Inconsistent advice by ChatGPT influences decision making in various areas.

The ChatGPT technology is increasingly becoming a part of our daily lives and is starting to be utilized in various decision-making contexts. The current study builds upon prior research, demonstrating that people's moral decision-making is influenced by ChatGPT across three perspectives, as evidenced by two studies (total n = 1925). The findings suggested that ChatGPT advice impacted decision-making similarly to expert advice, although not all decisions were susceptible to influence, particularly those based on negative emotions. Additionally, ChatGPT advice affected decisions beyond moral judgments, but no effect was observed when the advice recommended immediate low rewards. Moreover, individuals with a higher tendency for personal fear of invalidity were more likely to be influenced by both expert and AI advice, but this was not related to trust in AI.

Influence of Physical Attractiveness and Gender on Patient Preferences in Digital Doctor Consultations: Experimental Study.

BACKGROUND: The rise of digital health services, particularly digital doctor consultations, has created a new paradigm in health care choice. While patients traditionally rely on digital reviews or referrals to select health care providers, the digital context often lacks such information, leading to reliance on visual cues such as profile pictures. Previous research has explored the impact of physical attractiveness in general service settings but is scant in the context of digital health care. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to fill the research gap by investigating how a health care provider's physical attractiveness influences patient preferences in a digital consultation setting. We also examine the moderating effects of disease severity and the availability of information on health care providers' qualifications. The study uses signal theory and the sexual attribution bias framework to understand these dynamics. METHODS: Three experimental studies were conducted to examine the influence of health care providers' physical attractiveness and gender on patient preferences in digital consultations. Study 1 (n=282) used a 2×2 between-subjects factorial design, manipulating doctor attractiveness and gender. Study 2 (n=158) focused on women doctors and manipulated disease severity and participant gender. Study 3 (n=150) replicated study 2 but added information about the providers' abilities. RESULTS: This research found that patients tend to choose attractive doctors of the opposite gender but are less likely to choose attractive doctors of the same gender. In addition, our studies revealed that such an effect is more prominent when the disease severity is high. Furthermore, the influence of gender stereotypes is mitigated in both the high and low disease severity conditions when service providers' qualification information is present. CONCLUSIONS: This research contributes to the literature on medical information systems research and sheds light on what information should be displayed on digital doctor consultation platforms. To counteract stereotype-based attractiveness biases, health care platforms should consider providing comprehensive qualification information alongside profile pictures.

Older adults' online activities and cognition: Investigating the psychological mechanisms and age and gender differences.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate psychological mechanisms underlying the association between older adults' Internet use and cognition and examine potential age and gender group differences. METHODS: 2064 older participants were extracted from the Waves 2012, 2013, and 2016 Health and Retirement Study. Internet use was measured by two sets of variables: Internet access and different types of online activities (i.e., informational use, social use, online shopping, and online banking). Path analyses were applied to test the proposed mechanisms via three mediators (i.e., loneliness, depressive symptoms, and perceived control). Multi-group analyses were conducted to examine the potential group differences. RESULTS: Internet use was positively associated with cognition. Despite the large direct effect, small but significant indirect effects via depressive symptoms and perceived control were identified across all online activities. Multi-group analyses revealed age-group differences in the mechanisms: depressive symptoms mediated the effects of all online activities on cognition among young-old adults, while perceived control mediated all the effects among old-old adults. Gender group differences were also identified: depressive symptoms mediated the effects of all online activities on cognition among older women and most online activities among older men, whereas perceived control mediated the associations between informational and instrumental (i.e., online shopping and banking) use and cognition among older men. DISCUSSION: This study highlights the mediating effect of depressive symptoms and perceived control and age and gender differences regarding the Internet use-cognition association. Internet-based cognitive interventions should consider these psychological mediators and age and gender differences for the best results.

Exploring the nature of the gender-congruency effect: implicit gender activation and social bias.

