Blue nests: The use of plastics in the nests of the crested oropendola (Psarocolius decumanus) on the Brazilian Amazon coast.

Birds have been impacted by plastic pollution via entanglement, accidental ingestion, and exposure to chemical contaminants. However, plastics were also observed as a nesting material for several species. For the first time, we describe the occurrence and composition of plastics in 36 nests of the crested oropendola (Psarocolius decumanus) in three different sites on the Amazon coast. Plastics were present in 67 % of abandoned, fallen nests. At the mangrove site, all nests contained plastics, while at the grassy clearing and the fishermen's village, plastics were present at 35.3 and 90 % of the nests, respectively. Blue fibers and ropes were the main plastics observed, probably derived from discarded fishing gear. Of 79 analyzed fibers, 97.5 % were composed of Polyethylene, and 83.5 % contained Cobalt Phthalocyanine as an additive. Our results showed a widespread use of plastics by P. decumanus, which may increase the exposure of both juveniles and adults to potential contaminants.

Illegal dumping from ships is responsible for most drink bottle litter even far from shipping lanes.

Recent studies using bottles as tracers have shown that illegal dumping from ships is responsible for the rapid increase in drink bottles washing up on oceanic islands and at remote continental beaches away from local litter inputs. However, these studies have been in areas with moderate to high levels of shipping activity. I examined bottles stranded on the Pitcairn Islands in the central South Pacific, which are far from major shipping routes. Drink bottles from Asia dominated, with most coming from China. The top four brands (three Chinese and one multinational) were the same as at Tristan da Cunha in the central South Atlantic Ocean, which lies on the shipping route between South America and Asia. Bottle ages also were similar at Pitcairn and Tristan, indicating that vessels are the main source of bottles at both islands. Stricter controls are needed to reduce illegal dumping of plastics at sea.

Ocean-based sources of plastic pollution: An overview of the main marine activities in the Peruvian EEZ.

Marine-based activities are a critical source of plastic waste into the ocean. This is particularly important in countries with a competitive fishing industry, such as Peru. Thus, this study aimed to identify and quantify the major flows of plastic waste accumulating in the ocean from ocean-based sources within the Peruvian Economic Exclusive Zone. A material flow analysis was elaborated to analyze the stock of plastic and its release to the ocean by a set of Peruvian fleets, including the fishing industry, merchant vessels, cruises, and boating vessels. Results show that in 2018 between 2715 and 5584 metric tons of plastic waste entered the ocean. The fishing fleet was the most pollutant, representing approximately 97 % of the total. Moreover, fishing gear loss represented the highest single-activity contribution, although other sources, such as plastic packaging and antifouling emissions, have the potential to become vast sources of marine plastic pollution.

Net illumination reduces fisheries bycatch, maintains catch value, and increases operational efficiency.

Small-scale fisheries are vital for food security, nutrition, and livelihoods in coastal areas throughout the world's oceans.1-9 As intricately linked social-ecological systems, small-scale fisheries require management approaches that help ensure both ecological and socioeconomic sustainability.7,10-14 Given their ease of use and lucrative nature, coastal gillnet fisheries are globally ubiquitous.10,15 However, these fisheries often result in high discarded capture of non-target organisms (bycatch) that can lead to significant cascading effects throughout trophic chains16-18 and costly fisheries restrictions that result in important revenue losses in coastal communities with scarce economic alternatives.19,20 Despite these challenges, few solutions have been developed and broadly adopted to decrease bycatch in coastal gillnet fisheries, particularly in developing nations.5,21 Here we used controlled experiments along Mexico's Baja California peninsula to show that illuminating gillnets with green LED lights-an emerging technology originally developed to mitigate sea turtle bycatch-significantly reduced mean rates of total discarded bycatch biomass by 63%, which included significant decreases in elasmobranch (95%), Humboldt squid (81%), and unwanted finfish (48%). Moreover, illuminated nets significantly reduced the mean time required to retrieve and disentangle nets by 57%. In contrast, there were no significant differences in target fish catch or value. These findings advance our understanding of how artificial illumination affects operational efficiency and changes in catch rates in coastal gillnet fisheries, while illustrating the value of assessing broad-scale ecological and socioeconomic effects of species-specific conservation strategies.

