The illusion of inclusion: contextual behavioral science and the Black community.

Anti-racism approaches require an honest examination of cause, impact, and committed action to change, despite discomfort and without experiential avoidance. While contextual behavioral science (CBS) and third wave cognitive-behavioral modalities demonstrate efficacy among samples composed of primarily White individuals, data regarding their efficacy with people of color, and Black Americans in particular, is lacking. It is important to consider the possible effects of racial stress and trauma on Black clients, and to tailor approaches and techniques grounded in CBS accordingly. We describe how CBS has not done enough to address the needs of Black American communities, using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP) as examples. We also provide examples at the level of research representation, organizational practices, and personal experiences to illuminate covert racist policy tools that maintain inequities. Towards eradicating existing racism in the field, we conclude with suggestions for researchers and leadership in professional psychological organizations.

Estudio de réplica con control aleatorizado de la eficacia de una intervención basada en el modelo Consciencia, Coraje y Amor / A Replication Randomized Controlled Trial of an Awareness, Courage, and Love Intervention

A Replication Randomized Controlled Trial of an Awareness, Courage, and Love Intervention. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a one session online intervention based on the Awareness, Courage and Love Model from Functional Analytic Psychotherapy to promote intimacy in couples during the COVID-19 pandemic. A sample of seventeen couples (dyads) from Argentina, older than 18 years old that were cohabitating in a situation of social distancing during the COVID-19 were randomly allocated into either the intervention or control group for a single 2-hour online group session. Both groups responded to two instruments that assessed the studied variables in three moments (pre, post and follow up). For data analysis it was used Generalized Estimation Equations to compare the change scores over time between the groups. The experimental group obtained a higher score in the VDs and the differences were maintained at one week of follow-up. The preliminary findings support the efficacy of this short intervention to foster closeness and intimacy in couples during situations of social isolation (AU)

Using functional analytic psychotherapy strategies for supporting Latinas victims of interpersonal partner violence / Uso de estrategias de psicoterapia analítica funcional para apoyar a latinas víctimas de violencia interpersonal de pareja

Interpersonal partner violence (IPV) is a worldwide public health problem. As a result of IPV, victims report high rates of physical and behavioral disabilities. Help-seeking behaviors are key to obtaining support on facing and managing IPV. Cultural practices such as machismo, marianismo, and familismo are related to keeping quiet and remaining in an abusive relationship in Latinas. Difficulties in sharing emotions, setting interpersonal boundaries, and communicating needs are also behavioral barriers to seeking help in this population. All these factors are associated with social disconnection which reduces victims’ chances of obtaining support in risky situations. Although several programs have been developed for helping victims of IPV, more evidence on adaptions to particular cultural and interpersonal struggles faced by Latinas’ victims is needed. Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP) proposes that therapeutic relationships based on intimacy can help victims of IPV to identify characteristics of those relationships that provide help when they need it. In this theoretical article, several FAP-based strategies aid therapists working with Latinas’ victims of IPV in strengthening clients’ interpersonal functioning and defeating cultural barriers when seeking help.(AU)

La violencia de pareja (IPV, por sus siglas en inglés) es un problema de salud pública mundial que genera altas tasas de discapacidades físicas y conductuales. Los comportamientos para buscar ayuda son claves para brindar soporte en el afrontamiento y el manejo de la violencia de género. El machismo, marianismo y familismo son prácticas culturales relacionadas con conductas de guardar silencio y permanecer en una relación abusiva en mujeres latinas. Asimismo, las dificultades para compartir emociones, establecer límites interpersonales y comunicar necesidades también son barreras para buscar ayuda. Estos factores están asociados a la desconexión social que reduce las posibilidades de que las víctimas sean apoyadas en situaciones de riesgo. Aunque se han desarrollado diversos programas psicológicos y sociales para ayudarlas, se necesita más evidencia sobre adaptaciones que respondan a los factores culturales e interpersonales propios de las mujeres Latinas víctimas de IPV. La Psicoterapia Analítica Funcional (FAP) propone que las relaciones terapéuticas basadas en la intimidad pueden ayudarlas a identificar características de relaciones que brindan ayuda cuando ellas la necesitan. En este artículo teórico se describen diferentes estrategias basadas en FAP con el fin de que los terapeutas que trabajan con Latinas víctimas de IPV puedan ayudarlas.(AU)