The aim of the study was to explore the nature of the gender-congruency effect, characterized by a facilitation on the processing of congruent words in grammatical gender. Moreover, we explored whether resemblances between gender identities and gender attitudes with grammatical gender modulated lexical processing. We designed a gender-priming paradigm in Spanish, in which participants decided the gender of a masculine or feminine pronoun preceded by three different primes: biological gender nouns (mapping biological sex), stereotypical nouns (mapping biological and stereotypical information), and epicene nouns (arbitrary gender assignment). We found faster processing of gender congruent pronouns independently of the type of prime, showing that the grammatical gender feature is active even when processing bare nouns that are not conceptually related to gender. This indicates that the gender-congruency effect is driven by the activation of the gender information at the lexical level, which is transferred to the semantic level. Interestingly, the results showed an asymmetry for epicene primes: the gender-congruency effect was smaller for epicene primes when preceding the feminine pronoun, probably driven by the grammatical rule of the masculine being the generic gender. Furthermore, we found that masculine oriented attitudes can bias language processing diminishing the activation of feminine gender, which ultimately could overshadow the female figure.

Exploring Early Childhood Educators' Perceptions and Practices Towards Gender Differences in STEM Play: A Multiple-Case Study in China.

Various gender biases have been demonstrated in early childhood educators (ECEs) with unintentional preferential treatment provided to boys during STEM-related play activities. These biases could impact young girls' identity formation, resulting in continued underrepresentation of women in STEM domains in future. In China, however, little research has been conducted on how ECEs perceive gender equity of STEM fields. Consequently, this study aims to close this gap by investigating the educators' perceptions on and responses to gender differences in STEM play, drawing on the cultural-historical theory and incorporating feminist perspectives. Adopting a multiple-case study approach, this study collected perceptions and experiences of six Chinese in-service ECEs regarding STEM play and gender-related issues. The participants recognized and valued children's equal involvement in STEM play, but failed to preclude ingrained gender preconceptions, leading to contradictory beliefs and performs. Meanwhile, Chinese ECEs considered prejudices from the external environment and peer influence the main obstacles to gender inclusion. Inclusive practices and emphasises are thus discussed relating to ECEs' multiple roles in supporting gender-neutral environments for STEM play. These preliminary findings shed light on attaining gender equity in STEM within the context of a feminist discourse, and provide Chinese educators, leaders and even the educational system with pioneering information. However, further research on ECEs' underlying stereotypes and teaching practices is still warranted to examine future professional development possibilities, support ECEs in reducing obstacles to girls' STEM engagement, and ultimately create a welcoming and inclusive STEM play space for girls.

Gender stereotypes in leadership: Analyzing the content and evaluation of stereotypes about typical, male, and female leaders.

Introduction: Previous research often examined gender stereotypes in leadership with ratings on predetermined gendered characteristics concerning leaders' agency and communality (i.e., explicit measures). The aim of the present study was to broaden the understanding of gender stereotypes in leadership by taking more subtle approaches, that focus on what men and women actually ascribe to typical, male, and female leaders and how they implicitly evaluate them. Methods: An online survey collected (a) free associations which reflect social representations (e.g., dominant, empathic), (b) evaluations of the given associations as negative, neutral, or positive, and (c) ratings on Peabody's semantic differential combining non-gendered adjective pairs to an evaluative component of a typical leader, a male leader, and a female leader. Results: Using the approach of social representations by analyzing 2,842 free associations from 194 participants shows the predominant gender stereotypes. Ratings of the free associations revealed that women evaluate characteristics associated with female leaders more negatively than those associated with typical leaders and male leaders. By contrast, using the evaluative component of non-gendered adjective pairs shows that typical and female leaders were often rated more positively than male leaders and that women were more likely to devalue male leaders. Discussion: Directly asking about leaders (i.e., associations) might retrieve participants' gender stereotypes, whereas when using non-direct questions (i.e., evaluation component of adjective pairs) gender stereotypes might be less prominent. Thus, when evaluating leaders, practitioners and researchers should consider whether these evaluations were obtained explicitly or implicitly to assess potential influences of gender stereotypes.

Gendered Actions with a Genderless Robot: Gender Attribution to Humanoid Robots in Action.

