR-RFLP genotype 11 and the TgChBrUD2 isolate belonged to ToxoDB PCR-RFLP genotype 6. Both isolates demonstrated high virulence in a rodent model, with the TgChBrUD1 isolate able to induce brain cysts, in accord with its pattern of multiplication rates in human fibroblast culture. Taken together, these results reveal high prevalence of T. gondii infection in free-range chickens throughout Uberlândia, indicating an important degree of oocyst environmental contamination and the existence of considerable risk for T. gondii transmission to humans by consumption of free-range chicken as a food source.

Natural infection of free-range chickens with the ascarid nematode Toxocara sp.

Human toxocariasis may be acquired by eating raw chicken liver. However, there are no reports on the prevalence of natural infection of chickens with Toxocara. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of anti-Toxocara antibodies as indicators of natural infection with Toxocara, in free-range chickens from Espírito Santo State, Brazil. An ELISA test with secretory and excretory Toxocara canis antigens was used. Negative controls were 20 industrial chickens reared in a high hygiene standard environment. Positive control serum was from a chicken infected with embryonated eggs of T. canis. Sera were adsorbed with Ascaridia galli extract to reduce cross-reactivity. Cut-off was the mean plus four times the standard deviation of optical density (OD) in negative group. One hundred and fifty-seven sera from free-range chicken were investigated. Results showed 58.5% of the chickens were positive with ELISA test; 12.7% had OD over the positive control and may be considered as true infected chickens. The results between the cut-off and the positive control may include infections with low titers of antibodies or may represent serum scar of past infection or may be the result of cross-reaction with other nematodes rather than A. galli which is used for the adsorption of sera. In conclusion, high prevalence of Toxocara sp. antibodies demonstrates natural infection of free-range chickens from Espírito Santo State which may represent a risk of infection with this nematode in people who have the habit of eating raw or undercooked chicken meat or viscera. The results also suggest that chickens may be useful as sentinels to detect soil contaminated with Toxocara eggs.

Estudo do mercado consumidor e da viabilidade econômica da produção de frangos caipira no Município de Parauapebas, Estado do Pará

O projeto visou pesquisar aspectos relacionados ao mercado consumidor, viabilidade econômica e desempenho produtivo de frangos caipira no município de Parauapebas, no sudeste do estado do Pará. Primeiramente foi realizada uma pesquisa de mercado, onde foram identificados o percentual de compra de carne de frango caipira pela população do município estudado, os fatores que levam as pessoas a não consumirem o produto e as variáveis sociais que podem influenciar na decisão de ser um consumidor de frango caipira. Os resultados mais importantes revelados pela pesquisa foram que quase 60% da população da cidade consome carne de frango caipira, sendo que o mercado consumidor ainda pode crescer 26,90% nos próximos anos. As dúvidas sobre as condições sanitárias de criação dos animais é principal causa para o não consumo do produto. No que diz respeito às variáveis sociais, identificou-se que a idade e o nível de escolaridade influenciam diretamente na decisão de ser um consumidor de frango caipira. No que diz respeito ao estudo da viabilidade econômica da atividade Os resultados demonstram que o sistema intensivo foi o mais viável economicamente, pois todas as quatro linhagens apresentaram resultados positivos em todos os indicadores calculados. No que se refere as melhores linhagens para se trabalhar em cada sistema, a Caipira Francês Barré foi a mais adaptada ao sistema intensivo, a Caipira Francês Pedrês ao sistema semi-extensivo e a Caipira Francês Vermelho ao sistema Extensivo, sendo que foi percebido que este último sistema apresenta viabilidade apensas se a estrutura da cadeia produtiva for mudada

The project aimed to research aspects related to the consumer market, economic viability and productive performance of free range chickens the city town of Parauapebas, in the southeastern of Para state. First was developed a market survey, for identified the percentage of the population that purchase the free range chicken’s meat in the city, the factors that cause people not to consume the product and the social variables that may influence in the decision of to be a consumer of free range chicken. The most important results were revealed by the survey that almost 60% of its population consumes meat of free range chicken, and the health conditions of animal production are the main reason for not consuming the product. Regarding social variables, we found that age and education level have a directly influence in the decision to be a consumer of free range chicken. With regard to the study of the economic viability of the activity The results show that the intensive system was the most economically feasible because all four strains showed positive results in all indicators calculated. Regarding the best lines to work on each system, the hick French Barré was more suited to intensive system, the hick French Pedrês to the semi-extensive and French Red Caipira Extensive system, while the latter was perceived system presents feasibility attached to the supply chain structure is changed.

