Nutritional Composition, Simulated Digestion and Biological Activities of Campomanesia xanthocarpa Fruit.

Gabirobeira fruits are known for their rich nutrient content and bioactive phytochemical compounds that contribute to significant biological activities. Despite these attributes, the antioxidant potential and stability of phenolic compounds in gabiroba by-products after digestion have yet to be studied. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physical-chemical composition, antibacterial activity, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects, as well as the in vitro digestibility of total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of powder and extract from gabiroba to valorize these byproducts. The gabiroba powder had low moisture, high carbohydrate and fiber content. The extraction using 80% ethanol demonstrated higher antioxidant, antibacterial, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibition activities compared to the 12% ethanol and water extracts. Catechin and ferulic acid were the major phenolic compounds identified by HPLC-DAD. After digestion, both the powder and the gabiroba extract exhibited a bioaccessibility of more than 30% for total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity during the gastric phase. However, the dry ethanol extract displayed higher total phenolic compounds after both the gastric and intestinal phases compared to the flour. Processing gabiroba into powder and extract is a promising approach to fully utilize this seasonal fruit, minimize waste, concentrate health-beneficial compounds, and valorize a by-product for use as a functional ingredient and raw material within the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Cytotoxic and Phytotoxic Activities of Native Brazilian Forest Gabiroba (Campomanesia xanthocarpa Berg.), Fruits, and Flour against Shrimp (Artemia salina L.) and Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.).

Gabiroba, a native fruit in Brazil's Atlantic Forest region, has significant nutritional and therapeutic properties. However, due to its seasonality, consumption by the population is limited. Thus, the development of gabiroba byproducts would add significant value to the food and therapeutic industries. Therefore, it is essential to study and support the lack of toxicity of gabiroba fruit extracts. In the present study, physicochemical analyses of fresh fruits (GF) and dehydrated whole gabiroba flour (WGF) and preliminary toxicity analyses of WGF were performed. The toxicity results showed a microcrustacean LC50 of >1000 mg/mL when exposed to WGF extracts at various concentrations (10-1000 µg/mL; p = 0.062) using the Artemia salina method, with no evidence observed of proliferative activity or toxic metabolic compounds in the WGF extract. The phytotoxicity of WGF using Lactuca sativa L. allowed germination and root growth at various concentrations of WGF extract, with the lowest (100 µg/mL) and highest (1000 µg/mL) concentrations exhibiting 98.3% and 100% seed germination, respectively. In conclusion, these results indicate that the WGF preparation preserved the nutritional and antioxidant potential of gabiroba fruits and that WGF is safe for use as a raw material in the food industry and for therapeutic purposes.

Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart.) O. Berg essential oil induces antileishmanial activity and remodeling of the cytoplasm organelles.

Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease that affects millions of people worldwide. This study aimed to analyze antileishmanial activity of Campomanesia xanthocarpa leaf essential oil (EO) on promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis, cytotoxicity in murine macrophages and sheep erythrocytes. The essential oil (EO) was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrophotometry. The main and most abundant compounds were sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (71.22%) such as trans-caryophyllene (7.87%), bicyclogermacrene (11.28%), and δ-cadinene (8.34%). The IC50 for promastigote and amastigote forms of L. amazonensis was 70 µg mL-1 and 6 µg mL-1, respectively. C. xanthocarpa EO was not cytotoxic for murine macrophages (CC50 1860 µg mL-1) and sheep erythrocytes (1.5%), presenting high selectivity index for protozoan (310). C. xanthocarpa EO induced effects on the morphology and ultrastructure of this parasite. The high activity for intracellular amastigote forms, low toxicity to murine macrophages, and erythrocytes, suggest that C. xanthocarpa EO is promising for the treatment of leishmaniasis.