Importance of the therapeutic relationship: efficacy of functional analytic psychotherapy with different problems / La importancia de la relación terapéutica: la eficacia de la psicoterapia analítica funcional en distintos problemas

Functional Analytical Psychotherapy (FAP) is a third generation and contextual therapy. It is based on therapeutic interaction, verbal and emotional client-therapist relationships. It also uses functional analysis of behaviour, and live on-going modification of clinical problem behaviours. The aim of this research was to study the efficacy of FAP with different types of psychological problems (anxiety, depression, obsession, sexual, personality, emotional control). An intra-group design (10 participants, 36 years old average) was used with pre-post and follow-up measurements. Different questionnaires have been used as common assessment tools for all clinical cases. The results showed a statistically significant change in all the standardised questionnaires, with a considerable size effect (d from -2.01 to -3.80) and maintained one year later. Also, as clinical change, the participants had improved in their daily lives. We conclude on the efficacy of FAP, focusing on the therapeutic relationship, regardless of diagnostic categories. (AU)

La Psicoterapia Analítica Funcional (FAP) es una terapia contextual y de tercera generación que se basa en la interacción terapéutica y las relaciones verbales y emocionales cliente-terapeuta. También utiliza el análisis funcional del comportamiento y la modificación en vivo de los comportamientos clínicos problemáticos. El objetivo de esta investigación es estudiar la eficacia de la FAP ante diferentes tipos de problemas psicológicos (ansiedad, depresión, obsesión, sexual, personalidad, control emocional). Se utilizó un diseño intragrupo (10 participantes, con un promedio de edad de 36 años) con mediciones previas, posteriores y de seguimiento. Se han utilizado diferentes cuestionarios como herramientas de evaluación comunes para todos los casos clínicos. Los resultados mostraron un cambio estadísticamente significativo en todos los cuestionarios estandarizados, con un efecto de tamaño considerable (d de -2.01 a -3.80) que se mantenía un año más tarde. Además, como cambio clínico, los participantes habían mejorado en su vida diaria. Concluimos sobre la eficacia de la FAP, centrándonos en la relación terapéutica, independientemente de las categorías diagnósticas. (AU)

Application of functional analytic psychotherapy to manage schizophrenia.

INTRODUCTION: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and third-wave CBT approaches have been shown to ameliorate symptoms of schizophrenia. However, this study uses the functional analytic psychotherapy which focuses on the environmental causes of behavior which includes the client's present environment as well as his history of past interactions with it, to bring about a change in the client and reduce the symptoms. This therapy has never been used earlier with patients having schizophrenia in India; therefore, it was taken up for this study. METHODOLOGY: A pre-post design with control group was used in the present study. Ten patients were taken. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for measuring symptoms of schizophrenia, Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale for assessing quality of life, Coping Response Inventory-Adult form for assessing coping skills, Apathy Evaluation Scale-Clinician Version for assessing apathy, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale for assessing perceived interpersonal relationship were used for assessment pre- and postintervention. Fifteen sessions were done with each patient within a period of 10 months at the rate of one session per week. Chi-square test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and Mann-Whitney U-test were used for the analysis of data. RESULTS: Significant improvements were found in positive symptoms, general psychopathology, approach coping mechanisms, psychosocial and motivation domains in quality of life, and perceived cohesion in family among the patients postintervention. CONCLUSION: Functional analytic psychotherapy is an effective method for treating patients having schizophrenia with the application of its specifically modified rules for use with patients having psychosis.

Is "Self-Experience" Really a Transdiagnostic Concept? Preliminary Evidence in Favor of the Transdiagnostic Conception of Functional Analytic Psychotherapy.

Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP) offers a radically behavioral and transdiagnostic conception of the formation of the "self" and the appearance of a diversity of psychological problems. This study examined the extent to which a wide variety of psychological disorders (somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility/aggressiveness, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism) and a global index of psychopathological severity may in fact be linked to problems of the "self" according to the FAP conception. Two questionnaires, one related to self-experience according to FAP and the other to find the scores on several different psychopathology scales, were administered to 280 adult Spaniards for this purpose. The results confirmed the transdiagnostic nature of the "self"-experience. There are significant and strong correlations between all the psychopathology scales studied and self-experience. Linear regression analyses also show that, along with age and gender, in some cases, the score on self-experience predicts each and every one of the psychopathological variables studied, in addition to the Global Severity Index. These results are discussed and related to the transdiagnostic approach to psychopathology.

Helping Couples Connect during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial of an Awareness, Courage, and Love Intervention.

BACKGROUND: A second pandemic of mental health problems due to COVID-19 is predicted, suggesting a demand for interventions to mitigate its impacts. This study evaluated the effectiveness of an online psychological intervention based on the Awareness, Courage, and Love (ACL) model from Functional Analytic Psychotherapy to promote closeness between couples during the pandemic. METHOD: Thirty-one couples were randomised into either the intervention or control group for a 2-hour online group session. The intervention was designed to increase closeness between couples, whereas control group members watched a movie. In both groups, participants responded to two instruments that assessed the couple's relationship. Generalised linear mixed modeling was used to compare the change scores over time between the groups, with random effects used to control for the correlation within a couple and the correlation within the individual. RESULTS: The intervention group's closeness increased by 23 per cent while the control group's closeness increased only 2 per cent. A week later, a significant difference between the two groups emerged on closeness. CONCLUSION: Online ACL protocols requiring minimal training offer a promising intervention to quickly buffer against stress for large numbers of individuals during pandemic times.

Psychometric evaluation of the Functional Analytic Psychotherapy Intimacy Scale in obsessive-compulsive and related disorders.

Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP) is a contextual behavioral therapy that targets specific ideographic behaviors related to interpersonal functioning and intimacy. There is a scarcity of measures specifically focused on behavioral measurement of intimacy as well as limited studies that examine intimacy in obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs). Leonard and colleagues (2014) created the Functional Analytic Psychotherapy Intimacy Scale (FAPIS). The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of the FAPIS in evaluating those with OCRDs. The FAPIS and other measures of intimacy were administered to 549 nonreferred adults endorsing OCRD symptoms. Several confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to assess the best fitting factor structure, and convergent validity and divergent validity were also assessed. Given the psychometric properties of the FAPIS in this sample, future research may be helpful in assessing if the FAPIS would be beneficial in measuring change related to intimacy when working with people with OCRDs.

Clinical efficacy of a combined acceptance and commitment therapy, dialectical behavioural therapy, and functional analytic psychotherapy intervention in patients with borderline personality disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) consists of a persistent pattern of instability in affective regulation, impulse control, interpersonal relationships, and self-image. Although certain forms of psychotherapy are effective, their effects are small to moderate. One of the strategies that have been proposed to improve interventions involves integrating the therapeutic elements of different psychotherapy modalities from a contextual behavioural perspective (ACT, DBT, and FAP). METHODS: Patients (n = 65) attending the BPD Clinic of the Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz in Mexico City who agreed to participate in the study were assigned to an ACT group (n = 22), a DBT group (n = 20), or a combined ACT + DBT + FAP therapy group (n = 23). Patients were assessed at baseline and after therapeutic trial on measures of BPD symptom severity, emotion dysregulation, experiential avoidance, attachment, control over experiences, and awareness of stimuli. RESULTS: ANOVA analyses showed no differences between the three therapeutic groups in baseline measures. Results of the MANOVA model showed significant differences in most dependent measures over time but not between therapeutic groups. CONCLUSIONS: Three modalities of brief, contextual behavioural therapy proved to be useful in decreasing BPD symptom severity and emotional dysregulation, as well as negative interpersonal attachment. These changes were related to the reduction of experiential avoidance and the acquisition of mindfulness skills in all treatment groups, which may explain why no differences between the three different intervention modalities were observed. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Brief adaptations of acceptance and commitment therapy and dialectical behavioural therapy are effective interventions for BPD patients, in combined or isolated modalities, and with or without the inclusion of functional analytic psychotherapy. The reduction of experiential avoidance and the acquisition of mindfulness skills are related with the diminution of BPD symptoms severity, including emotional dysregulation and negative interpersonal attachment.

