Life Satisfaction and Gender Congruence in Transgender Individuals: A Role for Occupational Therapy.

Societal restrictions impact transgender individuals' ability to engage in occupations that match their internal gender identity preventing gender affirmation. The aim was to explore transgender individuals' perceived levels of gender congruence and life satisfaction. A cross-sectional survey with a nonprobability sample of transgender adults was used to provide a preliminary exploration of transgender individuals' gender congruence and life satisfaction using the Gender Congruence and Life Satisfaction and World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF. When comparing the means of the physical, psychological, social, and environmental domains to the population norm, the respondents demonstrated statistically lower scores in all four domains of the WHOQOL-BREF. In both the WHOQOL-BREF and GCLS, the mean score in psychological health and life satisfaction were the lowest. Transgender individuals prioritize self-care activities, such as hairstyling, and body image to affirm internal gender identity. Occupational therapy can assist with supporting gender transition in several occupational contexts.

Life satisfaction and gender congruence in transgender individuals: A role for occupational therapy.Why was the study done? Transgender persons can experience discrimination because they do not adhere to societal gender norms. Consequently, they report high levels of anxiety, depression, and suicidality. They are often unable to engage in activities that match their internal identity perpetuating feelings of isolation and loneliness. The transgender community struggles with injustices that negatively affect their life satisfaction and gender congruence, which is the feeling that one's body and life match their gender identity. What did the researchers do? The research team implemented two surveys to explore gender congruence, affirmation, and life satisfaction in transgender individuals. The surveys were used to better understand how participants feel regarding body image, psychological health, environmental safety, social health, physical health, and life satisfaction. What did the researchers find? A majority of participants reported poor psychological functioning, life satisfaction, and body image. Contributory factors included gender incongruence secondary to physical characteristics and gender perception based on physical appearance. Participants reported high levels of anxiety and depressed mood, which negatively impacted personal well-being. What do the findings mean? This study identified important areas that can be focused on to improve the overall psychological functioning, personal well-being, and life satisfaction of transgender individuals. Transgender individuals place significant importance on self-care activities, leisure and social activities, and body image through validation of gender authenticity. This information substantiates the use of occupational therapy services to facilitate gender congruence and affirmation through engagement in activities that match their internal gender identity. Occupational therapy intervention may assist with occupational transition thereby improving life satisfaction and personal well-being.

Smartphone-Based Virtual and Augmented Reality Implicit Association Training (VARIAT) for Reducing Implicit Biases Toward Patients Among Health Care Providers: App Development and Pilot Testing.

Background: Implicit bias is as prevalent among health care professionals as among the wider population and is significantly associated with lower health care quality. Objective: The study goal was to develop and evaluate the preliminary efficacy of an innovative mobile app, VARIAT (Virtual and Augmented Reality Implicit Association Training), to reduce implicit biases among Medicaid providers. Methods: An interdisciplinary team developed 2 interactive case-based training modules for Medicaid providers focused on implicit bias related to race and socioeconomic status (SES) and sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI), respectively. The simulations combine experiential learning, facilitated debriefing, and game-based educational strategies. Medicaid providers (n=18) participated in this pilot study. Outcomes were measured on 3 domains: training reactions, affective knowledge, and skill-based knowledge related to implicit biases in race/SES or SOGI. Results: Participants reported high relevance of training to their job for both the race/SES module (mean score 4.75, SD 0.45) and SOGI module (mean score 4.67, SD 0.50). Significant improvement in skill-based knowledge for minimizing health disparities for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer patients was found after training (Cohen d=0.72; 95% CI -1.38 to -0.04). Conclusions: This study developed an innovative smartphone-based implicit bias training program for Medicaid providers and conducted a pilot evaluation on the user experience and preliminary efficacy. Preliminary evidence showed positive satisfaction and preliminary efficacy of the intervention.

'My safety depends on everyone else feeling safe and good': emotion work among transgender and gender diverse Texans.

