Ultrasonographic evaluation of nail matrix topography for preservative nail surgery of nail unit melanoma.

Recently, functional or preservative surgery has been preferred for nail unit melanoma; however, complete resection of the nail unit, particularly the matrix, is challenging because of its complex structure. This study aims to measure the distance of important nail structures through ultrasonography. Herein, 14 patients without nail deformity were included. The length from the nail cuticle to the distal interphalangeal joint (distance X), to the attachment part of the extensor muscle (distance A), to the median proximal end of the nail matrix (distance B), and to the lateral proximal end of the nail matrix (distance C) were measured. In the axial plane, the length from the highest point of the nail plate to the bottom of the distal phalanx (distance Y) and to the lateral tip of the nail plate (distance D) were measured. On the first fingernail, third fingernail, first toenail, and third toenail, the mean ratio A:X, ratio B:X, ratio C:X, and ratio D:Y were 78.6%, 44.3%, 57.2%, 40.1%, and 84.6%; 55.9%, 64.9%, 40.2%, and 66.4%; 35.6%, 50.8%, 34.3%, and 81.9%; and 57.2%, 59.6%, and 31.7%, respectively. Nail units are often invisible to the naked eye; thus, this study will help identify the approximate scope of excision.

Stair-stepped mandibulotomy: Clinical indication, surgery program design, and operation points.

For radical treatment of malignancies in the posterior region of the oral cavity and oropharynx, surgical exposure of the tumor by mandibulotomy is often required. Midline or paramedian vertical mandibulotomies are commonly performed in clinical practice, but these can damage the suprahyoid musculature and genioglossus, and weaken the swallowing and speech function of patients. Stair-stepped mandibulotomy is a new procedure, developed on the principles of functional surgery, that preserves the structure and function of the mandible whilst providing a clear field and avoiding damage to critical muscle attachments. Stair-stepped mandibulotomy is suitable for patients whose primary tumor is located in the middle and posterior part of the tongue or oropharynx, especially if the lesion involves extrinsic tongue muscles. In this case report, we draw on 2 cases of typical patients in our center to elaborate the surgery program design, operation points, advantages and disadvantages of stair-stepped mandibulotomy.

Lateral Pectoral Nerve Identification through Ultrasound-Guided Methylene Blue Injection during Selective Peripheral Neurectomy for Shoulder Spasticity: Proposal for a New Procedure.

Internally rotated and adducted shoulder is a common posture in upper limb spasticity. Selective peripheral neurectomy is a useful and viable surgical technique to ameliorate spasticity, and the lateral pectoral nerve (LPN) could be a potential good target to manage shoulder spasticity presenting with internal rotation. However, there are some limitations related to this procedure, such as potential anatomical variability and the necessity of intraoperative surgical exploration to identify the target nerve requiring wide surgical incisions. This could result in higher post-surgical discomfort for the patient. Therefore, the aim of our study was to describe a modification of the traditional selective peripheral neurectomy procedure of the LPN through the perioperative ultrasound-guided marking of the target nerve with methylene blue. The details of the localization and marking procedure are described, as well as the surgical technique of peripheral selective neurectomy and the potential advantages in terms of nerve localization, surgical precision and patients' post-surgical discomfort. We suggest that the proposed modified procedure could be a valid technique to address some current limitations and move the surgical treatment of spasticity toward increasingly tailored management due to the ease of nerve identification, the possibility of handling potential anatomical variability and the resulting smaller surgical incisions.