Digital media reveal negative impacts of ghost nets on Brazilian marine biodiversity.

Abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded fishing gear (ALDFG) is responsible for the entanglement of several marine species. Based on a search of digital media (i.e., Google and YouTubeBR), we assessed the negative impacts of ghost nets-a type of ALDFG-on Brazilian marine biodiversity. We found that ghost nets negatively affected crustaceans, fishes, reptiles, birds, and mammals in different parts of the Brazilian coast. Our reports include marine megafauna, such as the Bryde's whale and Guiana dolphin. In addition, we found that ghost nets impacted seven threatened species and had negative effects on animals within marine protected areas. Here, we provide an update on the negative impacts of ghost nets on Brazilian marine biota, but the real situation remains underestimated and somewhat obscure.

Natural and anthropogenic-induced stressors affecting the composition of fish communities on the rocky reefs of Ecuador.

Natural and human-induced stressors have threatened the sustainability of the fish communities of coral-rocky reefs worldwide in the last decades. The composition of the fish communities on the reefs of Ecuador and the factors affecting spatiotemporal changes are unknown. We studied the influence of the descriptors of structural complexity, the current status of coral and human-induced variables over fish communities. A video transect method was used to assess fish communities in three zones (slope, crest, and bottom) of two reefs during two seasons (rainy and dry). The structure of fish communities was highly influenced by the zones and season; rugosity and live coral affected the fish composition on the crest and slope zones. The fractured coral and derelict fishing gear on coral produced an adverse effect on fish composition over the crest. A multifactorial process causing loss of structural complexity and affecting fish composition was identified, however, periodical assessment is required for a greater understanding of this process.

Incidence of anthropogenic material in Sula leucogaster nests in a distant archipelago of Brazil.

Anthropogenic debris has been affecting fauna in different ways. We investigate the frequency of anthropogenic material in nests of a brown booby (Sula leucogaster) colony in the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (SPSPA), Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil in February 2015 and November 2016. The items were classified according to type (threadlike plastic, sheet plastics, hard fragments, foamed synthetics and miscellaneous) and color. In 2015, a total of 30 anthropogenic items were found in 20.4% of the nests. In nests containing debris, miscellaneous items were found in 73.6% of nests. White/clear was the most common color, 52.6% of nests containing debris had items of this color. In 2016, 45 anthropogenic items were observed in 13.3% of the nests. Threadlike plastic was found in 59.2% of nests. Blue/purple was the most common color (55.5%). Even far from the Brazilian coast, the S. leucogaster colony has been affected by marine pollution.

Content analysis of media coverage of breastfeeding in Mexico.

Media can be a powerful communication tool to promote breastfeeding programs, influence mother's breastfeeding behaviour, and generate support among stakeholders for breastfeeding. Yet, there is little information on how media coverage influences a country's breastfeeding enabling environment. This study addressed this gap by conducting a retrospective content analysis of documents published between January 1, 2017 and January 1, 2018 to analyse the media coverage related to breastfeeding in Mexico. Content analysis was based on the breastfeeding gear model and a strategic planning technique to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for enabling the national breastfeeding environment. Media coverage of breastfeeding was more frequent in August (36% of all documents). The top three topics commonly covered by the media were advocacy events promoting breastfeeding, promotion campaigns, and changes in breastfeeding legislation and policy. In general, the media coverage focused on strengths of specific breastfeeding policies. There was limited news coverage of key factors that negatively influenced or threatened the breastfeeding environment. Findings support the need to design strategies to engage the media covering in more depth and breadth diverse aspects of breastfeeding protection, promotion, and support efforts in Mexico.

A Case about the Upgrade of Manufacturing Equipment for Insertion into an Industry 4.0 Environment.