Emotion work is a regulatory method used to change the degree or quality of one's own or another's emotions. Among sexual minority people, emotion work is a regulatory method utilised to maximise identity expression while maintaining harmony in interpersonal connections. However, little is known about the utilisation of emotion work among transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people. We sought to address this gap by qualitatively exploring emotion work among members of this population. We conducted semi-structured focus groups and interviews with 11 TGD adults. Eligibility criteria included (1) English speaking, (2) at least 18 years old, (3) currently living in Texas, and (4) identifying as TGD. Interviews explored identity-related experiences of discrimination and affirmation in different social environments, and emotional, physiological and behavioural responses. Interview transcripts were analysed by four researchers using thematic analysis. Four superordinate themes were developed: 1) feeling rules, 2) intrapersonal processes, 3) identity management strategies, and 4) psychophysiological strain. We found transgender and gender diverse participants feel responsible for emotion work to maintain comfort in social interactions often at the expense of authentic identity expression and psychosocial wellbeing. Findings are interpreted using the existing literature on identity management and emotion regulation. Implications for clinical practice are also provided.

The psychological burden of COVID-19 on the desire for parenthood in minoritized sexual identities: a study on depressive symptoms and family planning in Germany.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread across the globe and is associated with significant clinical and humanitarian burden. The desire for parenthood has been described to be positively correlated with psychological well-being: An unfulfilled wish for parenthood is associated with impaired mental health, and the wish for parenthood is a predictor for the development of depressive symptoms. While higher rates of anxiety and depression have been reported in individuals with minoritized sexual identities (compared to heterosexual individuals) during the COVID-19 pandemic, the specific impact of the pandemic and its social restriction measures on this population is poorly understood. METHODS: From April to July 2020, we conducted an anonymous cross-sectional survey online among N = 2463 adults living in Germany. We screened for depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-4; PHQ-4) and assessed individuals' desire for parenthood during the pandemic, and motives for or against the desire for parenthood (Leipzig questionnaire on motives for having a child, Version 20; LKM-20), with the aim of identifying differences between individuals with minoritized sexual identities and heterosexual individuals. RESULTS: Compared to heterosexual individuals (n = 1304), individuals with minoritized sexual identities (n = 831) indicated higher levels of depressive symptoms. In our study sample the majority of all participants (81.9%) reported no change in the desire for parenthood since the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSION: The findings underline the unmet need for social, psychological and medical support in regard to family-planning and the desire for parenthood during a pandemic. Furthermore, future research should explore COVID-19-related psychological consequences on individuals' desire for parenthood and building a family.

The Role of School and Community Involvement in the Psychosocial Health Outcomes of Black and Latinx LGBTQ Youth.

PURPOSE: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer-identified (LGBTQ) youth of color face poorer psychosocial health outcomes than their non-LGBTQ peers. Research suggests school-based and community activities promote psychosocial health for LGBTQ youth, but study samples are predominantly White. This study tested whether school enrollment and seven community activities were associated with LGBTQ community connectedness, happiness, and health among Black and Latinx LGBTQ youth. METHODS: This study used a subsample of Black and Latinx LGBTQ adolescents and young adults (N = 472) from the Social Justice Sexuality project. Mean differences in study variables were examined across intersectional racial/gender identity categories. Multiple regression analyses assessed the association of school enrollment and community activities with psychosocial health outcomes, accounting for covariates. RESULTS: Social activities for LGBTQ people (ß = 0.19) and LGBTQ people of color (POC; ß = 0.15) were associated with greater LGBTQ connectedness. While moderate religious services attendance (ß = -0.13) was associated with lower LGBTQ connectedness, high attendance was associated with greater happiness (ß = 0.13) and health (ß = 0.12). Social activities for LGBTQ-POC (ß = 0.13) were also associated with better health. School enrollment was not significantly associated with any outcomes and Latinx transgender and diverse youth had the lowest happiness and health. DISCUSSION: Social activities for LGBTQ people and LGBTQ-POC may play a role in the social connectedness and health of Black and Latinx LGBTQ youth, while frequent religious service attendance may support health and happiness. Schools and faith institutions should ensure their institutions are welcoming to LGBTQ youth. Public health workers might facilitate the involvement and inclusion of LGBTQ youth, while policy should support funding for community activities.

Harassment disparities and risk profile within lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender Spanish adult population: Comparisons by age, gender identity, sexual orientation, and perpetration context.