Clinical application of perforator vessel location guide plate for fibular musculocutaneous flaps / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#Based on 3D printing technology, explore the precision of a perforator vessel location guide plate for fibular musculocutaneous flaps before the transplantation of fibular osteocutaneous flaps and evaluate its application effects.@*Methods@#This study was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee, and informed consent was obtained from the patients. From May 2019 to October 2022, 14 patients with jaw defects who needed to undergo fibular perforator flap transplantation at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University were selected. For the seven patients in the guide plate group, CTA was combined with Mimics software to reconstruct both lower limbs, and the perforator vessel positioning guide for locating perforator vessels was designed; the two ends of the guide plate were designed as fixed ends, with the upper end fixed to the knee joint and the lower end fixed to the ankle joint, and the guide plate was fabricated by a 3D printer. For the seven patients in the control group, a conventional handheld Doppler probe was used for perforator vessel location. The average operation time, bleeding volume, recovery time, deviation of perforator vessel location, postoperative flap-related complications, postoperative donor site shape satisfaction, and lower extremity functional scale (LEFS) score were recorded. SPSS 25.0 software was used for statistical analysis.@*Results@#The average operation time, bleeding volume, recovery time, deviation of perforator vessel location and postoperative donor site shape satisfaction were significantly better in the guide plate group than in the control group (P<0.05); moreover, the differences in postoperative flap-related complications and LEFS scores were not statistically significant (P>0.05).@*Conclusion@#Based on 3D printing technology, fibular musculocutaneous flap perforator vessels can be more accurately located using a guide plate and the knee and ankle as fixed points, and this method can effectively stabilize the guide position, prevent soft tissue offset, and improve positioning accuracy and thus deserves to be generalized.

Risk of recurrence of nail unit melanoma after functional surgery versus amputation.

BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive nail unit melanoma (NUM) can be treated with functional surgery (FS) instead of amputation. OBJECTIVE: To determine risk factors associated with recurrence in NUM. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients with NUM between 2008 and 2022 at a tertiary referral center. Multivariable Cox regression models adjusted for male sex and Breslow thickness (BT) were generated. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to determine optimal cut-off points of the BT for stratifying recurrence risk. RESULTS: We evaluated 140 NUM cases (33 amputation and 107 FS). The mean BT values were 3.14 ± 2.62 mm (amputation) and 0.70 ± 1.36 mm (FS). Recurrence occurred in 10 (30.30%) patients with amputation and 23 (21.5%) with FS. Distant disease occurred in 10 (30.30%) patients with amputation and 8 (7.48%) with FS. Male sex, greater BT, amelanotic color, ulcers, and nodules were associated with greater risk for recurrence or distant disease. A BT of 0.8 mm was deemed the optimal cut-off for stratifying recurrence risk after surgery (odds ratio, 5.32; 95% CI, 2.04-13.85). LIMITATIONS: Small sample. CONCLUSION: FS can be considered for NUM with a BT < 0.8 mm, providing an amputation-sparing benefit. However, NUM with risk factors for recurrence requires patient counselling and close follow-ups.

Anterolateral thigh perforator flap made by customized 3D-printing fabrication of fixed positioning guide for oromaxillofacial reconstruction: a preliminary study

Background: Oromaxillofacial carcinomas frequently result in serious tissue defect due to enlarged resection for treating their extensive invasion, which require challenging reconstruction. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an advanced technology which has greatly promoted the progress of craniomaxillofacial reconstructive surgery. This present study aimed to investigate the advantages of anterolateral thigh (ALT) perforator flap manufactured by 3D printing fixed positioning guide template in curing oromaxillofacial defect.Material and methods: Twenty patients with oromaxillofacial defects resulted from severe primary malignant tumors were divided into experimental group assisted by digital technique (n=8) and controlled group conventionally aided by ultrasound (n=12). The therapeutic effectiveness, flap preparation time, amount of bleeding, deviation of perforator vessel location, aesthetic satisfaction of donor site, postoperative complications, adverse symptom of flap, and LEFS scores were compared.Results: For experimental group, flap preparation time was significantly shorter; and it has obviously less bleeding, minor deviation of perforator vessel location, and better aesthetic satisfaction of donor site (P<.001). There was no statistical difference in postoperative complications and LEFS scores between two groups (P>.05).Conclusions: The study suggests 3D printing template of fixed positioning guide provides a brand-new method for orienting perforated vessels of ALT flap, which is more accurate in clinical application. It can improve the operative efficacy, and increase the successful rate of operation as well. (AU)

Individualized Functional Decompression Options for Adult Chiari Malformation With Syringomyelia and A Novel Scale for Syringomyelia Resolution: A Single-Center Experience.