Serologic and molecular diagnostic and bioassay in mice for detection of Toxoplasma gondii in free ranges chickens from Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul / Diagnóstico sorológico e molecular e bioensaio em camundongo para detecção de Toxoplasma gondii em galinhas de criação livre do Pantanal do Mato Grosso do Sul

The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii and compare the results obtained in the Modified Agglutination Test (MAT), Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and bioassay in mice. In order to accomplish this, 40 free-range chickens from eight farms in neighboring areas to the Pantanal in Nhecolândia, Mato Grosso do Sul, were euthanized and blood samples, brain and heart were collected. The occurrence of anti-T. gondii antibodies found in chickens was 67.5% (27 samples), considering as a cutoff point the dilution 1:5. Among the samples analyzed, 7 (25.9%) were positive in the dilution 1:5, 3 (11.1%) in 1:10, 2 (7.4%) in 1:20, 3 (11.1%) in 1:320, 1 ( 3.7%) in 1:640, 3 (11.1%) in 1:1280, 2 (7.4%) in 1:2560, 4 (14.8%) in 1:5120 and 2 (7.4%) in 1:10.240. From the mixture of tissue samples (brain and heart) from the chickens analyzed, 16 (40%) presented electrophoretic bands compatible with T. gondii by PCR (gene B1). In the comparison of techniques, 59.26% positivity in PCR was revealed among animals that were seropositive in MAT (cutoff 1:5). From 141 inoculated mice, six (4.44%) died of acute toxoplasmosis between 15 and 23 days after inoculation. Surviving mice were sacrificed at 74 days after inoculation, and a total of 28 cysts were found in the brains of 10 distinct groups. From the seropositive hens, 27 bioassays were performed and 11 (40.7%) isolates were obtained. A greater number of isolations happened in mice that were inoculated with tissues from chickens that had high titers for anti-T. gondii antibodies. Chronic infection in mice was observed in nine groups (33.3%) from five different properties. Among the surviving mice, 25.6% were positive for T. gondii in MAT (1:25). From mice positive in PCR, 87.5% were also positive in MAT. Among the PCR-negative mice, 5.2% were positive for T. gondii in MAT. It can be concluded through this study that the occurrence of infecton by T. gondii in the rural properties studied was high, that PCR directed to gene B1 does not confirm the viability of the parasite, but it can be used as a screening method for the selection of chickens infected by T. gondii, that the animals with titer greater than 10 must be prioritized for the selection of animals for bioassay, since for them, the chances of isolating the parasite are greater and that seroconversion in experimentally infected mice is not a good indicator for isolating the agent.(AU)