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) harassment disparities have become a public health issue due to discrimination and the effects on these people's health and wellbeing. The purpose was to compare harassment disparities within the Spanish adult LGBT population according to age, gender identity, sexual orientation and the context of perpetration and to describe the harassment risk profile. A sample of 1,051 LGBT adults participated in a cross-sectional study. Frequencies, percentages and Chi-square tests of independence for stablishing significant differences (p < 0.05) were calculated. The corrected standardized residuals allowed to identify the categories in which significant differences emerged. Binomial logistic regression was used to define the probability of the main LGBT groups of suffering harassment. Results show that 54.4% of the participants had experienced harassment. Young adults presented a higher prevalence than the older group. There were significant harassment differences between transgender (67.2%) and cisgender (52.7%) groups, and also between the subgroup of trans women (75.8%) and the subgroups of cis men (60.2%) and cis women (42.9%). The main disparities according to sexual orientation emerged between lesbian trans and the other LGB groups. Most harassment occurred in educational contexts and public spaces. Trans-women and trans non-binary reported a higher rate of harassment than cis LGB persons in all contexts. Trans people with different orientations (especially lesbian and gay trans) differed in harassment from LGB cis in four of the six contexts analyzed. Harassment is likely to diminish between 2 and 3% each year as LGBTs get older in educational contexts and public spaces but increases 1.07 times in the workplace. Trans women, trans non-binary, lesbian cis and trans-men were more likely to suffer harassment than bisexual cis persons. Trans women present the highest risk of harassment in three contexts (workplace, family and public spaces) and trans non-binary in the other three contexts (education, health and sport). Harassment is a serious problem for LGBT adults in Spain, especially among trans people, which differ in characteristics from those of the sexual minorities mainstream. Programs and policies targeted for improving health should therefore consider the differences that came to light in this study.

Hate Speech, Emotions, and Gender Identities: A Study of Social Narratives on Twitter with Trainee Teachers.

The objective of this study is, on the one hand, to analyse emotional responses to the construction of hate speech relating to gender identity on Twitter. On the other hand, the objective is to evaluate the capabilities of trainee primary education teachers at constructing alternative counter-narratives to this socially alive issue, surrounding the approval of the Ley de Identidad de Género [Gender Identity Law] in Chile, in 2018. With this two-fold objective in mind, quantitative, descriptive, and inferential analysis and qualitative analysis techniques are all applied. The results inform us of the influence of socially constructed emotions and feelings that are expressed in social narratives. However, the narratives of the participants neither appeared to reach satisfactory levels of reflection on the social issues that stirred their own emotional responses, nor on the conflict between reason and the value judgements that they expressed in the digital debate (counter-narratives). These results point to the need to consider both emotions and feelings, as categories of social analysis, and to reflect on their forms of expression within the framework of education for inclusive democratic citizenship.

An empowerment model of Iranian women for the management of menopause: a grounded theory study.

Background and Objectives: There is still no clear portrayal of women's empowerment in managing menopause. The present study was conducted to design a model for the empowerment of Iranian women in managing menopause. Materials and Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using the grounded theory on  40-60-year-old women who were first selected through purposive sampling and then by theoretical sampling from November 2013 to July 2016. Data were collected using 33 in-depth, semi-structured, individual interviews with 30 participants. Data were analyzed using the Strauss and Corbin(2008) approach and organized in MAXQDA-10. Results: The analysis of the data led to the emergence of "active coping with menopause" as the core variable with four themes. The two themes "threat to feminine identity" and "latent opportunity" explained the context of the study, and "redefining the feminine identity" and "self-retrieval" explained its process. Conclusion: In our social context, the phenomenon of menopause is a coin with two sides and its experience leans more on the threat to feminine identity and less on latent opportunity. The model of postmenopausal women's empowerment for managing menopause might offer health policy-makers a realistic and divergent understanding of the challenges of empowering women by explaining key concepts.

Does gender matter? An analysis of men's and women's accounts of responding to symptoms of lung cancer.