Industry 4.0 is a synonym for the confluence of technologies that allows the integration of information technology, data science, and automated equipment, to produce smart industrial systems. The process of inserting new technologies into current conventional environments involves a wide range of disciplines and approaches. This article presents the process that was followed to identify and upgrade one station in an industrial workshop to make it compatible with the more extensive system as it evolves into the Industry 4.0 environment. An information processing kit was developed to upgrade the equipment from an automated machine to an Industry 4.0 station. The kit includes a structure to support the sensor and the data processing unit; this unit consisted of a minicomputer that records the data, graded the performance of the components, and sent the data to the cloud for storage, reporting, and further analysis. The information processing kit allowed the monitoring of the inspection system and improved the quality and speed of the inspection process.

Scaling Up Breastfeeding Programs in Mexico: Lessons Learned from the Becoming Breastfeeding Friendly Initiative.

BACKGROUND: Given the magnitude of the health and economic burden of inadequate breastfeeding practices in Mexico, there is an urgency to improve breastfeeding practices to increase the health and well-being of children and mothers. The Becoming Breastfeeding Friendly (BBF) Toolbox was recently developed to guide countries in assessing their readiness to and progress with scale-up of breastfeeding protection, promotion, and support and to develop policy recommendations to high-level decision makers. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to document the BBF process in Mexico, which led to evidence-based recommendations for policymakers to improve breastfeeding protection, promotion, and support in the country. METHODS: We followed the BBF methodology. First, a group of experts, with the use of scientific and gray literature, face-to-face interviews, and their own experience, analyzed and assigned a score to each of the 8 gears from the BBF index and identified scaling-up gaps on the basis of the Breastfeeding Gear Model. Then, we developed and presented evidence-based recommendations to improve breastfeeding protection, promotion, and support. RESULTS: Mexico's BBF score was 1.4 out of a maximum total of 3 points, which indicates that there is a low to moderate scaling-up environment to protect, promote, and support breastfeeding. None of the gears were rated as "outstanding," and the legislation and policies gear was the only one rated as strong. CONCLUSIONS: The BBF initiative is a useful tool for assessing the environment for breastfeeding. The Mexican environment for breastfeeding is weak. On the basis of these results, it is strongly recommended to raise national awareness on breastfeeding, incorporate the Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes in the Mexican legislations, extend maternity leave to 6 mo, and strengthen evidence-based advocacy and hence the political will that is needed to secure stable funding and resources for a successful national strategy for the protection, promotion, and support of breastfeeding in Mexico.

El engranaje institucional como elemento del enfoque sistemático de la innovación en Latinoamérica / The institutional gear as an element of systemic approach to innovation in Latin America

Resumen El enfoque sistémico de la innovación resalta la interrelación de los agentes e instituciónes, sin embargo, no reconoce la complementariedad institucional. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo diseñar y evaluar un indicador del constructo de "engranaje institucional" como un elemento que reconoce el impacto que una institución tiene sobre otra en los procesos de innovación, así como examinar la relación existente entre el índice de engranaje institucional y el crecimiento económico. Se utilizó el método de regresión lineal, considerando el PIB per cápita de 17 países de América Latina en el periodo de 1980 a 2014. Se usaron variables como la tasa de actividades empresariales (TAE), que mide la población involucrada; el porcentaje de la TAE, que tiene un producto o servicio nuevo; gobierno efectivo, Estado de derecho, leyes estables; y vínculos entre universidad-empresa, siendo clasificados como productos e insumos. El diseño del indicador de engranaje institucional resultó adecuado para reconocer la complementariedad en las instituciones y su papel en los procesos de innovación, además de confirmar que los países en donde se tiene un mayor índice de engranaje institucional presentan un crecimiento económico superior. Los resultados muestran que los países latinoamericanos deben impulsar el engranaje institucional para fortalecer su sistema nacional de innovación, y así lograr un progreso económico sostenido, como el que presentan la mayoría de los países desarrollados (Unión Europea y los Estados Unidos).