The present study aims to investigate how gender stereotypes affect people's gender attribution to social robots. To this end, we examined whether a robot can be assigned a gender depending on a performed action. The study consists of 3 stages. In the first stage, we determined masculine and feminine actions by a survey conducted with 54 participants. In the second stage, we selected a gender-neutral robot by having 76 participants rate several robot stimuli in the masculine-feminine spectrum. In the third stage, we created short animation videos in which the gender-neutral robot determined in stage two performed the masculine and feminine actions determined in stage one. We then asked 102 participants to evaluate the robot in the videos in the masculine-feminine spectrum. We asked them to rate the videos according to their own view (self-view) and how they thought society would evaluate them (society-view). We also used the Socialization of Gender Norms Scale (SGNS) to identify individual differences in gender attribution to social robots. We found the main effect of action category (feminine vs. masculine) on both self-view reports and society-view reports suggesting that a neutral robot was reported to be feminine if it performed feminine actions and masculine if it performed masculine actions. However, society-view reports were more pronounced than the self-view reports: when the neutral robot performed masculine actions, it was found to be more masculine in the society-view reports than the self-view reports; and when it performs feminine actions, it was found to be more feminine in the society-view reports than the self-view reports. In addition, the SGNS predicted the society-view reports (for feminine actions) but not the self-view reports. In sum, our study suggests that people can attribute gender to social robots depending on the task they perform.

Does gender stereotype threat affects the levels of aggressiveness, learning and flow in gamified learning environments?: An experimental study.

Studies in the literature reported several positive benefits provided by the use of technology in online education, especially in the gamified tutoring system. However, despite the benefits of intelligent tutoring systems, recent studies indicate the presence of a gender gap not considered in the construction of the attributes present in the gamified tutoring system. To investigate this impact by observing users' behavioral changes in gamified online educational environments, the present study aims to investigate the effects of the stereotype threats using a quantitative experiment with a Factorial Design in three gamified environments (stereotypical male version, stereotypical female version and control environment). Was conducted an experiment with 150 individuals (high school and undergraduate students) without considering age, ethnicity, or social class. The results show that the participants allocated to the male learning environment present an increase in aggressiveness level. Furthermore, the results also show the stereotypical male and female learning environments increased the participants' performance level. Another finding was that the threatening condition provided a significant increase in the participants' flow level among males subjected to a threatening condition, which did not manifest in the case of females. In addition, this study also observed the effect of the stereotype threat on men and women in the threatening condition by division in the 34-year age group, resulting in a significant increase in the level of flow among men. This study showed previous results show that the gamified environment influences psychological variables as aggressiveness, intellectual performance, and flow level, they raise questions about the direction of these changes and the impact they may have on users' usability and performance in these systems.

Cognitive processing differences between stereotype activation and semantic activation.

Previous studies have demonstrated that the activation of stereotype conflict is similar to the N400 congruency effect shown by the activation of semantic violation. In order to distinguish the differences between the two, the first experiment used gender stereotype trait words as target stimuli, and used "male/female" and "synonym of trait words/antonym of trait words" as priming stimuli respectively, so that the subjects completed the consistency determination task. In experiment 2, gender stereotyped behavior pictures were used as target stimuli, and "male/female" was used as priming stimuli, so that the subjects completed the task of consistency determination. The results showed that both gender stereotype conflict and semantic violation could induce N400 a congruency effect. Importantly, the N400 amplitude and response latency induced by gender stereotype activation are both smaller than those induced by semantic activation. These results show that stereotype activation is distinct from semantic activation, further demonstrating that the brain preferentially processes information related to gender stereotypes, and gender stereotype cognitive processing is more likely to happen than semantic knowledge processing.

Cognitive processing differences between stereotype activation and semantic activation.

Previous studies have demonstrated that the activation of stereotype conflict is similar to the N400 congruency effect shown by the activation of semantic violation. In order to distinguish the differences between the two, the first experiment used gender stereotype trait words as target stimuli, and used "male/female" and "synonym of trait words/antonym of trait words" as priming stimuli respectively, so that the subjects completed the consistency determination task. In experiment 2, gender stereotyped behavior pictures were used as target stimuli, and "male/female" was used as priming stimuli, so that the subjects completed the task of consistency determination. The results showed that both gender stereotype conflict and semantic violation could induce N400 a congruency effect. Importantly, the N400 amplitude and response latency induced by gender stereotype activation are both smaller than those induced by semantic activation. These results show that stereotype activation is distinct from semantic activation, further demonstrating that the brain preferentially processes information related to gender stereotypes, and gender stereotype cognitive processing is more likely to happen than semantic knowledge processing.