Men are often portrayed - in research studies, 'common-sense' accounts and popular media - as reluctant users of health services. They are said to avoid going to the GP whenever possible, while women are portrayed, in presumed opposition, as consulting more readily, more frequently and with less serious complaints. Such stereotypes may inadvertently encourage doctors to pay greater heed to men's symptoms in 'routine' consultations. Although previous research has challenged this view with evidence, and suggested that links between gender identities and help-seeking are complex and fluid, gender comparative studies remain uncommon, and particularly few studies (either qualitative or quantitative) compare men and women with similar morbidity. We contribute here to gender comparative research on help-seeking by investigating men's and women's accounts of responding to symptoms later diagnosed as lung cancer. A secondary analysis of qualitative interviews with 27 men and 18 women attending Scottish cancer centres revealed striking similarities between men's and women's accounts. Participants were seen as negotiating a complex and delicate balance in constructing their moral integrity as, on the one hand, responsible service users who were conscious of the demands on health care professionals' time, and as patients who did not take undue risks with their health, in the context of an illness for which people are often held culpable, on the other. In accounting for their responses to symptoms, men and women drew equally on culturally-embedded moral frameworks of stoicism and responsible service use. Regardless of gender, the accounts portrayed participants as stoic in response to illness and responsible service users; and as people seeking explanations for bodily changes and taking appropriate and timely action. Our analysis challenges simplistic, 'common-sense' views of gendered help-seeking and highlights that both men and women need support to consult their doctor for investigation of significant or concerning bodily changes.

McGurk Effect in Gender Identification: Vision Trumps Audition in Voice Judgments.

Demonstrations of non-speech McGurk effects are rare, mostly limited to emotion identification, and sometimes not considered true analogues. We presented videos of males and females singing a single syllable on the same pitch and asked participants to indicate the true range of the voice-soprano, alto, tenor, or bass. For one group of participants, the gender shown on the video matched the gender of the voice heard, and for the other group they were mismatched. Soprano or alto responses were interpreted as "female voice" decisions and tenor or bass responses as "male voice" decisions. Identification of the voice gender was 100% correct in the preceding audio-only condition. However, whereas performance was also 100% correct in the matched video/audio condition, it was only 31% correct in the mismatched video/audio condition. Thus, the visual gender information overrode the voice gender identification, showing a robust non-speech McGurk effect.

O que viu Tirésias: a identidade transexual na obra de Virginia Woolf / What Tiresias saw: the transsexual identity in the work of VirginiaWoolf

Este trabalho busca analisar no romance de Virginia Woolf, Orlando– paradigma do andrógino da literatura moderna ocidental – a consciência e a identidade transexual como formas autênticas deconhecimento. Orlando, que por ter pertencido aos dois sexos, acumulou um tesouro inesgotável de sensações e pensamentos, serve para representar a fluidez da vida em que os contornos do “eu” se dissolvem continuamente e onde o tempo não possui uma medida definida e constante. O objetivo é buscar formas de interpretação e analise de sujeitos cujos corpos não estão demarcados no interior das fronteiras dos sexos, como produtores de outras formas de experiência e construção de subjetividades que podem nos trazer outras possibilidades de entendimento do conhecimento, do corpo e do sexo. (AU)

This paper seeks to analyze the novel by Virginia Woolf, Orlando - androgynous paradigm of modern Western literature - the awareness and transsexual identity as authentic forms of knowledge. Orlando, which havebelonged to both sexes, accumulated an in exhaustible treasure of sensations and thoughts, serves to represent the fluidity of life in which the contours of the "self" dissolve continuously and where time has no defined and constant measure. The goal is to seek forms of interpretation and analysis of subjects whose bodies are not marked within the borders of the sexes, as producers of other forms of experience and construction of subjectivities that can bring us other possibilities of understanding of knowledge, body and sex. (AU)

Relações entre gênero e escola no discurso de professoras do ensino fundamental / Relationship between gender and school on the discourse of teachers of elementary schools / Relación entre el género y la escuela en el discurso de los maestros de escuelas primarias

A escola e seus professores possuem grande responsabilidade na formação de identidades de gênero. Dez professoras de uma escola pública participaram de uma entrevista semiestruturada, para posterior análise do conteúdo. As professoras percebem relações de gênero entre os alunos a partir de comportamentos na sala de aula, como rapidez nos meninos e capricho nas meninas, a escolha de cores e desempenhos acadêmicos diferenciados. Além disso, preocupam-se com a suposta homossexualidade de alguns meninos. As justificativas sobre as diferenças de gênero percebidas nos alunos foram atribuídas à influência da família e a reprodução de padrões hegemônicos de gênero. A maioria das professoras acredita que a escola tem pouca responsabilidade nas questões de gênero, evidenciando a precária formação que tiveram para atuar na educação sexual de seus alunos.