Abstract The systemic approach to innovation highlights the interrelationship between actors and institutions, but does not recognize the institutional complementarity. For that, this paper aims to design and assess an indicator of institutional gear as an element that recognizes the impact that an institution has over another in the innovation process, and the relationship between institutional gear index and economic growth. Linear regression was used by considering GDP per cápita of 17 Latin American economies for the 1980 to 2014 period. Variables such as the rate of entrepreneurial activity (REA) which measures population involved, the percentage of REA that a new product or service has, effective government, state rights, laws and stable links between university-companies were used. These were classified as outputs and inputs. The institutional gear design was suitable for recognizing the complementary between the institutions and their role in innovation processes, as well as establishing that the countries where they have greater institutional gear have higher economie growth. The results show that the Latin American countries must boost the institutional gear to strengthen their national innovation systems and thus achieve sustained economie growth, as that shown by most of the developed countries (European Union and the United States).

Jatuarana fishing dynamics Brycon amazonicus (Spix & Agassiz, 1829)of the upper and middle Madeira River Basin / Dinâmica da pesca da Jatuarana Brycon amazonicus (Spix &Agassiz, 1829) do alto e médio rio Madeira

The jatuarana (Brycon amazonicus), is an important species for the Madeira River commercialfisheries. The paper aims to characterize the jatuarana fishing dynamics in the middle Madeira River andtest whether there are differences dowstreams and upstreams the Teotônio waterfall. Commercial fisherieslandings were monitored daily at 15 ports or riverine communities along that stretch, using semistructuredinterviews with fishermen. With data from the fishing monitoring program of UHEs SantoAntônio and Jirau we analysed: the yield, catch per unit effort (CPUE), length structure, locations andfishing gear used, between 2009 to 2011.The fishing yield of this species was temporaly analyzed with datafrom the Fishermen Colony of Porto Velho city (Rondônia state, Brazil), between 1990 to 2012. The yieldand the CPUE showed significant differences by area and locations and the capture of the species wascarried out primarily in the channel river and banks river through gillnets. In addition, the samplescollected in the upstream area have higher distribution and modal lengths than from those collecteddownstream. These results suggest that the areas require distinct management measures.

A jatuarana (Brycon amazonicus) é uma espécie importante para a pesca comercial do médio rioMadeira. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a dinâmica da pesca da jatuarana na região e testardiferenças entre os trechos a jusante e montante da Cachoeira do Teotônio. Os desembarques pesqueirosforam monitorados diariamente em 15 portos e/ou comunidades ribeirinhas, usando entrevistassemiestruturadas com os pescadores. Com dados do Programa de Monitoramento Pesqueiro das UHEsSanto Antônio e Jirau foram analisados: a produção, a captura por unidade de esforço (CPUE), a estruturaem comprimento, os locais e os apetrechos de pesca utilizados entre 2009 e 2011. A produção da espécie foianalisada temporalmente com dados da Colônia de Pescadores de Porto Velho (Rondônia, Brasil) de 1990 a2012. A produção e a CPUE apresentaram diferenças significativas por área e localidades e a captura daespécie foi realizada, principalmente, na calha e nas margens do rio por meio de malhadeira. Verificou-setambém que os exemplares amostrados na área montante exibiram distribuição e comprimentos modaismaiores que na área jusante. Estes resultados sugerem a necessidade de estratégias de manejo distintas entreas áreas.

Factors affecting estimates of size at age and growth in grey triggerfish Balistes capriscus from the northern Gulf of Mexico.

Growth zones in dorsal spines of grey triggerfish Balistes capriscus from the northern Gulf of Mexico were utilized to estimate growth and examine factors that may affect estimates of size at age. Age was estimated from dorsal-spine sections of 4687 individuals sampled from U.S. waters during 2003-2013, including both fishery-independent (n = 1312) and fishery-dependent (n = 3375) samples. Ninety-six per cent (n = 4498) of these sections were deemed suitable for ageing; average per cent error between two independent readers was 10·8%. Fork length (LF ) ranged from 65 to 697 mm and age estimates from 0 to 14 years. Both sex and sample source (fishery-independent v. recreational) significantly affected estimated size at age for 2-6 year-old fish. Data were pooled between sources to fit sex-specific von Bertalanffy growth functions. Results for the female model were L∞ = 387 mm LF , k = 0·52 year-1 and t0 = 0·01 year, while for males L∞ = 405 mm LF , k = 0·55 year-1 and t0 = 0·02 year. These results were significantly different between sexes and indicate clear sexual dimorphism. Thus, growth should be modelled separately by sex when examining population parameters or conducting stock assessment modelling. The positive bias in estimates of size at age computed for recreational v. fishery-independent samples also has clear implications for stock assessment as growth functions computed with fishery-dependent samples would tend to overestimate stock productivity.