Analysis of radiographic images and germination of Campomanesia pubescens (Mart. ex DC. ) O.Berg (Myrtaceae Juss. ) seeds under drying / Análise de imagens radiográficas e germinação de sementes de Campomanesia pubescens (Mart. ex DC. ) O.Berg (Myrtaceae Juss. ) sob secagem

The objective of this study was to evaluate the internal morphology of seeds of Campomanesia pubescens (Mart. ex DC.) O. Berg with varying water content through X-ray image analysis, and correlate the images with the germination of these seeds. Fruits were collected in Jataí, Goiás, Brazil, and taken to the Seed Laboratory of the Federal Institute Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, where they were processed and the seeds were extracted. To establish the predetermined water content (43%, 37%, 34%, 31%, and 28% wet basis), seeds with an initial water content of 43% were kept in an oven with forced air circulation at a temperature of 40 °C until they reached the predetermined water content levels. Next, the seeds were placed in acrylic holders with double-sided tape and transported to the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), where they were exposed to different intensities of radiation. The X-ray test was conducted with 200 seeds per treatment, and images of the internal structures of the seeds were evaluated. The seeds were returned to the Seed Laboratory of the Federal Institute Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, where the germination test was initiated. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a factorial design (5 × 4), in which there were five water content levels and four seed classes, with four replications. The X-ray test was efficient in the identification of filled, malformed, damaged and empty seeds, which germination rate above 50% in the filled seeds. This visualization of the internal morphology of the seed can be useful to select seeds of better quality, improving the percentage of germination of C. pubescens seeds.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a morfologia interna de sementes de Campomanesia pubescens (Mart. ex DC.) O.Berg com diferentes teores de água por meio de análise de imagens de raios-X, e correlacionar as imagens com a germinação dessas sementes. Os frutos foram coletados no município de Jataí, Goiás, Brasil, e levados ao Laboratório de Sementes do Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, onde foram processados e as sementes foram extraídas. Para estabelecer o teor de água predeterminado (43%, 37%, 34%, 31% e 28% base úmida), as sementes com um teor inicial de água de 43% foram mantidas em estufa com circulação de ar induzida, a uma temperatura de 40 °C até atingirem os níveis de conteúdo de água predeterminados. Em seguida, as sementes foram colocadas em suportes acrílicos com fita dupla face e transportadas para a Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), onde foram expostas a diferentes intensidades de radiação. O teste de raios-X foi realizado com 200 sementes por tratamento, e imagens das estruturas internas das sementes foram avaliadas. As sementes foram devolvidas ao Laboratório de Sementes do Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, onde foi iniciado o teste de germinação. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (5 × 4), no qual foram encontrados cinco níveis de umidade e quatro classes de sementes, com quatro repetições. O teste de raios-X foi eficiente na identificação de sementes preenchidas, malformadas, danificadas e vazias, com taxas de germinação acima dos 50% nas sementes cheias. Essa visualização das morfologia interna da semente pode ser útil para selecionar sementes de melhor qualidade, melhorando a porcentagem de germinação das sementes de C. pubescens.(AU)

Analysis of radiographic images and germination of Campomanesia pubescens (Mart. ex DC.) O.Berg (Myrtaceae Juss.) seeds under drying / Análise de imagens radiográficas e germinação de sementes de Campomanesia pubescens (Mart. ex DC.) O.Berg (Myrtaceae Juss.) sob secagem

