Dietary data of a highly biodiverse anuran assemblage in the Ecuadorian Amazon.

This dataset reports the diet composition of a highly diverse anuran assemblage in the Ecuadorian Amazon region. In 2001 we examined the diet of an assemblage of frogs from Yasuní National Park. We describe the diet of 396 adult individuals, belonging to 35 species, based on their gastrointestinal contents. Using a stereoscopic microscope, we were able to identify 4085 prey items, and classified them in 71 categories. Also, we used a digital caliper to measure the size and estimate the volume of prey items that were found intact. In addition to diet composition, we provide information of all specimens that were examined including, museum number, family name, species name, and place and date of collection. Finally, we present an anuran-prey interaction network figure to visualize species interactions. This is the first report of the diet composition of an anuran assemblage from Yasuní National Park. It contributes to the understanding of trophic ecology of frog assemblages and the functional role of frogs in Amazonian ecosystems. In addition, our dataset helps to fill the great knowledge gap that exists about ecological interactions in the tropics.

Administração de nutrição enteral em posição prona, volume de resíduo gástrico e outros desfechos clínicos em pacientes críticos: uma revisão sistemática / Administration of enteral nutrition in the prone position, gastric residual volume and other clinical outcomes in critically ill patients: a systematic review

RESUMO Esta revisão sistemática de estudos longitudinais objetivou avaliar o efeito da administração da dieta enteral em pacientes críticos adultos e pediátricos em posição prona no volume residual gástrico e em outros desfechos clínicos. A busca da literatura foi conduzida nas bases de dados PubMed®, Scopus e Embase, a partir de termos relacionados à população e à intervenção. Dois revisores independentes analisaram os títulos e resumos, e a coleta dos dados foi realizada a partir de uma ficha padronizada. Discrepâncias foram resolvidas por um terceiro revisor. A qualidade metodológica dos estudos foi avaliada considerando o potencial para erros sistemáticos e os dados analisados qualitativamente. Quatro estudos com pacientes adultos e um com pacientes pré-termos foram incluídos. O volume residual gástrico foi avaliado como principal desfecho: três não diferiram no volume residual gástrico entre as posições prona e supina (p > 0,05), enquanto um estudo demonstrou maior volume residual gástrico durante a administração da dieta em posição prona (27,6mL versus 10,6mL; p < 0,05), e outro apresentou maior volume residual gástrico na posição supina (redução do volume residual gástrico de 23,3% na posição supina versus 43,9% na posição prona; p < 0,01). Dois estudos avaliaram a frequência de vômitos, sendo maior na posição prona em um estudo (30 versus 26 episódios; p < 0,001) e sem diferença significativa em outro (p > 0,05). Incidência de pneumonia aspirativa e de óbito foram avaliadas por um estudo, não sendo observada diferença entre os grupos (p > 0,05). A literatura acerca da administração de dieta enteral em pacientes críticos em posição prona é escassa e de qualidade limitada, e os resultados sobre volume residual gástrico são contraditórios. Estudos observacionais com tamanho amostral apropriado deveriam ser conduzidos para fundamentar conclusões sobre o tema.

ABSTRACT This systematic review of longitudinal studies aimed to evaluate the effect of enteral feeding of critically ill adult and pediatric patients in the prone position on gastric residual volume and other clinical outcomes. A literature search was conducted in the databases PubMed, Scopus and Embase using terms related to population and intervention. Two independent reviewers analyzed the titles and abstracts, and data collection was performed using a standardized form. Discrepancies were resolved by a third reviewer. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated considering the potential for systematic errors, and the data were qualitatively analyzed. Four studies with adult patients and one with preterm patients were included. The gastric residual volume was evaluated as the main outcome: three studies did not show differences in the gastric residual volume between the prone and supine positions (p > 0.05), while one study showed a higher gastric residual volume during enteral feeding in the prone position (27.6mL versus 10.6mL; p < 0.05), and another group observed a greater gastric residual volume in the supine position (reduction of the gastric residual volume by 23.3% in the supine position versus 43.9% in the prone position; p < 0.01). Two studies evaluated the frequency of vomiting; one study found that it was higher in the prone position (30 versus 26 episodes; p < 0.001), while the other study found no significant difference (p > 0.05). The incidence of aspiration pneumonia and death were evaluated in one study, with no difference between groups (p > 0.05). The literature on the administration of enteral feeding in the prone position in critically ill patients is sparse and of limited quality, and the results regarding gastric residual volume are contradictory. Observational studies with appropriate sample sizes should be conducted to support conclusions on the subject.