Jatuarana fishing dynamics Brycon amazonicus (Spix & Agassiz, 1829)of the upper and middle Madeira River Basin / Dinâmica da pesca da Jatuarana Brycon amazonicus (Spix &Agassiz, 1829) do alto e médio rio Madeira

The jatuarana (Brycon amazonicus), is an important species for the Madeira River commercialfisheries. The paper aims to characterize the jatuarana fishing dynamics in the middle Madeira River andtest whether there are differences dowstreams and upstreams the Teotônio waterfall. Commercial fisherieslandings were monitored daily at 15 ports or riverine communities along that stretch, using semistructuredinterviews with fishermen. With data from the fishing monitoring program of UHEs SantoAntônio and Jirau we analysed: the yield, catch per unit effort (CPUE), length structure, locations andfishing gear used, between 2009 to 2011.The fishing yield of this species was temporaly analyzed with datafrom the Fishermen Colony of Porto Velho city (Rondônia state, Brazil), between 1990 to 2012. The yieldand the CPUE showed significant differences by area and locations and the capture of the species wascarried out primarily in the channel river and banks river through gillnets. In addition, the samplescollected in the upstream area have higher distribution and modal lengths than from those collecteddownstream. These results suggest that the areas require distinct management measures.(AU)

A jatuarana (Brycon amazonicus) é uma espécie importante para a pesca comercial do médio rioMadeira. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a dinâmica da pesca da jatuarana na região e testardiferenças entre os trechos a jusante e montante da Cachoeira do Teotônio. Os desembarques pesqueirosforam monitorados diariamente em 15 portos e/ou comunidades ribeirinhas, usando entrevistassemiestruturadas com os pescadores. Com dados do Programa de Monitoramento Pesqueiro das UHEsSanto Antônio e Jirau foram analisados: a produção, a captura por unidade de esforço (CPUE), a estruturaem comprimento, os locais e os apetrechos de pesca utilizados entre 2009 e 2011. A produção da espécie foianalisada temporalmente com dados da Colônia de Pescadores de Porto Velho (Rondônia, Brasil) de 1990 a2012. A produção e a CPUE apresentaram diferenças significativas por área e localidades e a captura daespécie foi realizada, principalmente, na calha e nas margens do rio por meio de malhadeira. Verificou-setambém que os exemplares amostrados na área montante exibiram distribuição e comprimentos modaismaiores que na área jusante. Estes resultados sugerem a necessidade de estratégias de manejo distintas entreas áreas.(AU)

Improving the characterization of fish assemblage structure through the use of multiple sampling methods: a case study in a subtropical tidal flat ecosystem.

The use of multiple sampling gears is indispensible to obtain robust characterizations of fish assemblage structure in species-rich subtropical ecosystems. In this study, such a dependence was demonstrated by characterizing the structure of the high-tide fish assemblage in a subtropical tidal flat ecosystem (the Araçá Bay, southeastern Brazil) using eight different gears along five seasonal surveys and estimating the bay's fish species richness, combining these data with those from local tide pool fish surveys. The high-tide fish assemblage was spatially structured, contained five threatened species, and was dominated by persistent and large populations of Eucinostomus argenteus and of the fisheries species Mugil curema and Diapterus rhombeus that intensively use the bay throughout their life cycles. Large, small-bodied fish populations supported a regular use of the bay by piscivores. The autumn-winter peak in abundance of juvenile fishes caused a subsequent increase in piscivore abundance, and both events explained the bulk of the seasonal variability of the fish assemblage. The estimated richness revealed that the combination of sampling methods was enough for sampling the bulk of the local richness, and the bay may hold a surprisingly high richness compared to other costal ecosystem of the region. This faunal characterization, only viable using multiple gears, will be critical to support the implementation of a future study to monitor the impacts on local fish biodiversity of an imminent port expansion over the tidal flat.