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the internal morphology of seeds of Campomanesia pubescens (Mart. ex DC.) O. Berg with varying water content through X-ray image analysis, and correlate the images with the germination of these seeds. Fruits were collected in Jataí, Goiás, Brazil, and taken to the Seed Laboratory of the Federal Institute Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, where they were processed and the seeds were extracted. To establish the predetermined water content (43%, 37%, 34%, 31%, and 28% wet basis), seeds with an initial water content of 43% were kept in an oven with forced air circulation at a temperature of 40 °C until they reached the predetermined water content levels. Next, the seeds were placed in acrylic holders with double-sided tape and transported to the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), where they were exposed to different intensities of radiation. The X-ray test was conducted with 200 seeds per treatment, and images of the internal structures of the seeds were evaluated. The seeds were returned to the Seed Laboratory of the Federal Institute Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, where the germination test was initiated. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a factorial design (5 × 4), in which there were five water content levels and four seed classes, with four replications. The X-ray test was efficient in the identification of filled, malformed, damaged and empty seeds, which germination rate above 50% in the filled seeds. This visualization of the internal morphology of the seed can be useful to select seeds of better quality, improving the percentage of germination of C. pubescens seeds.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a morfologia interna de sementes de Campomanesia pubescens (Mart. ex DC.) O.Berg com diferentes teores de água por meio de análise de imagens de raios-X, e correlacionar as imagens com a germinação dessas sementes. Os frutos foram coletados no município de Jataí, Goiás, Brasil, e levados ao Laboratório de Sementes do Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, onde foram processados ​​e as sementes foram extraídas. Para estabelecer o teor de água predeterminado (43%, 37%, 34%, 31% e 28% base úmida), as sementes com um teor inicial de água de 43% foram mantidas em estufa com circulação de ar induzida, a uma temperatura de 40 °C até atingirem os níveis de conteúdo de água predeterminados. Em seguida, as sementes foram colocadas em suportes acrílicos com fita dupla face e transportadas para a Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), onde foram expostas a diferentes intensidades de radiação. O teste de raios-X foi realizado com 200 sementes por tratamento, e imagens das estruturas internas das sementes foram avaliadas. As sementes foram devolvidas ao Laboratório de Sementes do Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, onde foi iniciado o teste de germinação. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (5 × 4), no qual foram encontrados cinco níveis de umidade e quatro classes de sementes, com quatro repetições. O teste de raios-X foi eficiente na identificação de sementes preenchidas, malformadas, danificadas e vazias, com taxas de germinação acima dos 50% nas sementes cheias. Essa visualização das morfologia interna da semente pode ser útil para selecionar sementes de melhor qualidade, melhorando a porcentagem de germinação das sementes de C. pubescens.

Effects of pressurized hot water extraction on the yield and chemical characterization of pectins from Campomanesia xanthocarpa Berg fruits.

Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE), known as a "green" extraction technique, was used to obtain polysaccharide from the pulp of gabiroba (Campomanesia xanthocarpa Berg) fruits. The effects of pressure, temperature, and flow rate on pectin yields were analyzed through a full factorial design experiment 23. The optimal extraction conditions to achieve maximum pectin yield (5.70 wt%) were pressure of 150 bar, temperature of 120 °C, and flow rate of 1.5 mL min-1. The high pressure (100 bar) promoted an increase in galacturonic acid content (36.0%) compared to conventional hot water extraction (CEGP) with 25.7%. Differences in the proportion of homogalacturonan (HG) and rhamnogalacturonan (RG-I) domains ranging from 16.3 to 35.4% and 61.7 to 80.1%, respectively, were observed for each pectin sample according to the extraction conditions. The mono-dimensional (13C-NMR) and bi-dimensional (1H/13C HSQC-NMR) analyses confirmed the presence of HG and RG-I regions and indicated the presence of arabinogalactans type I (AG-I) and arabinogalactans type II (AG-II) in the PHWE pectin samples, which was not found for pectins from gabiroba pulp obtained by CEGP. The results showed that PHWE proved to be a promising method for extracting pectins from gabiroba fruits.

Cytotoxic effect of crude and purified pectins from Campomanesia xanthocarpa Berg on human glioblastoma cells.