Os objetivos deste estudo foram investigar a ocorrência de Toxoplasma gondii e comparar os resultados obtidos no Teste de Aglutinação Modificada (MAT), Reação em Cadeia pela Polimerase (PCR) e o bioensaio em camundongos. Para tanto, 40 galinhas de criação livre de oito fazendas em áreas limítrofes ao Pantanal da Nhecolândia, Mato Grosso do Sul, foram eutanasiadas e amostras de sangue, o cérebro e o coração foram coletados. A frequência de anticorpos anti-T. gondii encontrada nas galinhas foi de 67,5% (27 amostras), considerando como ponto de corte a diluição 1:5. Entre as amostras analisadas, 7 (25,9%) foram positivas na diluição 1:5, 3 (11,1%) em 1:10, 2 (7,4%) em 1:20, 3 (11,1%) em 1:320, 1 ( 3,7%) em 1:640, 3 (11,1%) em 1:1.280, 2 (7,4%) em 1:2.560, 4 (14,8%) em 1:5.120 e 2 (7,4%) em 1:10.240. A partir da mistura de amostras de tecidos (cérebro e coração) das galinhas analisadas, 16 (40%) apresentaram bandas eletroforéticas compatíveis com T. gondii por PCR (gene B1). Na comparação das técnicas, revelou-se 59,26% de positividade na PCR entre os animais soropositivos no MAT (ponto de corte 1:5). Dos 141 camundongos inoculados, seis (4,44%) morreram de toxoplasmose aguda entre 15 e 23 dias após a inoculação. Os camundongos que sobreviveram foram sacrificados 74 dias após a inoculação, sendo encontrados 28 cistos nos cérebros de 10 grupos distintos. Das galinhas soropositivas, foram realizados 27 bioensaios e obtidos 11 (40,7%) isolados. Um maior número de isolamentos ocorreu em camundongos que foram inoculados com tecidos de galinhas que tinham altos títulos de anticorpos anti-T. gondii. Infecção crônica em camundongos foi observada em nove grupos (33,3%) de cinco propriedades diferentes. Entre os camundongos que sobreviveram, 25,6% foram positivos para T. gondii no MAT (1:25). Dos camundongos positivos na PCR, 87,5% também foram positivos no MAT. Já entre os camundongos PCR negativos 5,2% foram positivos para T. gondii no MAT. Concluiu-se através deste estudo que a ocorrência de infecção pelo T. gondii nas propriedades rurais estudadas foi alta, que a PCR direcionada ao gene B1, não confirma a viabilidade do parasita, porém pode ser utilizada como método de triagem para a seleção de galinhas infectadas por T. gondii, que os animais com título maior que 10 devem ser priorizados para a seleção de animais para bioensaio, pois para eles, as chances de isolamento do parasita são maiores e que a soroconversão em camundongos infectados experimentalmente não é um bom indicador de isolamento do agente.(AU)

Serologic and molecular diagnostic and bioassay in mice for detection of Toxoplasma gondii in free ranges chickens from Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul / Diagnóstico sorológico e molecular e bioensaio em camundongo para detecção de Toxoplasma gondii em galinhas de criação livre do Pantanal do Mato Grosso do Sul