The influence of androgynous streamers on consumers' product preferences.

Since the rapid development of network technology, the rise of live-streaming shopping platforms has followed. Some streamers influence consumers' preferences for products through their gender role attributes, thus generating great commercial value. Based on attachment theory and using an experimental approach, this study explored the impact of streamers' gender roles (single gender/androgyny) on consumers' preferences through 2 studies. Study 1 shows the androgynous streamer elicits a higher product preference than the single-gender (masculine and feminine) streamer. Study 2 demonstrates the moderating effect of gender stereotypes through 2 experiments to construct clear boundary conditions for the main effect and the results show that regardless of whether the streamer is male or female when individuals have a high gender stereotype, the single-gender streamer leads to a higher product preference than the androgynous streamer. When individuals have a low gender stereotype, the androgynous streamer promotes a higher product preference than the single-gender streamer.

Evaluación de las actitudes hacia la sexualidad del adulto mayor en una comunidad rural

Introducción: La sexualidad sigue siendo un tabú ante la sociedad, especialmente en la etapa del adulto mayor. Objetivo: Evaluar las actitudes hacia la sexualidad del adulto mayor, en una comunidad rural del Estado de Hidalgo. Material y Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo-descriptivo y transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 182 adultos mayores de un municipio rural en el Estado de Hidalgo, a quienes se les aplicó el cuestionario de actitudes hacia la sexualidad en la vejez. Resultados: La muestra tuvo un rango de edad entre 60 y 96 años. Se identificó que 56,6 % del total de los adultos mayores presentan actitudes negativas. La actitud hacia la sexualidad resultó tener diferencias significativas respecto a la edad (p< 0,05), estado civil (p< 0,05) y entorno social (p< 0,001). Por otra parte, los prejuicios y los mitos hacia la sexualidad tuvieron una correlación alta con la actitud de los adultos mayores hacia su sexualidad. Además, los encuestados hacen mención que los problemas con la sexualidad tienen que ver con el proceso del envejecimiento (57,7 %), las enfermedades (62,6 %) y los tratamientos médicos en la vejez (53,3 %). Conclusiones: En general, la actitud que tienen los adultos mayores hacia su sexualidad es negativa, donde a mayor edad presentan una actitud más negativa, así como los adultos mayores que viven solos, son viudos o divorciados. Los mitos y los prejuicios hacia la sexualidad en el adulto mayor tienen un papel importante en la actitud sobre este tema.

Introduction: Sexuality continues to be a taboo to society, especially in the older adult stage. Objective: To evaluate the attitudes towards sexuality among the elderly in a rural community of Hidalgo State. Material and Methods: Quantitative-descriptive and cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 182 older adults from a rural community in Hidalgo State, to whom the Questionnaire on Attitudes Towards Sexuality in Old Age (CASV) and sociodemographic variables were applied. Results: The sample had an age range between 60 and 96 years old. It was identified that 56.6 % of all older adults, present negative attitudes. The attitude towards sexuality turned out to have significant differences with respect to age (p< 0.05), marital status (p< 0.05), and social environment (p< 0.001). On the other hand, prejudices and myths towards sexuality had a high correlation with the attitude of older adults towards their sexuality. In addition, the older adults surveyed mention that the problems with sexuality depend on aging (57.7 %), diseases (62.6 %); and medical treatments in old age (53.3 %). Conclusions: In general, older adults have a negative attitude towards sexuality, where the older they are the more negative attitude they have, as well as those who live alone, are widowed, or divorced. The myths and prejudices towards sexuality in the elderly play an important role in the attitude on this subject.

Young Women as Change Agents in Sports and Physical Activities in the Punjab (Southern) Province of Pakistan.