A new source of pectin with a cytotoxic effect on glioblastoma cells is presented. A homogeneous GWP-FP-S fraction (Mw of 29,170 g mol-1) was obtained by fractionating the crude pectin extract (GW) from Campomanesia xanthocarpa pulp. According to the monosaccharide composition, the GWP-FP-S was composed of galacturonic acid (58.8%), arabinose (28.5%), galactose (11.3%) and rhamnose (1.1%), comprising 57.7% of homogalacturonans (HG) and 42.0% of type I rhamnogalacturonans (RG-I). These structures were characterized by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods; GW and GWP-FP-S fractions were evaluated by MTT and crystal violet assays for their cytotoxic effects. Both fractions induced cytotoxicity (15.55-37.65%) with concomitant increase in the cellular ROS levels in human glioblastoma cells at 25-400 µg mL-1, after 48 h of treatment, whereas no cytotoxicity was observed for normal NIH 3T3 cells. This is the first report of in vitro bioactivity and the first investigation of the antitumor potential of gabiroba pectins.

Development and characterization of microsatellite loci for Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Myrtaceae) and cross amplification in related species

Campomanesia xanthocarpa is a native tree, of common occurrence in almost all Brazilian Forest formations, which has its fruits and timber with high commercial value. Using an enriched genomic library we isolated and characterized microsatellite loci for C. xanthocarpa (Myrtaceae), in order to estimate genetic diversity parameters for this and related species. Twenty-eight microsatellite loci were identified and ten of them successfully amplified and showed polymorphism in a sample of 96 individuals, from four natural populations. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to eight, and the observed and expected heterozygosities varied from 0.042 to 1.000 and from 0.294 to 0.855, respectively. These markers were tested and validated in two related species (C. eugenioides and C. guazumifolia). The microsatellite markers will be used in further studies of population genetics of C. xanthocarpa, in order to understand the genetic variability and to define the strategies needed for the conservation of the species.

Development and characterization of microsatellite loci for Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Myrtaceae) and cross amplification in related species

Campomanesia xanthocarpa is a native tree, of common occurrence in almost all Brazilian Forest formations, which has its fruits and timber with high commercial value. Using an enriched genomic library we isolated and characterized microsatellite loci for C. xanthocarpa (Myrtaceae), in order to estimate genetic diversity parameters for this and related species. Twenty-eight microsatellite loci were identified and ten of them successfully amplified and showed polymorphism in a sample of 96 individuals, from four natural populations. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to eight, and the observed and expected heterozygosities varied from 0.042 to 1.000 and from 0.294 to 0.855, respectively. These markers were tested and validated in two related species (C. eugenioides and C. guazumifolia). The microsatellite markers will be used in further studies of population genetics of C. xanthocarpa, in order to understand the genetic variability and to define the strategies needed for the conservation of the species.(AU)

Analysis of radiographic images and germination of Campomanesia pubescens (Mart. ex DC.) O.Berg (Myrtaceae Juss.) seeds under drying