Ultrasonido para la valoración del contenido gástrico: revisión sistemática de la literatura / Ultrasound for the assessment of gastric content: a systematic review

INTRODUCTION: Pneumonic aspiration of gastric contents is an important complication of anesthetic practice. : OBJECTIVE: To determine the applicability of ultrasound for the assessment of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of gastric contents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A systematic review was carried out, based on a structured search of the literature published in the databases: Pubmed, EMBASE, SciELO, Cochrane Library, OVID and Google Scholar, from the foundation of these until December 2018 Boolean connectors were used to locate information from the terms: anesthesiology, ultrasonography, gastrointestinal Contents. The quality of the information was assessed using different tools according to each type of study. RESULTS: We found 23 relevant studies for inclusion in the systematic review. The overall risk of bias was low. CONCLUSIONS: Gastric ultrasound seems to correspond to a tool that is easy to perform at the patient's bedside, but there is uncertainty about its applicability in uncontrolled settings, different from those applied in the studies described in this review. More research is needed with different populations and scenarios, in favor of establishing the behavior in these, of the variables that can be determined by ultrasound. The implications for clinical practice and long-term outcomes may have the measurements achieved by ultrasound are still uncertain.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La aspiración neumónica del contenido gástrico es una complicación importante de la práctica anestésica. OBJETIVO: Determinar la aplicabilidad del ultrasonido para la valoración de las características cualitativas y cuantitativas del contenido gástrico. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó una revisión sistemática, a partir de una búsqueda estructurada de la literatura publicada en las bases de datos: Pubmed, EMBASE, SciELO, Cochrane Library, OVID y Google Scholar, desde la fundación de las mismas hasta diciembre de 2018. Se utilizaron conectores booleanos para localizar información a partir de los términos: anesthesiology, ultrasonography, gastrointestinal Contents. La calidad de la información fue valorada mediante diferentes herramientas de acuerdo a cada tipo de estudio. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron 23 estudios pertinentes para su inclusión en la revisión sistemática. El riesgo global de sesgo fue bajo. CONCLUSIONES: El ultrasonido gástrico parece corresponder a una herramienta de fácil realización a la cabecera del paciente, pero existe incertidumbre sobre su aplicabilidad en contextos no controlados, diferentes a los aplicados en los estudios descritos en la presente revisión. Se necesita más investigación con distintas poblaciones y escenarios, en favor de establecer el comportamiento en estos, de las variables que pueden determinarse por ultrasonido. Las implicaciones que para la práctica clínica y desenlaces a largo plazo puedan tener las mediciones logradas mediante ecografía son aún inciertas.

Non-carcass components of finished feedlot steers fed with slow-release or agricultural urea in substitution of soybean meal / Componentes não integrantes da carcaça de novilhos terminados em confinamento recebendo ureia protegida ou agrícola em substituição ao farelo de soja

The effect of termination of steers in a feedlot using the total substitution of soybean meal by slow-release or agriculture urea on the non-carcass components was evaluated. Twenty-seven purebred and Charolais × Nellore castrated crossbred steers (mean age 20 months, mean initial weight 293 kg) were allocated to received concentrates containing slow degradation urea, soybean meal, or agricultural urea. The experimental design was in randomized blocks (breed predominance), with three treatments and nine replicates, with the animal being the experimental unit. Diets did not lead to significant differences in empty body weight (EBW). The similarity between treatments was also verified in relation to EBW/slaughter weight, with mean values of 0.87 for treatments containing urea and 0.88 for soybean meal treatment. The gastrointestinal contents, both in absolute weight and in relation to EBW, were similar between the rations evaluated, with mean values of 54.33 kg and 13.52%, respectively. Steers fed with slow-release urea had a 32.8% higher weight of omasum relative to 100 kg of EBW (P 0.05) compared to the animals fed with soybean meal.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da terminação de novilhos em confinamento, utilizando a substituição total do farelo de soja por ureia protegida ou agrícola sobre os componentes não integrantes da carcaça. Foram utilizados 27 bovinos machos castrados, puros e cruzas Charolês x Nelore, com idade e peso médio inicial de 20 meses e 293 kg respectivamente, distribuídos em três tratamentos: Ureia Protegida concentrado contendo ureia de degradação lenta; Farelo de Soja concentrado contendo farelo de soja; Ureia Agrícola concentrado contendo ureia agrícola. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso (predominância racial), com três tratamentos e nove repetições, sendo o animal a unidade experimental. As dietas não proporcionaram diferenças significativas no peso de corpo vazio (PCV). Semelhança entre os tratamentos também foi verificada na relação peso de corpo vazio/peso de abate, apresentando valores médios de 0,87 para os tratamentos que continham ureias e 0,88 para o tratamento farelo de soja. O conteúdo gastrintestinal tanto em peso absoluto quanto em relação ao peso de corpo vazio apresentou similaridade entre as rações avaliadas, com valores médios de 54,33 kg e 13,52%, respectivamente. Os novilhos que receberam ureia protegida apresentaram maior peso de omaso relativo a 100 kg de PCV (P<0,05) em relação aos animais alimentados com farelo de soja, com superioridade de 32,8%.(AU)