Women's empowerment is a concept describing the promotion of women doing things independently and in their own interests, being more conducive to their future and physical and mental development; this includes participation in different outdoor activities, including sports. This qualitative study presents data collected from 18 young female students at sports and physical education universities in Southern Punjab (SP) in Pakistan, selected using a snowball sampling technique. The current study explores their gendered and lived experiences of playing sports and engaging in physical activities in patriarchal systems by emphasizing the concept of women's empowerment in the context of feminism in sports theory. The findings suggest that the participants faced typical gender stereotypes in their families and communities, which position sports and physical activities as being not feminine. The chances for women to participate in sports and physical activities decrease as they grow up. However, the participants used a range of strategies to advance their interests and academic careers in sports and physical activities by resisting and incorporating dominant discourses of women's participation in sports and physical activities, which also has implications in the internal and external policy domains at the local and national levels. The participants displayed great resilience and optimism, empowering them to enter the male-dominated domains, and thus we labeled them as change agents.

Investigating the Parental and Media Influence on Gender Stereotypes and Young Student's Career Choices in Pakistan.

The study aimed to examine the impact of parental influence and media richness on gender stereotypes and career decisions among students at the secondary level in Pakistan. The sample size was 200 students, selected through a simple random sampling technique from government and private schools. Four questionnaires were used to gather data. The data was analyzed quantitatively using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Regression analyses were used to investigate the impact of parental influence (ß = 0.50) on gender stereotypes and media richness influence (ß = 0.26) on gender stereotype beliefs. Furthermore, parental, media, and gender stereotype behavior all have a significant impact on students' career choices (R 2 = 0.694). On the scale of the parental influence and media richness, no significant gender differences were found. It is concluded that parental influence has a greater effect on students' gender stereotyping behavior and career choices.

Diferencias y similitudes generacionales de enfermeras asturianas de los siglos xx y xxi desde la perspectiva de género / Generational Differences and Similitudes among Austrian Nurses from the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries Based on a Gender Perceptive

Introducción: El siglo pasado facilita el acceso al legado que pueden aportar diferentes generaciones de profesionales de enfermería en distintos entornos de salud. Cuatro generaciones de enfermeras asturianas pudieron coincidir en un mismo grupo de trabajo y al analizar el tiempo histórico que le ha correspondido a cada una, se observa una gran diferencia tanto a nivel teórico como práctico y tecnológico en la manera de administrar los cuidados. Objetivo: Identificar las diferencias o similitudes generacionales existentes entre la percepción de roles paradomésticos de cuatro generaciones de enfermeras asturianas y su nivel de dependencia del poder médico desde una perspectiva de género. Métodos: Se ha partido de los principios del paradigma hermenéutico orientando la investigación desde la perspectiva aportada por la historia social y cultural. La muestra ha estado integrada por enfermeras asturianas pertenecientes a la generación de Veteranos, Baby Boom, Generación X y Millennials. Se realizaron 40 entrevistas desde febrero de 2018 hasta abril del 2020. Para el análisis de datos se utilizó el modelo estructural dialéctico de los cuidados y para el análisis de datos cualitativo el software Atlas ti 7. Resultados: Emergieron 3 categorías: unidad funcional, marco funcional y elemento funcional. Sobresalen las diferentes expectativas en el uso de la tecnología informática de las distintas generaciones. Las enfermeras Millennials perciben su valoración como miembro importante del equipo de salud, sobre todo por parte de los médicos más jóvenes. Tras la pandemia de la COVID-19 la enfermería se ve reforzada como una fuerza laboral feminizada. Conclusión: Las enfermeras Millennial a pesar de reconocer el servilismo aún vigente dentro de la profesión de enfermería, apuestan por el cambio y la lucha del reconocimiento de su labor, a nivel social y profesional(AU)

Introduction: The past century facilitates access to the legacy that can be provided by different generations of nursing professionals in different health care settings. Four generations of Asturian nurses could coincide in the same work group and, upon analyzing the historical time that has corresponded to each one, a great difference was observed at the theoretical, practical and technological levels regarding the way of providing care. Objective: To identify the generational differences or similarities between perception of paradomestic roles of four generations of Asturian nurses and their level of dependence on medical power from a gender perspective. Methods: The start has been the principles of the hermeneutic paradigm, orienting the research from the perspective provided by social and cultural history. The sample was composed of Asturian nurses belonging to the generation of veterans, baby boomers, generation X and millennials. Forty interviews were conducted from February 2018 to April 2020. The dialectical structural model of care was used for data analysis, while the ATLAS.ti 7 software was used for qualitative data analysis. Results: Three categories emerged: functional unit, functional framework and functional element. The different expectations in the use of information technology by the different generations stand out. Millennial nurses perceive their valuation based on the fact that they are an important member of the healthcare team, especially by the opinion of younger physicians. In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, nursing is reinforced as a feminized workforce. Conclusion: Millennial nurses, despite recognizing the subservience that still exists within the nursing profession, are committed to change and the struggle for recognition of their work, both socially and professionally(AU)

Mathematics-gender stereotype endorsement influences mathematics anxiety, self-concept, and performance differently in men and women.