Grupo de Apoio Psicológico a Mulheres em Situação de Infertilidade / Psychological Support Group for Women in Situation of Infertility / Grupo de Apoyo Psicológico a Mujeres en Situación de Infertilidad

Este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever um relato de experiência a partir de um Programa de Intervenção com mulheres em situação de infertilidade. Tal Programa faz parte do Projeto de Extensão da UEL/PR, na área da Psicologia, com fundamento na Análise do Comportamento. Foram realizados dois grupos, compostos por sete mulheres cada, de Londrina e região, entre 31 e 42 anos, em situação de infertilidade conjugal. Realizou-se 10 sessões, de aproximadamente duas horas cada, semanalmente. Após dois meses do término, realizou-se sessões de followup. Os procedimentos utilizados foram técnicas de dinâmica de grupo, técnicas da Análise do Comportamento, como modelagem e modelação, Terapia de Aceitação e Compromisso (ACT) e Psicoterapia Analítica funcional (FAP). Realizou-se avaliações qualitativas por meio de dados obtidos com os relatos das participantes. A partir da fala das participantes, puderam ser percebidas mudanças em seus comportamentos, tanto dentro das sessões quanto em seu ambiente natural, de acordo com seus relatos verbais. A intervenção grupal tem o potencial de promover a aprendizagem de um repertório de enfrentamento das dificuldades relacionadas à infertilidade, o fortalecimento de aspectos positivos no relacionamento conjugal e social, além da aceitação emocional e seu manejo. Durante as sessões de follow-up, quatro participantes relataram estar dando início ao processo de adoção e, cinco participantes conseguiram atingir a gravidez. Sugere-se a replicação deste Programa com este tipo de população, bem como estudos com controle de variáveis....(AU)

This study aimed to report a clinical intervention, based on the principles of Behavior Analysis, in two groups of women in infertility situation. This program is part of the Extension Project of UEL/PR, in the field of Psychology, based on Behavior Analysis. Each group assisted seven women, between 31 and 42 years, in situation of conjugal infertility. Eleven sessions were held, approximately two hours each, once a week. After two months of the end of the groups, follow-up sessions were realized to monitor the changes observed. The procedures were group dynamics, problem solving and decision making techniques, Social Skills Training, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP). To this end, it was sought to do Functional Analysis of the behaviors of each participant. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation, from data obtained with the session reports was realized. The group intervention led to the learning of a behavioral repertoire of coping with the difficulties related to infertility, the strengthening of positive aspects in the marital and social relationship, besides the emotional acceptance and its handling. During and after the follow-up sessions, four participants reported being starting the process of adoption and five participants were able to achieve pregnancy. It is suggested that further studies with wider control variables should be conducted to test the effectiveness of the procedures used....(AU)

El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir un relato de experiencia proveniente del programa de intervención con mujeres en situación de infertilidad. El programa forma parte de un Proyecto de Extensión, de la Universidad Estatal de Londrina (UEL), Provincia de Paraná, en el área de la Psicología, con base en el Análisis del Comportamiento. Se formaron dos grupos con siete mujeres, entre 31 y 42 años, en situación de infertilidad. Se llevaron a cabo 10 sesiones de aproximadamente dos horas semanales. Dos meses después del término, se realizaron sesiones de follow-up. Los procedimientos utilizados fueron técnicas de dinámica de grupo, técnicas de Análisis de Comportamiento tales como el modelado y modelado, Terapia de Aceptación y Compromiso (ACT) y Psicoterapia Analítica Funcional (FAP). Se realizaron evaluaciones cualitativas por medio de datos obtenidos con los relatos de las participantes. A partir del habla de las participantes, se pudieron percibir cambios en sus comportamientos, tanto dentro de las sesiones y en su ambiente natural, de acuerdo con sus relatos verbales. La intervención grupal tiene el potencial de promover el aprendizaje de un repertorio de enfrentamiento de las dificultades relacionadas a la infertilidad, el fortalecimiento de aspectos positivos en la relación conyugal y social, además de la aceptación emocional y su manejo. Durante las sesiones de follow up, cuatro participantes relataron que estaban dando inicio al proceso de adopción y cinco participantes lograron el embarazo. Se sugiere la replicación de este Programa con este tipo de población, así como estudios con control de variables....(AU)

Using the primary process emotional-behavioural system to better meet patient needs in psychotherapy.