Evaluation of a shrimp trawl structuraly modified / Avaliação de uma rede-de-arrasto camaroeira estruturalmente modificada

The impacts due the shrimp trawl have been generating discussions over the last decades. Seeking to cooperate with efforts to bycatch reductions from bottom trawl, this paper proposes to restrict the vertical open mouth of trawls, seeking to reduce the fish catches in the water column. Additionally, we evaluated a device to juvenile teleost exclusion. Aware of the impacts generated by the fuel, this work also evaluated the drag resistance of different net panels as indicative of fuel consumption. To evaluate the proposed, 18 hauls were realized between December 2014 to February 2015. Those hauls were organized into three experimental fishing campaigns in Pinheira Beach (south Brazilian region). During the fields campaigns we used two trawl with four panels (CT with escape window; ST without escape window) and a control trawl with two main panels (RN). The RN trawl got the highest shrimp catches (CA) and bycatch (FA). On the other hand, the modified trawls showed the highest CA proportion in relation RN. The net panels drag suggests that the modified trawls provide a reduction in fuel consumption because of its lower resistance. The results showed that the structural changes contribute to bycatch reduction usual in bottom trawls.(AU)

Impactos decorrentes da captura de camarões com redes de arrasto têm gerado discussões ao longo das últimas décadas. Buscando colaborar nos esforços para reduzir os descartes da modalidade, este trabalho propõe restringir a abertura vertical das redes de arrasto, evitando a captura de indivíduos que se encontrem na coluna d"água. Adicionalmente, testou-se um dispositivo de redução dirigido à exclusão de juvenis de peixes teleósteos. Ciente das implicações do consumo de combustível, também se avaliou a resistência de arrasto dos petrechos como indicativo de consumo de combustível. Para avaliar o proposto foram realizados 18 arrastos entre dezembro de 2014 e fevereiro de 2015, divididos em três campanhas de pesca experimental na enseada da praia da Pinheira (SC), alternando entre as redes modificadas (CT e ST) e a utilizada pelos pescadores locais (RN). A rede RN apresentou as maiores capturas de camarão (CA) e ictiofauna acompanhante (FA). Em contraponto, com as redes modificadas, obtiveram-se as maiores proporções de CA em relação à RN, assim como diminuição de FA entre 50% e 80%. As resistências das redes indicaram que os petrechos modificados proporcionam redução do consumo de combustível. Os resultados demonstram que as modificações nas redes contribuem para a redução dos descartes, comuns nos arrastos.(AU)

Evaluation of a shrimp trawl structuraly modified / Avaliação de uma rede-de-arrasto camaroeira estruturalmente modificada

The impacts due the shrimp trawl have been generating discussions over the last decades. Seeking to cooperate with efforts to bycatch reductions from bottom trawl, this paper proposes to restrict the vertical open mouth of trawls, seeking to reduce the fish catches in the water column. Additionally, we evaluated a device to juvenile teleost exclusion. Aware of the impacts generated by the fuel, this work also evaluated the drag resistance of different net panels as indicative of fuel consumption. To evaluate the proposed, 18 hauls were realized between December 2014 to February 2015. Those hauls were organized into three experimental fishing campaigns in Pinheira Beach (south Brazilian region). During the fields campaigns we used two trawl with four panels (CT with escape window; ST without escape window) and a control trawl with two main panels (RN). The RN trawl got the highest shrimp catches (CA) and bycatch (FA). On the other hand, the modified trawls showed the highest CA proportion in relation RN. The net panels drag suggests that the modified trawls provide a reduction in fuel consumption because of its lower resistance. The results showed that the structural changes contribute to bycatch reduction usual in bottom trawls.