Mathematics anxiety (MA) is negatively associated with mathematics performance. Although some aspects, such as mathematics self-concept (M self-concept), seem to modulate this association, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. In addition, the false gender stereotype that women are worse than men in mathematics can have a detrimental effect on women. The role that the endorsement of this stereotype (mathematics-gender stereotype (MGS) endorsement) can play may differ between men and women. In this study, we investigated how MA and mathematics self-concept relate to arithmetic performance when considering one's MGS endorsement and gender in a large sample (n = 923) of university students. Using a structural equation modeling approach, we found that MA and mathematics self-concept mediated the effect of MGS endorsement in both men and women. For women, MGS endorsement increased their MA level, while in men, it had the opposite effect (albeit weak). Specifically, in men, MGS endorsement influenced the level of the numerical components of MA, but, unlike women, it also positively influenced their mathematics self-concept. Moreover, men and women perceived the questions included in the considered instruments differently, implying that the scores obtained in these questionnaires may not be directly comparable between genders, which has even broader theoretical and methodological implications for MA research.

Perceptions of the return to face-to-face education and reconfiguration of the domestic burden of university teachers during Covid-19 post-pandemic times / Percepciones sobre el retorno a la educación presencial y la reconfiguración de la carga doméstica de docentes universitarias en tiempos de pospandemia por covid-19 / Percepções sobre o retorno ao ensino presencial e a reconfiguração do Sobrecarga doméstica de professores universitários em tempos pós-pandemia devido à covid-19

Introduction: After a year and a half of contingency measures due to the Covid-19 virus in Colombia, by 2022 there was a return to face-to-face sessions in the educational field. This return to work implied a process of psychological adaptation to social distancing measures and to face-to-face work routines, and changes in domestic dynamics that were set during teachers' teleworking. Objective: To describe the perception of the return to face-to-face work and reconfiguration of the domestic burden of university teachers. Materials and Methods: The study approach was qualitative with a phenomenological design. The participating population were teachers in the higher education field in the city of Popayán (Colombia). Results and Conclusions: We found a favorable perception of teachers regarding the return to face-to-face work, as well as expectations about the reduction of the workload that allows quality time with their families; however, there was no evidence of an attempt to distribute these tasks evenly amongst the household members, despite the shared family experience during the preventive isolation.

Introducción: En Colombia, para el 2022 se estableció el retorno a la presencialidad en el sector educativo luego de la contingencia por el virus por covid-19. Este retorno implica un proceso de adaptación psicológica a las medidas de distanciamiento social y a las rutinas de trabajo presencial y cambios en las dinámicas domésticas que se establecieron durante el teletrabajo de docentes. Objetivo: Describir la percepción sobre el retorno a la labor presencial y la reconfiguración de la carga doméstica de docentes universitarias. Materiales y métodos: El enfoque del estudio fue cualitativo de diseño fenomenológico. La población participante fueron docentes de educación superior de la ciudad de Popayán (Colombia). Resultados y conclusiones: Se encontró una percepción favorable de las docentes frente al retorno de la presencialidad, así como expectativas sobre la disminución de la carga laboral que permita el tiempo de calidad en familia; sin embargo, no se evidenció una intención de distribución equitativa de las labores domésticas del hogar, a pesar de la experiencia compartida en familia durante el aislamiento preventivo.