OBJECTIVE: To compare outcomes of posterior fossa bony decompression alone (PFD) versus PFD with duraplasty (PFDD) versus PFDD with additional obex exploration (PFDDO) in patients with Chiari malformation type I (CMI) combining syringomyelia. METHODS: Clinical records of adult patients who underwent decompressions from 2014 to 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The decompression procedure was individualized based on the cerebrospinal fluid pulse in the surgical field. The Chicago Chiari Outcome Scale (CCOS) was used to assess the prognosis of the patients and a novel syringomyelia resolution scale, based on 3-dimensional volume, was introduced. The percentage change in the cervical syrinx volume was classified as follows by resolution: ≥ 70%, 30%-70%, and < 30%. RESULTS: Seventy-eight individuals were enrolled, of which 22, 20, and 36 underwent PFD, PFDD, and PFDDO, respectively. The three decompression groups had no significant difference in the preoperative characteristics and postoperative prognosis. Multivariate analyses revealed that better CCOS was significantly correlated with younger age at surgery (p = 0.018), syrinx originated from lower cervical levels (p = 0.037), narrower preoperative cerebral aqueduct (p = 0.005), and better syrinx volume resolution (p = 0.004). Additionally, a better cervical syrinx volume resolution was significantly correlated with higher CCOS (p = 0.017), narrower cerebral aqueduct (p = 0.035), and better tonsillar descent resolution (p = 0.007). CONCLUSION: Individualized functional decompression induced an equal effect on CCOS and syrinx volume resolution for all CMI patients with syringomyelia. Our syringomyelia resolution scale facilitates communication and prediction of CMI prognosis.

Current Neurosurgery.

Neurosurgery is based on neuroscience, physiology and medical physics. Therefore, neurosurgery has also developed along with discoveries and innovations in these fields. The present article outlines the areas of neurosurgery and their development until 2022. Technology for the preservation of the central nervous system and cranial nerve function has made remarkable progress through the integration of diagnostic imaging and functional evaluation capabilities. Endovascular treatment strategies of cerebrovascular disorders have also progressed. The procedures have not only shifted from craniotomy to endovascular catheterization, but the devices used in these procedures have also changed. In addition to these traditional disease treatment strategies/techniques, neurosurgical techniques have recently been used in surgical procedures to improve quality of life. Epilepsy, is one of the diseases that does not significantly have a direct impact on life outcomes. However, epilepsy patients find it difficult to reintegrate into society. In epilepsy, seizure management is important, and some subgroups of patients can be better treated using surgical intervention than by using pharmacotherapy. In addition, the treatment of dementia due to idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus can be improved by surgical management of the cerebrospinal fluid. Neurosurgical intervention can help diseased patients reintegrate into society, which is difficult without treatment. Even in these disease groups, surgical intervention may have irreversible consequences. Therefore, its implications should be decided based on universal scientific evidence.

Management of Nail Unit Melanoma.

Nail unit melanoma is an uncommon form of melanoma with worse prognosis compared with nonacral cutaneous melanoma. Nail unit melanoma is often diagnosed at a late stage. Clinical and dermoscopic features may suggest a diagnosis of nail unit melanoma, but confirmation requires histologic analysis. Like the clinical diagnosis, histopathologic diagnosis of nail unit melanoma is also difficult. The surgical management of nail unit melanoma has evolved from aggressive amputations to digit-sparing approaches. This article reviews the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and surgical treatment of nail unit melanoma to promote early diagnosis and rational surgery.

Functional outcomes after robot-assisted pyeloplasty for ureteropelvic junction obstruction: A bi-centre experience.

BACKGROUND: Robot-assisted pyeloplasty (RALP) for patients with clinically symptomatic ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is increasing and needs assessment. METHODS: Patients who underwent RALP for UPJO in two academic centres were included. Demographic and perioperative data were collected retrospectively. UPJO was evaluated by imaging pre- and post-surgery. Patients had follow-up consultations 3,6 and 12 months post-surgery. Global success was defined as a clinical response plus radiographic evidence of no further obstruction 3-months post-surgery. RESULTS: Overall 214 patients (median age: 40 years [interquartile range:30.3-54.0]) were included. Fourteen patients (6.5%) had undergone previous surgery for UPJO. Thirty patients (14%) suffered complication: urinoma (n = 13; 6.1%), pyelonephritis (n = 15; 7%) and retroperitoneal haematomas (n = 2; 0.9%). Repeated early surgery was necessary in eight patients (3.6%). Seven patients had a recurrence of UPJO and six (2.9%) underwent repeated surgery. Radiological success rate was 96.7% whereas global success rate was 91%. CONCLUSIONS: RALP was a reliable, effective and safe treatment for UPJO with a high global and radiologic success rate.