In order to increase therapeutic impact by enhancing awareness of clients' nonverbal communications, this article operationalizes the therapeutic alliance as a needs-satisfaction process. The client's competence as a needs seeker and the therapist assisting with the client's expression and satiation of basic social needs are proposed as being key mechanisms of change. Functional model of primary emotions derived from Panksepp's seven primary emotional systems (care seeking, caretaking, lust, fear and anxiety, anger, play, seeking, plus dominance and disgust) is integrated with Functional Analytic Psychotherapy's emphasis on in-session contingent natural reinforcement of clients' target behaviours. By identifying in-the-moment cues of underlying emotional-behavioural functions drawn from a categorization of clients' nonverbal communication can bridge the gap between client private events and therapist observables, in order to maximize therapist attunement and responsiveness to clients, and to increase the effectiveness of clinical interventions.

A comprehensive review of research on Functional Analytic Psychotherapy.

Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP; Kohlenberg & Tsai, 1991) is a transdiagnostic approach to outpatient psychotherapy that presented guidelines to instantiate the behavioral principle of natural, social reinforcement applied to idiographic behavioral targets within a genuine and authentic psychotherapy relationship. We present the first comprehensive review of research on FAP, including qualitative studies, uncontrolled and controlled single-case designs, group designs, and studies on training therapists in FAP. We conclude that current research support for FAP is promising but not sufficient to justify claims that FAP is research-supported for specific psychiatric disorders. There is stronger support for FAP's mechanism of therapist-as-social reinforcer: FAP techniques, when appropriately applied to idiographically defined behavioral problems-primarily in the realm of social functioning-produce positive change in those behaviors.

Extended Behavior-Context Relations: a Molar View of Functional Analytic Psychotherapy.

This paper seeks to reinterpret current tenets of functional analytic psychotherapy (FAP) using some assumptions of molar behaviorism. In it, a conceptual alternative to the molecular approach is proposed to explain the mechanisms of change of FAP. To achieve this goal, the utility and limitations of using discrete responses and stimuli as units of analysis are discussed. As an alternative, this paper suggests, as proposed by molar behaviorism, using activities as the unit of analysis. The use of activities as the unit of analysis would allow analyses of clinical behavior as choices in different time scales and measurements of clinical behavior using time allocation. Using choice behavior to analyze data allows analyses of behavior in terms of its short-term and long-term value. It is argued that time allocation as a unit of measure is more appropriate than the rate of behavior because it allows the continuous measurement of behavior and comparisons of disparate behaviors as they occur during therapy sessions. Finally, a multi-scale analysis would allow the articulation of long-term and short-term contingencies that are related to therapy and behavioral change.

Effects of Functional Analytic Psychotherapy Therapist Training on Therapist Factors Among Therapist Trainees in Singapore: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP) is a behavioral psychotherapy intervention that emphasizes the development of an intimate and intense therapeutic relationship as the vehicle of therapeutic change. Recently, research has provided preliminary support for a FAP therapist training (FAPTT) protocol in enhancing FAP competency. The present study aimed to expand on this research by examining the effects of FAPTT on FAP-specific skills and competencies and a set of broadly desirable therapist qualities (labelled awareness, courage and love in FAPTT) in a sample of therapist trainees in Singapore. The study also evaluated the feasibility and acceptability of FAP in the Singaporean context. Twenty-five students enrolled in a master's in clinical psychology program were recruited and randomly assigned to receive either eight weekly sessions of a FAPTT course or to a waitlist condition. All participants completed measures assessing empathy, compassionate love, trait mindfulness, authenticity and FAP-specific skills and competencies pre- and post-training, and at 2-month follow-up. A post-course evaluation was administered to obtain participants' qualitative feedback. Results indicated that compared with the waitlisted group, FAPTT participants reported significant increases in overall empathy, FAP skill and treatment acceptability from pre- to post-training. Improvements were observed on several outcome variables at 2-month follow-up. Participants reported finding the training to be both feasible and acceptable, although several raised issues related to the compatibility of the treatment with the local cultural context. Overall, the findings suggest that FAPTT is effective for improving specific FAP competencies and selected broadly desirable therapist qualities among therapist trainees. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEY PRACTITIONER MESSAGE: Functional Analytic Therapy (FAP) therapist training protocol was effective in improving empathy and FAP skills among Singaporean therapist trainees. These improvements were maintained at 2-month follow-up. The training was found to be acceptable in the Singaporean context, although several adaptations were suggested to increase the compatibility between FAP principles and local cultural norms.