Impactos decorrentes da captura de camarões com redes de arrasto têm gerado discussões ao longo das últimas décadas. Buscando colaborar nos esforços para reduzir os descartes da modalidade, este trabalho propõe restringir a abertura vertical das redes de arrasto, evitando a captura de indivíduos que se encontrem na coluna d"água. Adicionalmente, testou-se um dispositivo de redução dirigido à exclusão de juvenis de peixes teleósteos. Ciente das implicações do consumo de combustível, também se avaliou a resistência de arrasto dos petrechos como indicativo de consumo de combustível. Para avaliar o proposto foram realizados 18 arrastos entre dezembro de 2014 e fevereiro de 2015, divididos em três campanhas de pesca experimental na enseada da praia da Pinheira (SC), alternando entre as redes modificadas (CT e ST) e a utilizada pelos pescadores locais (RN). A rede RN apresentou as maiores capturas de camarão (CA) e ictiofauna acompanhante (FA). Em contraponto, com as redes modificadas, obtiveram-se as maiores proporções de CA em relação à RN, assim como diminuição de FA entre 50% e 80%. As resistências das redes indicaram que os petrechos modificados proporcionam redução do consumo de combustível. Os resultados demonstram que as modificações nas redes contribuem para a redução dos descartes, comuns nos arrastos.

Selectivity of gillnets for a non-native fish species in a neotropical reservoir, State of Paraná, Brazil / Seletividade de redes de emalhar para uma espécie de peixe não-nativo em um reservatório neotropical, Paraná, Brasil

Biological invasions are considered the second main cause of loss biodiversity in aquatic environments. Thus, many techniques have been developed with the aim of eradicating undesirable species. Then, this paper had the purpose of estimate the selectivity of the gillnets used to catch Odontesthes bonariensis, introduced specie in Salto Santiago reservoir, Iguassu River, Brazil. Samples were made bimonthly from July 2003 to March 2013. Altogether 6,952 individuals were captured. The mesh sizes of 2.5 cm and 3.0 cm are the most effectively both captured 89.90% of the individuals. The optimal sizes of capture estimates for mesh sizes of 2.5 and 3.0 cm were 13.35 cm and 16.00 cm, respectively. Thus, we suggest the intense use of gillnets with mesh sizes less than 3.0 cm, to capture small sized individuals at first maturation.(AU)

Invasões biológicas são consideradas a segunda principal causade redução de biodiversidade em ambientes aquáticos. Dessa forma, inúmeras técnicas têm sido desenvolvidas com o intuito de erradicar espécies indesejáveis. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a seletividade das redes de espera utilizadas na captura de Odontesthes bonariensis, espécie introduzida no reservatório da Usina Hidrelétrica de Salto Santiago, rio Iguaçu, Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Amostragens foram realizadas bimestralmente de julho de 2003 a março de 2013 em quatro locais do reservatório. Ao todo, foram capturados 6952 indivíduos. As malhas de 2,5 e 3,0 cmforam as mais eficientes, tendo, em conjunto, capturado 89,90% dos indivíduos. Os tamanhos ótimos de captura estimados para essas malhas foram 13,35 e 16 cm, respectivamente. Dessa forma, sugere-se intensificação do uso de redes de emalhar com tamanho inferior a três centímetros, para captura de indivíduos com tamanho menor que o da primeira maturação.(AU)

Fishing gears in Barra Bonita and Bariri reservoirs: Fisheries monitoring in the Middle Tiete River Basin / Artes de pesca artesanal nos reservatórios de Barra Bonita e Bariri: monitoramento pesqueiro na Bacia do Médio Rio Tietê