Long-term walking ability and patient satisfaction after lower limb functional surgery in patients affected by Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: A retrospective study.

Structural foot deformities consequent to Charcot Marie Tooth (CMT) can be treated by functional surgery (FS). This study aims to evaluate both long-term walking ability and patients' satisfaction in CMT subjects who underwent FS during their lifetime. We conducted a retrospective observational study. Age, sex, CMT type, comprehensive surgical history, current walking ability assessed by the Walking Handicap Scale (WHS) and patients' global impression of change (pGIC) were retrieved from a custom database managed at our institution. WHS and pGIC were assessed between mid-2018 and mid-2019. Data from 79 patients were screened and 63 were included, 35W-28M, mean age 42 (15), with demyelinating (75%), axonal (20%), and other types (5%) of CMT, who underwent FS between 1967 and 2018. FS evolved significantly over the years from bone-related procedures (e.g., arthrodesis) to both bone and soft tissues-related procedures. The re-intervention rate decreased from 70% before 2000 to 32% in the last decade. Complications arose in five cases. FS was mainly performed on adults (73%). WHS was ≥ 5 in three-quarters of the sample (range 1-6) and was significantly affected by age groups in patients with demyelinating CMT (n=47, p<0.01, non-parametric ANOVA). Nearly 80% of patients were satisfied with FS (pGIC ≥ 4). In conclusion, CMT subjects who underwent FS surgery maintained a high gait efficiency in the long-term period, with middle to high levels of satisfaction in the majority of the cases. This confirms the validity of FS in the management of acquired foot deformities in CMT patients.

Removal of benign tumor in the lower pole of the parotid gland through concealed incision in the retroauricular sulcus / 口腔疾病防治

Objective @#To assess the safety and feasibility of incision in the retroauricular sulcus for removal of benign tumors in the lower pole of the parotid gland and to provide some ideas for aesthetic consideration of parotidectomy.@*Methods@# In total, 18 cases with benign tumors of the lower pole regions of the parotid gland were included in this study, including 9 pleomorphic adenomas, 2 myoepitheliomas, 5 Warthin tumors, 1 basal cell adenoma and 1 oncocytoma. Three months after the operation, facial paralysis and salivary fistula were assessed. A visual analog scale was used to score the cosmetic satisfaction of the surgical incision. Tumor recurrence was followed up 6 ~ 12 months after operation.@*Results@# In 18 patients with benign tumors the lower pole regions of the parotid gland, the tumor diameter ranges from 1.0 to 3.1 cm, with an average value of 2.5 cm. All patients experienced successful complete removal of the parotid mass with the minimally invasive retroauricular approach, and all wounds healed in one stage after operation. No serious complications, such as permanent facial paralysis and tumor recurrence, occurred 3 months after the operation. The patients were satisfied with the appearance of the surgical incision (aesthetic score 9.3 ± 0.4), achieving the expected aesthetic effect. @*Conclusion@#This approach is feasible and safe for most small benign parotid tumors located in the lower pole region of the parotid gland and in the posterior region of the jaw. The scar is located in the retroauricular sulcus, which significantly meets the aesthetic needs of the concealed incision for patients.

Cirugía reconstructiva de la mano en pacientes tetrapléjicos / Reconstructive surgery of the upper limb tetraplegi hand