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the internal morphology of seeds of Campomanesia pubescens (Mart. ex DC.) O. Berg with varying water content through X-ray image analysis, and correlate the images with the germination of these seeds. Fruits were collected in Jataí, Goiás, Brazil, and taken to the Seed Laboratory of the Federal Institute Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, where they were processed and the seeds were extracted. To establish the predetermined water content (43%, 37%, 34%, 31%, and 28% wet basis), seeds with an initial water content of 43% were kept in an oven with forced air circulation at a temperature of 40 °C until they reached the predetermined water content levels. Next, the seeds were placed in acrylic holders with double-sided tape and transported to the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), where they were exposed to different intensities of radiation. The X-ray test was conducted with 200 seeds per treatment, and images of the internal structures of the seeds were evaluated. The seeds were returned to the Seed Laboratory of the Federal Institute Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, where the germination test was initiated. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a factorial design (5 × 4), in which there were five water content levels and four seed classes, with four replications. The X-ray test was efficient in the identification of filled, malformed, damaged and empty seeds, which germination rate above 50% in the filled seeds. This visualization of the internal morphology of the seed can be useful to select seeds of better quality, improving the percentage of germination of C. pubescens seeds.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a morfologia interna de sementes de Campomanesia pubescens (Mart. ex DC.) O.Berg com diferentes teores de água por meio de análise de imagens de raios-X, e correlacionar as imagens com a germinação dessas sementes. Os frutos foram coletados no município de Jataí, Goiás, Brasil, e levados ao Laboratório de Sementes do Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, onde foram processados e as sementes foram extraídas. Para estabelecer o teor de água predeterminado (43%, 37%, 34%, 31% e 28% base úmida), as sementes com um teor inicial de água de 43% foram mantidas em estufa com circulação de ar induzida, a uma temperatura de 40 °C até atingirem os níveis de conteúdo de água predeterminados. Em seguida, as sementes foram colocadas em suportes acrílicos com fita dupla face e transportadas para a Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), onde foram expostas a diferentes intensidades de radiação. O teste de raios-X foi realizado com 200 sementes por tratamento, e imagens das estruturas internas das sementes foram avaliadas. As sementes foram devolvidas ao Laboratório de Sementes do Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, onde foi iniciado o teste de germinação. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (5 × 4), no qual foram encontrados cinco níveis de umidade e quatro classes de sementes, com quatro repetições. O teste de raios-X foi eficiente na identificação de sementes preenchidas, malformadas, danificadas e vazias, com taxas de germinação acima dos 50% nas sementes cheias. Essa visualização das morfologia interna da semente pode ser útil para selecionar sementes de melhor qualidade, melhorando a porcentagem de germinação das sementes de C. pubescens.

Pulp and Jam of Gabiroba (Campomanesia xanthocarpa Berg): Characterization and Rheological Properties.

This study evaluated the physicochemical characterization and rheological behavior of gabiroba pulp, and a gabiroba jam formulation. Gabiroba pulp presented a heterogeneous ultrastructure with a denser area formed by a compact mesh and a porous interface containing fibers. The fibers' presence promoted a slip effect when the gabiroba pulp was subjected to shear. Gabiroba pulp showed a gel behavior with thermal stability. Gabiroba jam, developed using pulp as the raw material, had shear thinning behavior exhibiting yield stress described by the Herschel-Bulkley model. The dynamic oscillatory analysis showed that gabiroba jam typically behaved like a gel, i.e., G' values higher than the G″ in all frequency ranges evaluated. The results showed that gabiroba pulp is suitable for use as a raw material in the development of food products such as jam, encouraging the preservation of this native Brazilian species.

Extraction, purification and structural characterization of a galactoglucomannan from the gabiroba fruit (Campomanesia xanthocarpa Berg), Myrtaceae family.

In this study, we isolated and structurally characterized, for the first time, a galactoglucomannan (GGM) from the pulp of gabiroba, a Myrtaceae family species. The HPSEC-MALLS-RI analysis showed a homogeneous polysaccharide with molar mass of 25,340gmol-1. The monosaccharide composition showed that the GGM consisted of Man:Glc:Gal in a molar ratio of 1:1:0.6. Methylation and 1D and 2D NMR analyses suggested that the main chain of the GGM consisted of ß-d-Glcp and ß-d-Manp units (1→4)-linked. The α-d-Galp substitutions occur mainly at O-6 position of ß-d-Manp units. The glycosidic linkages of the GGM were evident by the presence of the characteristic signals of 4-O-substituted residues at δ 78.6/3.69 for both ß-d-Glcp and ß-d-Manp. Furthermore, the O-6 substitutions for both ß-d-Glcp and ß-d-Manp units were confirmed by signals at δ 67.1/4.00 and 3.93. The interglycosidic correlations, obtained through the analysis of the HMBC spectrum, further confirm the structure.