Non-carcass components of finished feedlot steers fed with slow-release or agricultural urea in substitution of soybean meal / Componentes não integrantes da carcaça de novilhos terminados em confinamento recebendo ureia protegida ou agrícola em substituição ao farelo de soja

The effect of termination of steers in a feedlot using the total substitution of soybean meal by slow-release or agriculture urea on the non-carcass components was evaluated. Twenty-seven purebred and Charolais × Nellore castrated crossbred steers (mean age 20 months, mean initial weight 293 kg) were allocated to received concentrates containing slow degradation urea, soybean meal, or agricultural urea. The experimental design was in randomized blocks (breed predominance), with three treatments and nine replicates, with the animal being the experimental unit. Diets did not lead to significant differences in empty body weight (EBW). The similarity between treatments was also verified in relation to EBW/slaughter weight, with mean values of 0.87 for treatments containing urea and 0.88 for soybean meal treatment. The gastrointestinal contents, both in absolute weight and in relation to EBW, were similar between the rations evaluated, with mean values of 54.33 kg and 13.52%, respectively. Steers fed with slow-release urea had a 32.8% higher weight of omasum relative to 100 kg of EBW (P 0.05) compared to the animals fed with soybean meal.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da terminação de novilhos em confinamento, utilizando a substituição total do farelo de soja por ureia protegida ou agrícola sobre os componentes não integrantes da carcaça. Foram utilizados 27 bovinos machos castrados, puros e cruzas Charolês x Nelore, com idade e peso médio inicial de 20 meses e 293 kg respectivamente, distribuídos em três tratamentos: Ureia Protegida – concentrado contendo ureia de degradação lenta; Farelo de Soja – concentrado contendo farelo de soja; Ureia Agrícola – concentrado contendo ureia agrícola. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso (predominância racial), com três tratamentos e nove repetições, sendo o animal a unidade experimental. As dietas não proporcionaram diferenças significativas no peso de corpo vazio (PCV). Semelhança entre os tratamentos também foi verificada na relação peso de corpo vazio/peso de abate, apresentando valores médios de 0,87 para os tratamentos que continham ureias e 0,88 para o tratamento farelo de soja. O conteúdo gastrintestinal tanto em peso absoluto quanto em relação ao peso de corpo vazio apresentou similaridade entre as rações avaliadas, com valores médios de 54,33 kg e 13,52%, respectivamente. Os novilhos que receberam ureia protegida apresentaram maior peso de omaso relativo a 100 kg de PCV (P<0,05) em relação aos animais alimentados com farelo de soja, com superioridade de 32,8%.

Sobrecrecimiento bacteriano intestinal en pacientes con pancreatitis crónica / Small intestine bacterial overgrowth in patients with chronic pancreatitis

Background: Previous reports describe 30-40 percent of small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) in patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP), SIBO is a cause of persistent symptoms in this group of patients even when they are treated with pancreatic enzymes. Aim: To asses the frequency of SIBO in patients with CP. Patients and methods: We studied 14 patients with CP using an hydrogen breath test with lactulose to detect SIBO, a nonabsorbable carbohydrate, whose results are not influenced by the presence of exocrine insufficiency. Main symptoms and signs were bloating in 9 (64 percent), recurrent abdominal pain in 8 (57 percent), intermittent diarrhea in 5 (36 percent) and steatorrhea in 5 (36 percent). At the same time we studied a healthy control group paired by age and sex. Results: SIBO was present in 13 of 14 patients with CP (92 percent) and in 1 of 14 controls (p<0.001). The only patient with CP and without SIBO was recently diagnosed and had minimal morphologic alterations in computed tomography and endoscopic pancreatography Conclusions: SIBO is common in CP and may be responsible for persistent symptoms. Proper diagnosis and treatment could alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life.