Introduction to using structured evocative activities in Functional Analytic Psychotherapy.

Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP) focuses on what happens in session between clients and therapists in order to create more intense and curative therapeutic relationships. FAP may be used as a standalone treatment or as an adjunct to other therapies in order to maximize therapeutic gains through strengthened alliance and differential reinforcement. When it fits within a client's case conceptualization, FAP clinicians often choose to use structured, evocative activities to progress the therapy at a faster pace. This article provides a rationale for using structured evocative activities in FAP with concrete examples to facilitate clinicians' implementation of the exercises.

Quality of life in women with lipoedema: a contextual behavioral approach.

PURPOSE: Lipoedema is a chronic, progressive adipose disorder of unknown etiology, often underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed as obesity. It manifests itself with accumulation of the fat in lower parts of the body and associated edema and, due to numerous physical and psychological consequences, affects the quality of life (QOL) of those who suffer. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychological factors that might have an impact on the QOL of women with lipoedema from the contextual behavioral viewpoint. METHODS: In an Internet-based cross-sectional study, women suffering from lipoedema (N = 120) were asked to fill in questionnaires assessing: symptom severity, QOL (WHOQOL-BREF), satisfaction with life (SWLS), psychological flexibility (Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II), social connectedness (Social Connectedness Scale-Revised) and other psychological factors. The majority of participants were from the USA, the UK, and Australia. RESULTS: Multiple hierarchical regression analyses showed that a higher level of QOL was predicted by higher levels of psychological flexibility and social connectedness, while controlling for symptom severity. Higher level of SWL was predicted only by higher level of social connectedness. CONCLUSIONS: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy with psychological flexibility as the target of change and Functional Analytic Psychotherapy with social connectedness as the target of change might be useful in treating women with lipoedema; however, further research in this area is needed. The authors conclude that psychological and biomedical interventions for women with lipoedema and their QOL merit more attention from researchers and the medical community than is currently received.

Efeitos da sinalização de intervenções na psicoterapia analítica funcional / Effects of signalizing interventions in functional analytic psychotherapy

A Psicoterapia Analítica Funcional (FAP) baseia-se no behaviorismo radical e propõe como mecanismo de mudança a modelagem de comportamentos clinicamente relevantes (CCR) na interação terapêutica. Diversas pesquisas tem comprovado a eficácia desse mecanismo de mudança, porém um estudo detalhado das variáveis envolvidas nessa modelagem se faz necessário. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo teve como objetivos verificar os efeitos sobre os CCRs produzidos por dois tipos de intervenções: FAP não sinalizada (FAPNS) e FAP sinalizada (FAPS), e comparar essas intervenções com intervenções analítico comportamentais com foco em análise de contingências externas à terapia (ACE). As intervenções FAPNS consistiram na modelagem de CCRs na interação terapêutica. Já as intervenções FAPS, além da modelagem continham as seguintes variáveis: 1. sinalização e descrição pelo terapeuta da ocorrência de CCRs na interação com o cliente; 2. descrição do terapeuta ao cliente do impacto que os CCRs produzem nele (com relação a sentimentos, pensamentos, etc.); e 3. paralelos realizados pelo terapeuta dos comportamentos do cliente em sessão e fora dela.. Foi utilizado um delineamento intra-sujeito de reversão, de tratamentos múltiplos (A1 B1 A2 C1 A3 B2 A4 C2 A5) para estudar os efeitos dessas intervenções em dois clientes com problemas em relacionamentos interpessoais. A ordem de apresentação das fases foi alternada para cada participante. As sessões foram filmadas e analisadas utilizando o instrumento Functional Analytic Psychotherapy Rating Scale FAPRS. Foram analisadas 27 sessões de cada participante. Os resultados corroboram que a modelagem dos CCRs é o mecanismo de mudança na FAP, visto que os CCRs2 aumentaram de frequência e os CCRs1 diminuíram nas fases em que a FAPS ou FAPNS foram introduzidas. Com o delineamento utilizado conseguimos observar as reversões nas frequências de CRBs nas mudanças entre as fases FAP e ACE. Não foram encontradas diferenças evidentes entre as duas... (AU)

Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP) is based on radical behaviorism and proposes that the shaping of clinically relevant behavior (CRB) is the instrument of behavioral change. Many researches demonstrated this mechanism, but a detailed analysis of the variables is necessary. The objective of this research was to study the effects of two different FAP interventions on CRBs: Non-signalized FAP Interventions (FAPNS) and signalized FAP interventions (FAPS), and compare those interventions with sessions of behavioral psychotherapy, with focus on analysis of contingencies external to therapy (ACE). FAPNS interventions consist of shaping the client´s behavior throughout the course of therapeutic interaction. FAPS interventions, in addition to shaping CRBs during therapeutic interaction, contain the following variables: 1) signaling and description by the therapist of the occurrence of CRBs during the interaction with the client, 2) description of the CRBs impact on the therapist (e.g., the therapists feelings, thoughts, etc., produced by the clients CRBs), and 3) description of parallels between CRBs and the clients behavior outside therapeutic setting. We used a within-subject withdrawal design with multiple treatments (A1 - B1 - A2 - C1 - A3 - B2 - A4 - C2 - A5) to study those variables in two clients with interpersonal relationship problems. We controlled the order of presentation of each phase for the participants. The sessions were filmed and then coded using the Functional Analytic Psychotherapy Rating Scale-FAPRS. 27 sessions of each participant were analyzed. The results show that the shaping process of CRBs is the main mechanism of change in FAP since the CRBs 2 increased while the CRBs 1 decreased during FAPS and FAPNS phases. We observed the reversion of CRBs frequencies between FAP and non FAP phases (ACE), but we did not find differences between FAPS and FAPNS interventions. This indicates that the shaping process of CRBs occur when the... (AU)

Psicoterapia Analítica Funcional feminista: possibilidades de um encontro / Feminist Functional Analytical Psychotherapy: possibilities of an encounter / Psicoterapia Analítica Funcional feminista: posibilidades de un encuentro

O presente estudo reflete sobre o encontro dos posicionamentos da Terapia Feminista (TF) e da Psicoterapia Analítica Funcional (Functional Analytic Psychotherapy – FAP) na clínica. Um estudo de literatura foi feito para comparar seus estilos clínicos. Sua compatibilidade destacou-se quanto ao manejo da relação terapêutica, à inclusão de elementos sociais e culturais, à ênfase sobre a aquisição de habilidades para modificar o ambiente, ao fato de o terapeuta e o cliente assumirem seus valores e sentimentos, e à validação da vivência emocional do cliente em vez da tentativa de modificá-la. As qualidades do estilo clínico das duas abordagens são muito próximas. Porém, seus registros conceituais se baseiam em sensibilidades diferentes: a pragmática clínica para a FAP e os valores políticos para a TF. O estudo sugere que a junção dessas perspectivas pode produzir uma visão clínica mais ampla, além de ser uma estratégia viável para o acolhimento de temas de gênero na atuação clínica.

The present study reflects on the encounter of Feminist Therapy (FT) and Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP). A study of the literature compared their clini­cal styles. It highlighted the compatibility of their views concerning the management of the therapeutic relationship; inclusion of social and cultural elements in treatment; emphasis on the acquisition of abilities to transform the client’s environment; openness about therapist and client values and feelings; and the validation of the client’s emotional experience instead of trying to change it. On these points the two clinical styles are highly similar to each other. Their conceptual registers, however, are based on different sensibilities, namely clinical pragmatics in the case of FAP and political values in the case of FT. The study suggests that joining the perspectives of the two therapies can produce a broader clinical vision and provide a relevant and viable strategy to work on gendered themes in clinical practice.