Introdução: Na Colômbia, o regresso ao trabalho presencial no sector da educação foi estabelecido para 2022 após a contingência do vírus COVID-19. Este regresso implica um processo de adaptação psicológica às medidas de distanciamento social e rotinas de trabalho presencial e mudanças nas dinâmicas domésticas que foram estabelecidas durante o teletrabalho dos professores. Objetivo: Descrever a percepção do regresso ao trabalho presencial e a reconfiguração da carga de trabalho doméstico das professoras universitárias. Materiais e métodos: A abordagem do estudo foi qualitativa com um modelo fenomenológico. A população participante era de professores do ensino superior na cidade de Popayán (Colômbia). Resultados e conclusões: Encontrámos uma percepção favorável das professoras quanto ao regresso do ensino presencial, bem como expectativas quanto à diminuição da carga de trabalho que permi- tiria um tempo de qualidade para a família; contudo, não havia evidência de uma intenção de distribuição equitativa das tarefas domésticas em casa, apesar da experiência partilhada na família durante o isolamento preventivo.

Cognitive-Based Interventions Break Gender Stereotypes in Kindergarten Children.

Despite the growing recognition of gender equality worldwide, plausible strategies that reduce young children's gender stereotypes remain limited. Cognitive-based interventions have been widely used in school settings and have been suggested to play important roles in children's gender stereotyping and in their processing of counter-stereotypic information. We aimed to determine whether exposure to counter-stereotypical information could break gender stereotypes in kindergarten children. Fifty-four children (61-79 months old) from two public kindergarten classes in northern Taiwan participated in this study. One of the two classes was randomly selected as the experimental group (n = 28), and the other was the control group (n = 26). The experimental group consisted of a gender equality curriculum including script relationship training for two months, while the control group continued their regular curriculum. The picture classification task (PCT) was measured before and after the intervention to assess gender stereotypes. Before interventions, 87.50% of the children chose a gender stereotypic relationship, while 12.50% chose script/other relationships in PCT. After the interventions, the gender stereotypic relationship dropped to 73.22% in the experimental group. Children in the control group were more likely to maintain their gender stereotypic relationship choices in PCTs. Our findings suggest that cognitive-based interventions, such as a gender equality curriculum, have the potential to break gender stereotypes in kindergarten children.

Identifying solution strategies in a mentalrotation test with gender-stereotyped objects.

Many studies deal with solution strategies in mental-rotation tests. The approaches range from global analysis, attention to object parts, holistic and piecemeal strategy to a combined strategy. Other studies do not speak of strategies, but of holistic or piecemeal processes or even of holistic or piecemeal rotation. The methodological approach used here is to identify mental-rotation strategies via gaze patterns derived from eye-tracking data when solving chronometric mental-rotation tasks with gender-stereotyped objects. The mental-rotation test consists of 3 male-stereotyped objects (locomotive, hammer, wrench) and 3 femalestereotyped objects (pram, hand mirror, brush) rotated at eight different angles. The sample consisted of 16 women and 10 men (age: M=21.58; SD=4.21). The results of a qualitative analysis with two individual objects (wrench and brush) showed four different gaze patterns. These gaze patterns appeared with different frequency in the two objects and correlated differently with performance and response time. The results indicate either an objectoriented or an egocentric mental-rotation strategy behind the gaze patterns. In general, a new methodological approach has been developed to identify mental-rotation strategies bottom-up which can also be used for other stimulus types.

Precarious Manhood and Its Effects on Aggression: The Role of Cultural Script.

The present study tests the precariousness of manhood and the impact of precarious manhood on aggression. In total, 50 undergraduates (25 girls, 25 boys) participated in this experiment. It was found that the male participants used more verbs in the "A man should__" sentence string than in the "One woman should__" sentence string, and similar language patterns were found even after controlling for gender stereotypes. Individuals were found to more often attribute the individual behavior caused by cultural scripts to external situational factors; that is, if individuals agreed that another male's aggression was due to threatened manhood, this behavior was seen to be because of the male cultural script and was due to external circumstances. To test this view, a total of 56 college students participated in this experiment. In total, 25 college students (11 males, 14 females) took part in the attribution evaluation of two male fighters, and 31 college students (15 males, 16 females) participated in the attribution evaluation of two female fighters. It was found that the male participants believed that other male physical aggression that threatened their manhood was induced by situational factors rather than the internal characteristics of the attacker. The differences between the female participants were not significant, indicating that it was part of the male cultural script for men (rather than women) to defend or restore precarious manhood through aggression.