RESUMEN Introducción: En las personas tetrapléjicas la carencia de la función del miembro superior constituye la mayor barrera para su autonomía, por lo que muchas de ellas consideran muy importante la reconstrucción y la recuperación de sus miembros superiores. Objetivo: Describir el restablecimiento de la pinza y el agarre de la mano tetrapléjica con el uso de las técnicas de Zancolli y House. Método: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal, prospectivo, con 12 pacientes tetrapléjicos que acudieron a la consulta del equipo de Miembro Superior, del Complejo Científico Ortopédico Internacional "Frank País", de enero de 2013 a diciembre de 2016. Las variables de estudio fueron: edad, sexo, etiología de la lesión, clasificación (según la clasificación internacional de Giens), dependencia en la realización de las actividades cotidianas (índice de Barthel), función de la extremidad (clasificación funcional de Mowery), la satisfacción personal (escala de Allien y Machle) y complicaciones. Se utilizaron las técnicas de Zancolli y House. La información se recogió de las historias clínicas de los pacientes ingresados. Los datos se procesaron en una base de datos creada en microcomputadora con los sistemas Word y Excel. También se utilizó el sistema estadístico SPSS 17. Resultados: Del total de pacientes de la muestra, se atendieron once hombres y una mujer (24 manos en total). La edad promedio fue de 30 años, con un período de latencia de 8,6 años. Se recogió como etiología de la lesión medular la traumática. Según la clasificación internacional de Giens, hubo diez pacientes en el grupo 4, y dos pacientes en el grupo 5. Se presentaron complicaciones en tres casos. Con la cirugía se logró que todos los enfermos cambiaran de la condición de dependientes a independientes. En cuanto a la función de la mano, la gran mayoría de la muestra fue clasificada como excelente y, respecto a la satisfacción personal, nueve pacientes refirieron sentirse excelentes. Conclusiones: La técnica de Zancolli y la de House favorecen el restablecimiento de la pinza y el agarre de la mano tetrapléjica, mejoran la movilidad articular, la fuerza muscular y la funcionabilidad de la mano. Estos procedimientos favorecen la autonomía del paciente y tienen un alto grado de satisfacción(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: In tetraplegic persons, the lack of function of the upper limb constitutes the utmost barrier to their autonomy, which is why many of them consider the reconstruction and recovery of their upper limbs to be very important. Objective: To describe the restoration of the caliper and the grip of quadriplegic hand with the use of Zancolli and House techniques. Method: A longitudinal, prospective study was carried out in 12 tetraplegic patients who came to the upper limp consultation at Frank País International Orthopedic Scientific Complex, from January 2013 to December 2016. The study variables were age, sex, injury etiology, classification (according to Giens international classification), dependence on daily activities (Barthel index), function of the limb (Mowery functional classification), personal satisfaction (Allien and Machle scale) and complications. Zancolli and House techniques were used. The information was collected from the medical records of the admitted patients. Data was processed in a microcomputer database with Word and Excel systems. The SPSS 17 statistical system was also used. Results: Eleven men and one woman (24 hands in total) were treated from the total of patients in the sample. The average age was 30 years, with 8.6 years of latency period. Traumatic spinal cord injury was collected as the etiology of the spinal cord injury. According to the international Giens classification, there were ten patients in group 4, and two patients in group 5. Complications occurred in three cases. With surgery, all patients were able to change from dependent to independent status. Regarding hand function, the vast majority of the sample was classified as excellent, and regarding personal satisfaction, nine patients reported feeling excellent. Conclusions: Zancolli and House techniques favor the restoration of the caliper and the grip of the quadriplegic hand, improve joint mobility, muscle strength and the functionality of the hand. These procedures favor the autonomy of the patient and have a high degree of satisfaction(AU)