The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii and compare the results obtained in the Modified Agglutination Test (MAT), Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and bioassay in mice. In order to accomplish this, 40 free-range chickens from eight farms in neighboring areas to the Pantanal in Nhecolândia, Mato Grosso do Sul, were euthanized and blood samples, brain and heart were collected. The occurrence of anti-T. gondii antibodies found in chickens was 67.5% (27 samples), considering as a cutoff point the dilution 1:5. Among the samples analyzed, 7 (25.9%) were positive in the dilution 1:5, 3 (11.1%) in 1:10, 2 (7.4%) in 1:20, 3 (11.1%) in 1:320, 1 ( 3.7%) in 1:640, 3 (11.1%) in 1:1280, 2 (7.4%) in 1:2560, 4 (14.8%) in 1:5120 and 2 (7.4%) in 1:10.240. From the mixture of tissue samples (brain and heart) from the chickens analyzed, 16 (40%) presented electrophoretic bands compatible with T. gondii by PCR (gene B1). In the comparison of techniques, 59.26% positivity in PCR was revealed among animals that were seropositive in MAT (cutoff 1:5). From 141 inoculated mice, six (4.44%) died of acute toxoplasmosis between 15 and 23 days after inoculation. Surviving mice were sacrificed at 74 days after inoculation, and a total of 28 cysts were found in the brains of 10 distinct groups. From the seropositive hens, 27 bioassays were performed and 11 (40.7%) isolates were obtained. A greater number of isolations happened in mice that were inoculated with tissues from chickens that had high titers for anti-T. gondii antibodies. Chronic infection in mice was observed in nine groups (33.3%) from five different properties. Among the surviving mice, 25.6% were positive for T. gondii in MAT (1:25). From mice positive in PCR, 87.5% were also positive in MAT. Among the PCR-negative mice, 5.2% were positive for T. gondii in MAT. It can be concluded through this study that the occurrence of infecton by T. gondii in the rural properties studied was high, that PCR directed to gene B1 does not confirm the viability of the parasite, but it can be used as a screening method for the selection of chickens infected by T. gondii, that the animals with titer greater than 10 must be prioritized for the selection of animals for bioassay, since for them, the chances of isolating the parasite are greater and that seroconversion in experimentally infected mice is not a good indicator for isolating the agent.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram investigar a ocorrência de Toxoplasma gondii e comparar os resultados obtidos no Teste de Aglutinação Modificada (MAT), Reação em Cadeia pela Polimerase (PCR) e o bioensaio em camundongos. Para tanto, 40 galinhas de criação livre de oito fazendas em áreas limítrofes ao Pantanal da Nhecolândia, Mato Grosso do Sul, foram eutanasiadas e amostras de sangue, o cérebro e o coração foram coletados. A frequência de anticorpos anti-T. gondii encontrada nas galinhas foi de 67,5% (27 amostras), considerando como ponto de corte a diluição 1:5. Entre as amostras analisadas, 7 (25,9%) foram positivas na diluição 1:5, 3 (11,1%) em 1:10, 2 (7,4%) em 1:20, 3 (11,1%) em 1:320, 1 ( 3,7%) em 1:640, 3 (11,1%) em 1:1.280, 2 (7,4%) em 1:2.560, 4 (14,8%) em 1:5.120 e 2 (7,4%) em 1:10.240. A partir da mistura de amostras de tecidos (cérebro e coração) das galinhas analisadas, 16 (40%) apresentaram bandas eletroforéticas compatíveis com T. gondii por PCR (gene B1). Na comparação das técnicas, revelou-se 59,26% de positividade na PCR entre os animais soropositivos no MAT (ponto de corte 1:5). Dos 141 camundongos inoculados, seis (4,44%) morreram de toxoplasmose aguda entre 15 e 23 dias após a inoculação. Os camundongos que sobreviveram foram sacrificados 74 dias após a inoculação, sendo encontrados 28 cistos nos cérebros de 10 grupos distintos. Das galinhas soropositivas, foram realizados 27 bioensaios e obtidos 11 (40,7%) isolados. Um maior número de isolamentos ocorreu em camundongos que foram inoculados com tecidos de galinhas que tinham altos títulos de anticorpos anti-T. gondii. Infecção crônica em camundongos foi observada em nove grupos (33,3%) de cinco propriedades diferentes. Entre os camundongos que sobreviveram, 25,6% foram positivos para T. gondii no MAT (1:25). Dos camundongos positivos na PCR, 87,5% também foram positivos no MAT. Já entre os camundongos PCR negativos 5,2% foram positivos para T. gondii no MAT. Concluiu-se através deste estudo que a ocorrência de infecção pelo T. gondii nas propriedades rurais estudadas foi alta, que a PCR direcionada ao gene B1, não confirma a viabilidade do parasita, porém pode ser utilizada como método de triagem para a seleção de galinhas infectadas por T. gondii, que os animais com título maior que 10 devem ser priorizados para a seleção de animais para bioensaio, pois para eles, as chances de isolamento do parasita são maiores e que a soroconversão em camundongos infectados experimentalmente não é um bom indicador de isolamento do agente.

Lead poisoning mortality in wild passeriformes and its detection in free-range chicken eggs in Southern Minas Gerais, Brazil

The mortality of passerines native of Southern Minas Gerais, Brazil, in August 2006 and the examination of sentinel free-range chicken eggs in August 2007 in an area surrounding a car battery lead smelter plant is described. The high levels of lead, as detected in the passerines (4.80-12.74 mg/kg) at the onset of mortality and at the follow-up sampling of the free-range chicken eggs (25.02-35.21 mg/kg in shells, 0.41-1.36 mg/kg in yolks and 0.40-0.75 mg/kg in the albumins), used as environmental sentinels, indicated the continuing lead pollution.

Lead poisoning mortality in wild passeriformes and its detection in free-range chicken eggs in Southern Minas Gerais, Brazil

The mortality of passerines native of Southern Minas Gerais, Brazil, in August 2006 and the examination of sentinel free-range chicken eggs in August 2007 in an area surrounding a car battery lead smelter plant is described. The high levels of lead, as detected in the passerines (4.80-12.74 mg/kg) at the onset of mortality and at the follow-up sampling of the free-range chicken eggs (25.02-35.21 mg/kg in shells, 0.41-1.36 mg/kg in yolks and 0.40-0.75 mg/kg in the albumins), used as environmental sentinels, indicated the continuing lead pollution.