The school and its teachers have great responsibility in the formation of gender identities. Ten teachers of a public schools participated in a semi-structured interview for the analysis of the content. The teachers perceive gender relations among the students, by their behaviors in the classroom: how quickly are the boys and the whim of the girls, the choice of colors and academic performance distinguished. They also have a concerned about the supposed homosexuality of some boys. The justification on perceived gender differences in students were assigned to the influence of family and to the reproduction of hegemonic standards of gender. Most teachers believe that school has little responsibility in gender issues, highlighting the poor training they had to work with sexual education of their students.

La escuela y sus profesores tienen una gran responsabilidad en la formación de las identidades de género. Diez maestros de escuelas públicas participaron en una entrevista para su posterior análisis del contenido. Los profesores perciben las relaciones de género entre los estudiantes de los comportamientos en el aula, la rapidez con que los niños y las niñas en la fantasía, la elección de los colores y el rendimiento académico distinguido. Además, la preocupación acerca de la supuesta homosexualidad de algunos niños. La justificación de las diferencias de género en la percepción de los estudiantes fueron asignados a la influencia de la familia y la reproducción de patrones de género hegemónicas. La mayoría de los profesores creen que la escuela tiene poca responsabilidad en cuestiones de género, destacando la escasa formación que tenía que actuar en la educación sexual de sus estudiantes.

Relações entre gênero e escola no discurso de professoras do ensino fundamental / Relationship between gender and school on the discourse of teachers of elementary schools / Relación entre el género y la escuela en el discurso de los maestros de escuelas primarias

A escola e seus professores possuem grande responsabilidade na formação de identidades de gênero. Dez professoras de uma escola pública participaram de uma entrevista semiestruturada, para posterior análise do conteúdo. As professoras percebem relações de gênero entre os alunos a partir de comportamentos na sala de aula, como rapidez nos meninos e capricho nas meninas, a escolha de cores e desempenhos acadêmicos diferenciados. Além disso, preocupam-se com a suposta homossexualidade de alguns meninos. As justificativas sobre as diferenças de gênero percebidas nos alunos foram atribuídas à influência da família e a reprodução de padrões hegemônicos de gênero. A maioria das professoras acredita que a escola tem pouca responsabilidade nas questões de gênero, evidenciando a precária formação que tiveram para atuar na educação sexual de seus alunos.(AU)

The school and its teachers have great responsibility in the formation of gender identities. Ten teachers of a public schools participated in a semi-structured interview for the analysis of the content. The teachers perceive gender relations among the students, by their behaviors in the classroom: how quickly are the boys and the whim of the girls, the choice of colors and academic performance distinguished. They also have a concerned about the supposed homosexuality of some boys. The justification on perceived gender differences in students were assigned to the influence of family and to the reproduction of hegemonic standards of gender. Most teachers believe that school has little responsibility in gender issues, highlighting the poor training they had to work with sexual education of their students.(AU)

La escuela y sus profesores tienen una gran responsabilidad en la formación de las identidades de género. Diez maestros de escuelas públicas participaron en una entrevista para su posterior análisis del contenido. Los profesores perciben las relaciones de género entre los estudiantes de los comportamientos en el aula, la rapidez con que los niños y las niñas en la fantasía, la elección de los colores y el rendimiento académico distinguido. Además, la preocupación acerca de la supuesta homosexualidad de algunos niños. La justificación de las diferencias de género en la percepción de los estudiantes fueron asignados a la influencia de la familia y la reproducción de patrones de género hegemónicas. La mayoría de los profesores creen que la escuela tiene poca responsabilidad en cuestiones de género, destacando la escasa formación que tenía que actuar en la educación sexual de sus estudiantes.(AU)

Família, trabalho, identidades de gênero / Family, work, gender identities / Familia, trabajo, identidades de género

Este artigo trata de uma pesquisa realizada com quinze mulheres entre 20 e 35 anos com o objetivo de apreender a representação de identidade feminina, o lugar atribuído à mulher na família e no trabalho, as relações de gênero e as relações de poder. Utilizamos uma entrevista semiestruturada com roteiro, que foi gravada, transcrita literalmente e analisada pelo método da Análise de Conteúdo. Os resultados mostram identidades femininas múltiplas, mulheres ocupando novas posições de sujeito, o trabalho feminino assalariado possibilitando o atravessamento das fronteiras entre os espaços público e privado e novas modalidades de relacionamento entre os gêneros. Por fim, evidencia-se que a noção de identidade de gênero é contingencial e histórica, sendo cultural e socialmente engendrada e passível de ser questionada.(AU)