RÉSUMÉ Introduction: Chez les personnes tétraplégiques, l'absence de fonction des membres supérieurs est la barrière la plus grande qui empêche leur autonomie. C'est pourquoi la plupart d'entre elles considèrent la reconstruction et la récupération de leurs membres supérieurs très importantes. Objectif: Décrire le rétablissement de la pince digitale et la préhension de la main tétraplégique par les techniques de Zancolli et de House. Méthode: Une étude longitudinale et prospective de 12 patients tétraplégiques vus en consultation par l'équipe de Membres supérieurs, au Complexe scientifique international d'orthopédie Frank Pais, a été effectuée de janvier 2013 à décembre 2016. Les variables étudiées ont été l'âge, le sexe, l'étiologie de la lésion, la classification (selon la classification internationale de Giens), la dépendance au moment de réaliser les activités quotidiennes (index de Barthel), la fonction de l'extrémité (classification fonctionnelle de Mowery), la satisfaction personnelle (échelle d'Allien et Machhle), et les complications. Les techniques de Zancolli et de House ont été employées. L'information a été obtenue à partir des dossiers médicaux des patients hospitalisés. Les données ont été traitées dans une base des données créée par ordinateur sur la base des applications telles que Word et Excel. On a aussi utilisé le système statistique SPSS 17. Résultats: Sur la totalité de patients de l'échantillon, onze hommes et une femme (24 mains au total) ont été pris en charge. L'âge moyen a été 30 ans, dans une période de latence de 8.6 ans. Les traumatismes sont à l'origine de la lésion médullaire. D'après la classification internationale de Giens, il y a eu dix patients dans le groupe 4 et deux patients dans le groupe 5. Il y a eu des complications dans trois cas. L'intervention a permis que tous les malades atteignent leur autonomie. La fonction de la main a été considérée excellente dans la majorité des patients de l'échantillon, tandis que neuf ont exprimé leur satisfaction. Conclusions: Les techniques de Zancolli et de House favorisent le rétablissement de la pince digitale et la préhension de la main tétraplégique, et améliorent la mobilité articulaire, la force musculaire et la fonction de la main. Ces procédures facilitent l'autonomie du patient, et obtiennent un haut taux de satisfaction(AU)

Long-term effects on body functions, activity and participation of hemiplegic patients in equino varus foot deformity surgical correction followed by immediate rehabilitation. A prospective observational study.

Background: Functional surgery is an effective approach in the treatment of the rigid equinovarus foot deformity (EVFD). This must be associated with early rehabilitation treatments (ERTs) to prevent muscle rearrangements due to immobilization. Objectives: To assess the effects of EVFD surgical correction in adult stroke patients, when assessed according to the ICF domains. Methods: Variables from 24 adult chronic stroke survivors with EVFD surgical correction followed by ERT, age 55 ± 13 years, affected side 12L/12R, time from lesion 5 ± 4 years were analyzed. Body function domain: pain (NPRS), walking speed, clinical global impression of change (cGIC). Activity domain: Rivermead Mobility Index (RMI), FAC, and 6 min walking test (6MWT). Participation domain: Walking Handicap Scale (WHS). Patients were assessed before (T0), one (T1), three (T2) and twelve (T3) months after surgery by a single assessor. Results: All variables but the 6MWT significantly improved (Wilcoxon test, p < .05) at T1 or T2 and this remained until the 12-months mark. Since T1, all patients reached and maintained a supervised independent walking (FAC≥3) and all those wearing an AFO stopped using it. The median cGCI was "much improved" at T1, with a "further minimal improvement" at T3. This was not associated with the improvement measured by both FAC, and WHS (Chi-square test, p = .20 and p = .36, respectively). Conclusions: Functional surgery combined with ERT is effective in improving the patients' condition according to all ICF domains. Both subjective and objective assessments have to be used when assessing these patients.

Functional surgery versus amputation for in situ or minimally invasive nail melanoma: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Evidence on whether functional surgery is not inferior to amputation for the treatment of in situ or minimally invasive (Breslow thickness ≤0.5 mm) nail melanoma is limited. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the difference in local recurrence between the 2 interventions for in situ or minimally invasive nail melanoma using available published studies. METHODS: We performed systematic search on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, trial registers, and grey literature databases from inception to June 28, 2018. We included observational studies with at least 5 patients with in situ or minimally invasive nail melanoma. Main outcome was local recurrence. RESULTS: The odds ratio synthesized from 5 studies including 109 patients (88 functional operations and 21 amputations) was 1.57 (95% confidence interval, 0.31-8.00). LIMITATIONS: Small sample size and possible interstudy heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis revealed no difference in local recurrence between the 2 interventions. Considering the functional deficit after amputation, conservative surgery should be the treatment of choice for in situ or minimally invasive nail melanoma.

Lower Extremity Amputations in At-Risk Patients: A Focus on Tissue Viability and Function in the Compromised Limb.