The fishing gears used in Barra Bonita and Bariri reservoirs, Middle Tietê River, were evaluated in order to provide objective information to assess the need for a revision of the legal framework governing this activity. Monitoring of the fishery production was carried out in the main fishing nuclei, collecting data about the catch composition (number and biomass), selectivity of fishing gear and the by-catch. Information about the predominant fishing arts, catch per effort unit and seasonality of fish production, as well as environmental information, were also obtained. Monthly field campaigns for sampling were done, when the researchers followed the fishing activity, making a detailed record of the catches and the employed fishing gears. It was found that gill net is the least selective among the four modalities practiced, but it is the only one which has legal support. Higher selective fishing gears, such as trawls, cast nets and fishing beat, act mainly on tilapia, a non-native species whose exploitation could be considered beneficial to the conservation of the native fish populations through the reduction of the interspecific competition for resources. Thus it is suggested the restriction of the use of less selective fishing equipment and the liberation of fishing gear that targets the non-native species of cichlids, aiming to reduce the fishing pressure on indigenous species. (AU)

No presente estudo foram avaliadas as artes-de-pesca em uso nos reservatórios de Barra Bonita e Bariri, do médio rio Tietê, SP, Brasil, visando fornecer elementos objetivos para avaliação da necessidade de reestruturação do marco legal que rege estas pescarias. Foi realizado o monitoramento da pesca nos principais núcleos pesqueiros destes reservatórios, com coleta de dados sobre a composição das capturas (em número e biomassa), seletividade dos aparelhos de pesca, fauna acompanhante e descartes. Também foram obtidas informações sobre as artes-de-pesca predominantes, CPUE e sazonalidade da produção pesqueira, bem como informações ambientais (limnológicas e climatológicas). Foram realizadas campanhas mensais de amostragem em campo, quando os pesquisadores acompanharam a atividade de pesca, estabelecendo um registro detalhado das capturas e dos apetrechos de pesca utilizados. Foi verificado que a rede de espera é a menos seletiva entre as quatro modalidades mais praticadas, porém é a única que conta com respaldo legal. Artes-de-pesca restritas, como arrasto, batida e tarrafa incidem principalmente sobre as tilápias, espécies não nativas cuja exploração pode ser considerada benéfica para a conservação da ictiofauna autóctone, através da diminuição da competição interespecífica por recursos.(AU)

Selectivity of gillnets for a non-native fish species in a neotropical reservoir, State of Paraná, Brazil / Seletividade de redes de emalhar para uma espécie de peixe não-nativo em um reservatório neotropical, Paraná, Brasil

Biological invasions are considered the second main cause of loss biodiversity in aquatic environments. Thus, many techniques have been developed with the aim of eradicating undesirable species. Then, this paper had the purpose of estimate the selectivity of the gillnets used to catch Odontesthes bonariensis, introduced specie in Salto Santiago reservoir, Iguassu River, Brazil. Samples were made bimonthly from July 2003 to March 2013. Altogether 6,952 individuals were captured. The mesh sizes of 2.5 cm and 3.0 cm are the most effectively both captured 89.90% of the individuals. The optimal sizes of capture estimates for mesh sizes of 2.5 and 3.0 cm were 13.35 cm and 16.00 cm, respectively. Thus, we suggest the intense use of gillnets with mesh sizes less than 3.0 cm, to capture small sized individuals at first maturation.

Invasões biológicas são consideradas a segunda principal causade redução de biodiversidade em ambientes aquáticos. Dessa forma, inúmeras técnicas têm sido desenvolvidas com o intuito de erradicar espécies indesejáveis. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a seletividade das redes de espera utilizadas na captura de Odontesthes bonariensis, espécie introduzida no reservatório da Usina Hidrelétrica de Salto Santiago, rio Iguaçu, Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Amostragens foram realizadas bimestralmente de julho de 2003 a março de 2013 em quatro locais do reservatório. Ao todo, foram capturados 6952 indivíduos. As malhas de 2,5 e 3,0 cmforam as mais eficientes, tendo, em conjunto, capturado 89,90% dos indivíduos. Os tamanhos ótimos de captura estimados para essas malhas foram 13,35 e 16 cm, respectivamente. Dessa forma, sugere-se intensificação do uso de redes de emalhar com tamanho inferior a três centímetros, para captura de indivíduos com tamanho menor que o da primeira maturação.