This article presents a qualitative research with fifteen women between 20 and 35 years old. The objective of the study was to apprehend their representation about Feminine Identity, inquiring the place attributed to women in family and at work, including gender and power relations. Hence, a semi-structured interview was applied, recorded and literally transcripted for later analysis. The data shows multiples feminine identities: women occupying new subject-positions; feminine work enabling the crosswalk between public and private spaces; and new modalities of gender relations. At last, the notion of gender identity is considered to be historical; as a cultural identity socially constructed, therefore possible to be putted into question.(AU)

En este artículo se aborda una investigación hecha con quince mujeres en la franja de edad entre 20 y 35 años, cuyo objetivo principal ha sido aprehender la representación de Identidad Femenina, el lugar atribuido a la mujer en la familia y en el trabajo; las relaciones de género y las relaciones de poder entre los géneros. Utilizamos la entrevista en profundidad con guión, que ha sido grabada y transcrita literalmente y sometida a un Análisis de Contenido. Los resultados apuntan identidades femeninas múltiplas; mujeres poniéndose en posiciones de sujeto distintas de las tradicionales; el trabajo femenino asalariado les posibilita atravesar las fronteras entre los espacios público y privado; se presencia nuevas relaciones entre los géneros. Por fin, se confirma que el concepto de identidad de género es contingente e histórico, cultural y socialmente construido y, por eso mismo, puede ser cuestionado.(AU)

Família, trabalho, identidades de gênero / Family, work, gender identities / Familia, trabajo, identidades de género

Este artigo trata de uma pesquisa realizada com quinze mulheres entre 20 e 35 anos com o objetivo de apreender a representação de identidade feminina, o lugar atribuído à mulher na família e no trabalho, as relações de gênero e as relações de poder. Utilizamos uma entrevista semiestruturada com roteiro, que foi gravada, transcrita literalmente e analisada pelo método da Análise de Conteúdo. Os resultados mostram identidades femininas múltiplas, mulheres ocupando novas posições de sujeito, o trabalho feminino assalariado possibilitando o atravessamento das fronteiras entre os espaços público e privado e novas modalidades de relacionamento entre os gêneros. Por fim, evidencia-se que a noção de identidade de gênero é contingencial e histórica, sendo cultural e socialmente engendrada e passível de ser questionada.

This article presents a qualitative research with fifteen women between 20 and 35 years old. The objective of the study was to apprehend their representation about Feminine Identity, inquiring the place attributed to women in family and at work, including gender and power relations. Hence, a semi-structured interview was applied, recorded and literally transcripted for later analysis. The data shows multiples feminine identities: women occupying new subject-positions; feminine work enabling the crosswalk between public and private spaces; and new modalities of gender relations. At last, the notion of gender identity is considered to be historical; as a cultural identity socially constructed, therefore possible to be putted into question.

En este artículo se aborda una investigación hecha con quince mujeres en la franja de edad entre 20 y 35 años, cuyo objetivo principal ha sido aprehender la representación de Identidad Femenina, el lugar atribuido a la mujer en la familia y en el trabajo; las relaciones de género y las relaciones de poder entre los géneros. Utilizamos la entrevista en profundidad con guión, que ha sido grabada y transcrita literalmente y sometida a un Análisis de Contenido. Los resultados apuntan identidades femeninas múltiplas; mujeres poniéndose en posiciones de sujeto distintas de las tradicionales; el trabajo femenino asalariado les posibilita atravesar las fronteras entre los espacios público y privado; se presencia nuevas relaciones entre los géneros. Por fin, se confirma que el concepto de identidad de género es contingente e histórico, cultural y socialmente construido y, por eso mismo, puede ser cuestionado.

Female Fem(me)ininities.

SUMMARY This article critiques the historical authentication and political legitimization of exclusively masculinized dyke identities within lesbian subcultures. Seeking to create a new analysis of performative femininity, it explores the specificity of historical and contemporary femme gender transgression and offers positionalities from which to perceive femme practices and identities as politically subversive.