En este estudio se refleja en el encuentro de la Terapia Feminista (TF) y la Psicoterapia Analítica Funcional (PAF) en la clínica. Un estudio dela literatura comparó los estilos de los dos tratamientos, destacando su compatibilidad con respecto a la gestión de la relación terapéutica, la inclusión de elementos sociales y culturales, el énfasis en la adquisición de competencias para modificar el entorno, encajamiento, por el terapeuta y el cliente, con sus valores y sentimientos, y la validación de la experiencia emocional del cliente en lugar de tratar de modificarlo. Las cualidades del estilo clínico de los dos enfoques son muy cerca. Sin embargo, sus registros están basados ​​en sensibilidades conceptuales disímiles: la pragmática clínica de la FAP y los ideales políticos de la TF. Una alianza entre las dos formas de pensar puede producir una visión clínica más amplia, además de ser una alternativa viable para la recepción de las cuestiones de género en el trabajo clínico.

The Functional Idiographic Assessment Template-Questionnaire (FIAT-Q): Initial Psychometric Properties.

The evidence based assessment (EBA) movement stresses the importance of psychological measures with strong psychometric properties and clinical utility. The Functional Idiographic Assessment Template system (FIAT; Callaghan, 2006) is a functional analytic behavioral approach to the assessment of interpersonal functioning for use with therapies like Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP; Kohlenberg & Tsai, 1991). While research has begun to demonstrate the clinical utility of the FIAT, its psychometric properties have not been explored. The present study examines the Functional Idiographic Assessment Template-Questionnaire (FIAT-Q), a self-report measure contained in the FIAT. Two different approaches are used to explore the psychometric properties and structure of the FIAT-Q, and test-retest reliability is examined. These methods are discussed along with the use of the FIAT-Q as an alternative to nosological assessment of client behaviors.

A especificação do responder contingente do terapeuta na psicoterapia analítica funcional / Specifying the therapist contingent responding in the functional analytic psychotherapy

O responder contingente do terapeuta aos comportamentos clinicamente relevantes (CRB) do cliente consiste no mecanismo de mudança clínica na Psicoterapia Analítica Funcional (FAP). Os procedimentos clínicos são resumidos em cinco regras para o terapeuta, que têm o objetivo de maximizar a frequência de ocorrência de CRBs. A interação lógica da FAP apresenta as cinco regras desdobradas em 12 passos, os quais descrevem as respostas do terapeuta e seus efeitos no comportamento do cliente. Apesar dos avanços no refinamento da descrição da FAP e da validação empírica de seu mecanismo de mudança clínica, a tarefa de especificar o responder contingente do terapeuta permanece inacabada. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar a interação lógica e discuti-la propondo alternativas de operacionalização do responder contingente do terapeuta aos comportamentos clinicamente relevantes relacionados ao problema clínico. O método consistiu em examinar os passos da interação lógica da FAP para hipotetizar alternativas de ação para o terapeuta em resposta ao comportamento problema que ocorre na sessão. Quatro alternativas de resposta do terapeuta são listadas e exemplificadas com verbalizações extraídas de registros de interações terapeuta/cliente. Discutem-se os possíveis efeitos indesejáveis provocados pela descontinuidade do reforço ao comportamento problema e sugerem-se questões para estudos futuros...

The therapist contingent responding to clinically relevant behaviors (CRB) corresponds to Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP) mechanism of change. The clinical procedures are summarized in five rules to therapists, which aim to maximize the frequency of CRBs. FAP logical interaction presents the five rules deployed in 12 steps, which describe therapist's behaviors and their effects on client's behaviors. Despite of the advances reached through refinement in FAP description and the empirical validation of FAP' mechanism of change, the task of specifying therapist contingent responding is still unfinished. The purpose of this paper is to present FAP logical framework and discuss proposing an operationalization alternative to the therapist contingent responding to clinically relevant behaviors related to the clinical problem. The methods consisted in examining FAP logical framework steps to elucidate courses of actions for the therapist in response to the clinical problem. Four courses of action for the therapist are listed and illustrated with verbalizations extracted from recordings of client-therapist interactions. Possible undesirable effects caused by the discontinuing of reinforcement are discussed and questions for future studies are suggested...