Analysis of radiographic images and germination of Campomanesia pubescens (Mart. ex DC.) O.Berg (Myrtaceae Juss.) seeds under drying

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the internal morphology of seeds of Campomanesia pubescens (Mart. ex DC.) O. Berg with varying water content through X-ray image analysis, and correlate the images with the germination of these seeds. Fruits were collected in Jataí, Goiás, Brazil, and taken to the Seed Laboratory of the Federal Institute Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, where they were processed and the seeds were extracted. To establish the predetermined water content (43%, 37%, 34%, 31%, and 28% wet basis), seeds with an initial water content of 43% were kept in an oven with forced air circulation at a temperature of 40 °C until they reached the predetermined water content levels. Next, the seeds were placed in acrylic holders with double-sided tape and transported to the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), where they were exposed to different intensities of radiation. The X-ray test was conducted with 200 seeds per treatment, and images of the internal structures of the seeds were evaluated. The seeds were returned to the Seed Laboratory of the Federal Institute Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, where the germination test was initiated. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a factorial design (5 × 4), in which there were five water content levels and four seed classes, with four replications. The X-ray test was efficient in the identification of filled, malformed, damaged and empty seeds, which germination rate above 50% in the filled seeds. This visualization of the internal morphology of the seed can be useful to select seeds of better quality, improving the percentage of germination of C. pubescens seeds.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a morfologia interna de sementes de Campomanesia pubescens (Mart. ex DC.) O.Berg com diferentes teores de água por meio de análise de imagens de raios-X, e correlacionar as imagens com a germinação dessas sementes. Os frutos foram coletados no município de Jataí, Goiás, Brasil, e levados ao Laboratório de Sementes do Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, onde foram processados e as sementes foram extraídas. Para estabelecer o teor de água predeterminado (43%, 37%, 34%, 31% e 28% base úmida), as sementes com um teor inicial de água de 43% foram mantidas em estufa com circulação de ar induzida, a uma temperatura de 40 °C até atingirem os níveis de conteúdo de água predeterminados. Em seguida, as sementes foram colocadas em suportes acrílicos com fita dupla face e transportadas para a Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), onde foram expostas a diferentes intensidades de radiação. O teste de raios-X foi realizado com 200 sementes por tratamento, e imagens das estruturas internas das sementes foram avaliadas. As sementes foram devolvidas ao Laboratório de Sementes do Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, onde foi iniciado o teste de germinação. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (5 × 4), no qual foram encontrados cinco níveis de umidade e quatro classes de sementes, com quatro repetições. O teste de raios-X foi eficiente na identificação de sementes preenchidas, malformadas, danificadas e vazias, com taxas de germinação acima dos 50% nas sementes cheias. Essa visualização das morfologia interna da semente pode ser útil para selecionar sementes de melhor qualidade, melhorando a porcentagem de germinação das sementes de C. pubescens.

Germination and initial growth of Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg. (Myrtaceae), in petroleum-contaminated soil and bioremediated soil / Germinação e crescimento inicial de Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg. (Myrtaceae), em solo contaminado com petróleo e solo biorremediado

In 2000 there was an oil spill at the Getúlio Vargas Refinery (REPAR) in Paraná. Nearly five years after contamination and the use of bioremediation, a study was carried out to identify the effects of the contaminated soil and the bioremediated soil on the germination and initial growth of C. xanthocarpa. The experiment was established with soil from REPAR, with three treatment groups: contaminated soil (C), bioremediated soil (B) and uncontaminated soil (U); with five repetitions of 50 seeds each. There was no significant difference in the percentage of germination and the speed of germination index. The production of total biomass (30 - 60 days) and shoot biomass (60 days) was greater in the bioremediated soil compared to the other treatments. The averages for the root biomass were lower in the contaminated soil than in the bioremediated soil. The shoot length and the total length of the seedling in the contaminated soil and uncontaminated soil were lower than in the bioremediated soil.