Macrorhabdus ornithogaster in ostrich, rhea, canary, zebra finch, free range chicken, turkey, guinea-fowl, columbina pigeon, toucan, chuckar partridge and experimental infection in chicken, japanese quail and mice / Macrorhabdus ornithogaster em avestruzes, ema, canário, mandarim, galinha, peru, galinha da Angola, pombo doméstico, rolinha, tucano, perdiz de chuckar e infecção experimental em galinha, codorna e camundongo

Since 2000, Macrorhabdus ornithogaster "megabacteriosis" has been diagnosed in the avian diseases laboratory in a diversity of avian species and varied spectrum of disease. The disease in some species (chickens, turkeys, guinea fowls) was clinically characterized by emaciation, prostration, loss of appetite, cachexia and death, with a typically chronic course. A more acute disease was observed in finches (canary-Serinus and zebra-Taeniopygia) and budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). The large rod shaped organism, visible from 100 times magnification, with and without staining, could be detected in sick and also in reasonably normal individuals of some species, such as chickens, turkeys, quails and pigeons. In rheas (Rhea americana), ostriches (Struthio camelus), canaries, zebra-finches, guinea-fowl (Numida meleagris) and budgerigars. The disease was severe, causing to up to 100% mortality. The infection could be detected in some species along with other infectious or disease problems, such as endoparasites (helminths, coccidia) and ectoparasitism (order Mallophaga or/and order Acarina). The cultivation of M. ornithogaster was successfully achieved in solid and liquid media, originated from chickens (four isolates), guinea fowl (1 isolate), chuckar partridge (1 isolate) and canary (1 isolate). A very interesting finding at microscopy was motility of M. ornithogaster, as detected both in cultures obtained on agar for pathogenic fungi and passaged into thioglycolate broth, as well as on samples observed in wet preparations from in vivo. Differences in colony aspects were noted among the isolates. Experimental infections were attempted in chicken and japanese quail, using a chicken isolate, allowing the detection of the organism in the proventriculus and liver in apparently normal birds. One chicken isolate was injected intraperitoneally in Balb/c mice and resulted in 100% mortality.(AU)

Desde 2000, diversos casos de infecção e doença por Macrorhabdus ornithogaster (megabacteria) foram diagnosticados no Setor de Doenças das Aves (Escola de Veterinária da UFMG). A doença clínica foi caracterizada por emagrecimento, prostração, perda do apetite, caquexia e morte, em curso crônico, embora com forma mais aguda em canários e periquitos. O microrganismo grande, em forma de bastão, visível a partir de 100 aumentos sem e com coloração, pode também ser detectado em aves de aspecto clínico normal, principalmente galinhas, perus, codornas e pombos. Em emas (Rhea), avestruzes (Struthio camelus), canários, mandarins, galinhas da Angola (Numida meleagris) e periquitos Australianos (Melopsittacus undulatus), a severidade da doença foi sempre maior, ocasionando até 100% de mortalidade em alguns plantéis. Na maioria das espécies a doença foi detectada em aves com endo e/ou ectoparasitismo. O cultivo de M. ornithogaster foi obtido em meio sólido (ágar para fungos patogênicos) e subcultivado em meio líquido (thioglicolato), do proventriculo de galinha, galinha da Angola, perdiz de chuckar e canário. O resultado mais surpreendente na microscopia de M. ornithogaster foi a presença de motilidade, detectada tanto de cultivos in vitro quanto de preparações úmidas de in vivo. Diferenças nos aspectos das colônias foram notadas entre os isolados. Infecções experimentais em galinha (SPF) e codorna japonesa permitiram a detecção do organismo nos proventrículos das aves de aspecto normal. Nas codornas, à necropsia notaram-se hemorragias hepáticas. A infecção experimental em camundongos via intraperitoneal resultou em 100% de mortalidade, também com lesões hepáticas. Aspectos do cultivo, a importância da doença, as espécies de aves susceptíveis e seu papel na epidemiologia são discutidos.(AU)