Amputations distal to the ankle joint are commonly performed in efforts to preserve a limb. Thorough examination of lower extremity biomechanics, patient functional status, and patient goals must be used to help prevent reulceration and further amputation. Once infection is resolved in the acute setting, musculotendon balancing should be considered at the time of amputation closure to maintain functionality of the limb. Patients should be closely followed postoperatively and monitored for biomechanical deformity that needs to be addressed. Careful attention to detail and adherence to surgical principles can help keep patients active and prevent further amputation.

[Functional parotid surgery for removal of benign parotid tumors].

Objective: To evaluate the effect of the application of functional parotid surgery for removal of benign parotid tumors and the prevention of Frey syndrome. Method: One hundred and fifty-six cases with benign tumor were underwent functional regional parotidectomy. All tumors were smaller than 4 cm in diameter. The safe surgical margin was 5 mm when the tumors were less than 2 cm in diameter, while the safety margin was 1 cm for the tumors diameter between 2-4 cm. 156 cases were assigned to two groups(A and B). The absorbable hemostatic sponge was placed between the surface of parotid gland and skin flap after tumor resection in group A，while no sponge was placed in group B. Postoperative followup was 12-24 months. Result: No compression bandage was performed. No patient had recurrence or salivary fistula. There were 3 cases of temporary facial paralysis, of which 2 cases recovered from the mandibular marginal branch injury within 1 month and 1 case recovered from the facial nerve trunk injury within 6 months. Compared with group B 15.38%(12/78)，the incidence of Frey syndrome was significantly decreased in group A 3.85%（3/78）.χ2=5.728, P<0.05. Conclusion: The removal of benign parotid tumors by functional parotid surgery can effectively preserve the function of residual gland and reduce complication. Intraoperative implantation of absorbable hemostatic sponge between parotid gland and skin flap can reduce the incidence of Frey syndrome.

Functional Surgery for Malignant Subungual Tumors: A Case Series and Literature Review. / Cirugía funcional en tumores malignos subungueales. Serie de casos y revisión de la literatura.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Amputation is the conventional treatment for malignant subungual tumors (MSUTs), namely, subungual squamous cell carcinoma (SUSCC) and subungual melanoma (SUM). Functional surgery consisting of wide local excision (WLE) of the nail unit can preserve function without modifying prognosis in such cases. We present a series of MSUTs treated with WLE of the nail unit, describe the technique, and review its indications. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective observational study of MSUTs treated with WLE of the nail unit between 2008 and 2017. The technique consisted of en bloc supraperiosteal excision of the nail unit with a margin of 5mm followed by repair with a full-thickness graft. RESULTS: Eleven MSUTs were treated in the study period: 7 SUMs (4 in situ; mean thickness, 1.17mm; range, 0-4mm) and 4 SUSCCs (mean thickness, 3.4mm; range, 1.6-6mm). WLE of the nail unit was performed in 9 patients and amputation in 2 patients with invasive SUM. Mean follow-up was 39 months (range, 12-96 months) and no local or regional recurrences were detected. One of the 2 patients who underwent amputation developed metastasis to the brain and died. In our review of the literature, we identified 5 series of patients with SUSCC treated with WLE of the nail unit (105 patients) and 14 series of patients with SUM (243 patients). Based on an analysis of these cases and ours, it would appear that WLE of the nail unit is associated with a very low rate of local recurrence (<7%) and offers better functional and cosmetic outcomes than amputation. CONCLUSIONS: WLE of the nail unit is the treatment of choice for SUSCC without bone involvement and for thin noninvasive SUM (Breslow depth <1mm). It is also feasible in intermediate-thickness SUMs when detailed histologic examination of the margins confirms complete resection. Amputation, by contrast, is the treatment of choice for SUSCCs with bone involvement, very thick SUMs (>4mm), and recurrent tumors.

Upper Eyelid Blepharoplasty: Evaluation, Treatment, and Complication Minimization.

Upper eyelid blepharoplasty is one of the most common procedures performed worldwide for both functional and cosmetic indications. There is a high rate of patient satisfaction; however, in this era of social media, patient expectations are higher than ever. Today's digitally savvy patients expect perfect outcomes with no complications and rapid recovery. To achieve optimal results, a careful preoperative evaluation and sound surgical technique is essential for minimizing complications. Here the authors review their approach to the management of the blepharoplasty patient.