Em 2000, ocorreu um vazamento de petróleo na área da Refinaria Getúlio Vargas (REPAR), no Paraná. Após cerca de cinco anos da contaminação e utilização do processo de biorremediação, pretendeu-se identificar os efeitos do solo contaminado e do solo biorremediado na germinação e no crescimento inicial de C. xanthocarpa. O experimento foi montado com solo da REPAR, com três tratamentos - solo contaminado (C), solo biorremediado (B), solo não contaminado (U) - e cinco repetições com 50 sementes cada. Não houve diferença significativa na porcentagem e no índice de velocidade de germinação. A produção de biomassa total (30 - 60 dias) e biomassa da parte aérea (60 dias) foram maiores no tratamento biorremediado em relação aos demais tratamentos. As médias para a biomassa da raiz foram menores no solo contaminado do que no solo biorremediado. O comprimento da parte aérea e o comprimento total da plântula no solo contaminado e no não contaminado foram menores do que no biorremediado.

Germination and initial growth of Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg. (Myrtaceae), in petroleum-contaminated soil and bioremediated soil

In 2000 there was an oil spill at the Getúlio Vargas Refinery (REPAR) in Paraná. Nearly five years after contamination and the use of bioremediation, a study was carried out to identify the effects of the contaminated soil and the bioremediated soil on the germination and initial growth of C. xanthocarpa. The experiment was established with soil from REPAR, with three treatment groups: contaminated soil (C), bioremediated soil (B) and uncontaminated soil (U); with five repetitions of 50 seeds each. There was no significant difference in the percentage of germination and the speed of germination index. The production of total biomass (30 - 60 days) and shoot biomass (60 days) was greater in the bioremediated soil compared to the other treatments. The averages for the root biomass were lower in the contaminated soil than in the bioremediated soil. The shoot length and the total length of the seedling in the contaminated soil and uncontaminated soil were lower than in the bioremediated soil.

Em 2000, ocorreu um vazamento de petróleo na área da Refinaria Getúlio Vargas (REPAR), no Paraná. Após cerca de cinco anos da contaminação e utilização do processo de biorremediação, pretendeu-se identificar os efeitos do solo contaminado e do solo biorremediado na germinação e no crescimento inicial de C. xanthocarpa. O experimento foi montado com solo da REPAR, com três tratamentos - solo contaminado (C), solo biorremediado (B), solo não contaminado (U) - e cinco repetições com 50 sementes cada. Não houve diferença significativa na porcentagem e no índice de velocidade de germinação. A produção de biomassa total (30 - 60 dias) e biomassa da parte aérea (60 dias) foram maiores no tratamento biorremediado em relação aos demais tratamentos. As médias para a biomassa da raiz foram menores no solo contaminado do que no solo biorremediado. O comprimento da parte aérea e o comprimento total da plântula no solo contaminado e no não contaminado foram menores do que no biorremediado.

Physicochemical characterization, extraction and analysis of pectins from fruit of Campomanesia Xanthocarpa B. (Gabiroba) / Caracterização físico-química, extração e análise de pectinas de frutos de Campomanesia Xanthocarpa B. (Gabiroba)

Campomanesia xanthocarpa Berg. (Myrtaceae) is a Brazilian native tree, with large range of wild natural distribution or as dooryard tree, in the de South Region. It presents enlarge fructification and grows in poor soils at hot or dry climates. The mature fruit is green-yellow, and the pulp is sweet and richest in vitamins, and are used to make juices or eaten fresh. The fruit contains macro and micronutrients: proteins (1.08 g/100 g), fats (0.12 g/100 g), reduces sugar (8.3 g/100 g, being fructose 4.0 g/100g; glucose 4.3 g/100g), mineral salts (iron 3.52, calcium 28.45, phosphorus 25.3 mg/100g, potassium 1.53mg/100g). The high contents of phenolic compounds (1616 ppm/100g) and vitamin C (233.56 mg/100g) is remarkable indicating this fruit as functional food. The succulent pulp and fruit characteristic flavor can be taken as advantage in the preparation of frozen pulp and an excellence raw material to preparation of juices, jellies, ice creams etc. The fruit texture can be attributed to pectin contents that was extracted and analyzed. This fruit has technological potential due to sensorial and nutritious properties.

Campomanesia xanthocarpa Berg (Myrtaceae) é uma árvore nativa brasileira, com ampla distribuição natural ou cultivada em pomares domésticos da Região Sul. Apresenta abundante frutificação, cresce em solos pobres, em climas quentes ou secos. A fruta madura é verde-amarelada, a polpa é doce, rica em vitaminas, utilizada para o preparo de sucos ou ingerida in natura. O fruto contém macro e micronutrientes: proteínas (1,08 g/100 g), lipídios (0,12 g/100 g), açúcares redutores (8,3 g/100 g, sendo frutose 4,0 g/100g; glucose 4,3 g/100g), sais minerais (ferro 3,52, cálcio 28,45; fósforo 25,3; potássio 1,53mg/100g). Os elevados teores de compostos fenólicos (1616 ppm/100g) e vitamina C (233,56 mg/100g) qualificam o fruto como alimento funcional. A polpa suculenta e o aroma característico do fruto podem ser atributos vantajosos na preparação de polpa congelada e como excelente matéria-prima no preparo de sucos, geléias, sorvetes etc. A textura do fruto pode ser atribuída ao alto teor de pectinas, que foram extraídas e analisadas. Este fruto apresenta potencial tecnológico devido às suas propriedades sensoriais e nutritivas.     

Physicochemical characterization, extraction and analysis of pectins from fruit of Campomanesia Xanthocarpa B. (Gabiroba) / Caracterização físico-química, extração e análise de pectinas de frutos de Campomanesia Xanthocarpa B. (Gabiroba)

Campomanesia xanthocarpa Berg. (Myrtaceae) is a Brazilian native tree, with large range of wild natural distribution or as dooryard tree, in the de South Region. It presents enlarge fructification and grows in poor soils at hot or dry climates. The mature fruit is green-yellow, and the pulp is sweet and richest in vitamins, and are used to make juices or eaten fresh. The fruit contains macro and micronutrients: proteins (1.08 g/100 g), fats (0.12 g/100 g), reduces sugar (8.3 g/100 g, being fructose 4.0 g/100g; glucose 4.3 g/100g), mineral salts (iron 3.52, calcium 28.45, phosphorus 25.3 mg/100g, potassium 1.53mg/100g). The high contents of phenolic compounds (1616 ppm/100g) and vitamin C (233.56 mg/100g) is remarkable indicating this fruit as functional food. The succulent pulp and fruit characteristic flavor can be taken as advantage in the preparation of frozen pulp and an excellence raw material to preparation of juices, jellies, ice creams etc. The fruit texture can be attributed to pectin contents that was extracted and analyzed. This fruit has technological potential due to sensorial and nutritious properties.

Campomanesia xanthocarpa Berg (Myrtaceae) é uma árvore nativa brasileira, com ampla distribuição natural ou cultivada em pomares domésticos da Região Sul. Apresenta abundante frutificação, cresce em solos pobres, em climas quentes ou secos. A fruta madura é verde-amarelada, a polpa é doce, rica em vitaminas, utilizada para o preparo de sucos ou ingerida in natura. O fruto contém macro e micronutrientes: proteínas (1,08 g/100 g), lipídios (0,12 g/100 g), açúcares redutores (8,3 g/100 g, sendo frutose 4,0 g/100g; glucose 4,3 g/100g), sais minerais (ferro 3,52, cálcio 28,45; fósforo 25,3; potássio 1,53mg/100g). Os elevados teores de compostos fenólicos (1616 ppm/100g) e vitamina C (233,56 mg/100g) qualificam o fruto como alimento funcional. A polpa suculenta e o aroma característico do fruto podem ser atributos vantajosos na preparação de polpa congelada e como excelente matéria-prima no preparo de sucos, geléias, sorvetes etc. A textura do fruto pode ser atribuída ao alto teor de pectinas, que foram extraídas e analisadas. Este fruto apresenta potencial tecnológico devido às suas propriedades sensoriais e nutritivas.