Assessment of peripheral venous catheters microbiota and its association with phlebitis.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral venous catheters (PVCs) remain the primary mode of short-term venous access for managing intravenous fluid, obtaining blood samples, and peripheral parenteral nutrition. They may get contaminated and require regular monitoring to prevent complications. This study evaluated the occurrence of phlebitis and its associated-clinical and microbiological indicators. METHODS: The frequency of phlebitis was evaluated in hospitalized patients of both medical and surgical fields. Subsequently, the dichotomous association between the presence of phlebitis and the clinical aspects was investigated. In parallel, the bacterial contamination of PVCs was assessed through culture-based methods, microscopy observation, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. RESULTS: Approximately one in four patients presented phlebitis (28.4%). The most frequent symptom was erythema at access site, with or without pain, corresponding to Score 1 on the phlebitis scale (17.9%). Colonization of both lumen and external surface of PVC was observed in 31.3% of the samples. Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas were the most isolated bacterial genera on the PVC surface. No significant association was observed between the presence of phlebitis and the clinical aspects, as well as the presence of microorganisms. CONCLUSION: Microorganism were present on both internal and external PVC surface, without being associated to phlebitis.

16s gene metagenomic characterization in healthy stallion semen.

Studies on the bacterial composition of seminal samples have primarily focused on species isolated from semen and their effects on fertility and reproductive health. Culture-independent techniques, such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing and shotgun metagenomics, have revolutionized our ability to identify unculturable bacteria, which comprise >90% of the microbiome. These techniques allow for comprehensive analysis of microbial communities in seminal samples, shedding light on their interactions and roles. In this study, we characterized the taxonomic diversity of seminal microbial communities in healthy stallions using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Semen samples were collected from four stallions during the reproductive season, and DNA was extracted for sequencing. The results revealed a diverse array of bacterial taxa, with Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Proteobacteria being predominant phyla. At the family and genus levels, significant variations were observed among individuals, with individual variability in microbial richness and diversity standing out. Moreover, each stallion showed a distinct microbial fingerprint, indicating the presence of a characteristic microbial core for each stallion. These results underscore the importance of considering individual microbial profiles in understanding reproductive health and fertility outcomes.

Effects of Age in Fecal Microbiota and Correlations with Blood Parameters in Genetic Nucleus of Cattle.

This study aimed to determine the impact of age on the fecal microbiota in the genetic nucleus of cattle, with a focus on microbial richness, composition, functional diversity, and correlations with blood parameters. Fecal and blood samples from 21 cattle were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Older cattle exhibited greater bacterial diversity and abundance, with significant changes in alpha diversity indices (p < 0.05). Beta diversity analysis revealed significant variations in microbial composition between age groups and the interaction of age and sex (p < 0.05). Correlations between alpha diversity, community composition, and hematological values highlighted the influence of microbiota on bovine health. Beneficial butyrate-producing bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae, were more abundant in older cattle, suggesting a role in gut health. Functional diversity analysis indicated that younger cattle had significantly more abundant metabolic pathways in fermentation and anaerobic chemoheterotrophy. These findings suggest management strategies including tailored probiotic therapies, dietary adjustments, and targeted health monitoring to enhance livestock health and performance. Further research should include comprehensive metabolic analyses to better correlate microbiota changes with age-related variations, enhancing understanding of the complex interactions between microbiota, age, and reproductive status.

A descriptive study on isoniazid resistance-associated mutations, clustering and treatment outcomes of drug-resistant tuberculosis in a high burden country.

PURPOSE: To describe katG and inhA mutations, clinical characteristics, treatment outcomes and clustering of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) in the State of São Paulo, southeast Brazil. METHODS: Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients diagnosed with drug-resistant TB were screened for mutations in katG and inhA genes by line probe assay and Sanger sequencing, and typed by IS6110-restriction fragment-length polymorphism for clustering assessment. Clinical, epidemiological and demographic data were obtained from surveillance information systems for TB. RESULTS: Among the 298 isolates studied, 127 (42.6%) were isoniazid-monoresistant, 36 (12.1%) polydrug-resistant, 93 (31.2%) MDR, 16 (5.4%) pre-extensively drug-resistant (pre-XDR), 9 (3%) extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and 17 (5.7%) susceptible after isoniazid retesting. The frequency of katG 315 mutations alone was higher in MDR isolates, while inhA promoter mutations alone were more common in isoniazid-monoresistant isolates. Twenty-six isolates phenotypically resistant to isoniazid had no mutations either in katG or inhA genes. The isolates with inhA mutations were found more frequently in clusters (75%) when compared to the isolates with katG 315 mutations (59.8%, p = 0.04). In our population, being 35-64 years old, presenting MDR-, pre-XDR- or XDR-TB and being a retreatment case were associated with unfavourable TB treatment outcomes. CONCLUSION: We found that katG and inhA mutations were not equally distributed between isoniazid-monoresistant and MDR isolates. In our population, clustering was higher for isolates with inhA mutations. Finally, unfavourable TB outcomes were associated with specific factors.

Tracing probiotic producing bacterial species from gut of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), South-East-Asia

Abstract Due to extensive application of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed, antimicrobial resistance has been increased. To overcome this challenge, rumen microbiologists search for new probiotics to improve the rate of livestock production. The present study was aimed to isolate and evaluate breed-specific lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as potential animal probiotics. The current study was conducted during 10 months from July 2020 to April 2021, in which a total of n=12 strains were isolated from different samples including milk, rumen, and feces of Nilli Ravi Buffaloes. These isolates were evaluated for their antimicrobial potential against common animal pathogens (Bacillus spp., E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp.). All the isolates were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the phylogenetic analyses inferred that these strains showed close relations to the species of various genera; Enterococcus lactis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Bacillus subtilis Weissella cibaria, Weissella soli, Bacillus tequilensis, Weissella bombi, Bacillus licheniformis, Lactococcus lactis, Bacillus megaterium, Lactobacillus ruminis, and Lactococcus lactis. NMCC-Ru2 has exhibited the enormous potential of antimicrobial activity, 28 mm, for Salmonella typhimurium;23 mm for Listeria monocytogenes 21 mm for E.coil. Highest resistance was seen in NMCC-Ru2 agasint test antbiotic, like 25.5 mm for Tetracycline. Overall results revesl that the probiotic profile of isolates was achieved using standard criteria, particularly with animal probiotic properties

Resumo Devido à extensa aplicação de antibióticos como promotores de crescimento na alimentação animal, a resistência aos antimicrobianos aumentou. Para superar esse desafio, os microbiologistas do rúmen buscam novos probióticos para melhorar a produtividade do gado. O presente estudo teve como objetivo isolar e avaliar bactérias lácticas específicas de raças (BAL) como potenciais probióticos animais. 12 cepas foram isoladas de diferentes amostras, incluindo leite, rúmen e fezes de búfalos Nilli Ravi. Esses isolados foram avaliados quanto ao seu potencial antimicrobiano contra patógenos animais comuns (Bacillus spp., E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp.). Todos os isolados foram identificados por meio do sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA e as análises filogenéticas inferiram que essas cepas apresentaram estreita relação com as espécies de vários gêneros; Enterococcus lactis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Bacillus subtilis, Weissella cibaria, Weissella soli, Bacillus tequilensis, Weissella bombi, Bacillus licheniformis, Lactococcus lactis, Bacillus megaterium, Lactobacillus ruminis e Lactococcus lactis. O perfil probiótico dos isolados foi obtido usando critérios padrão, particularmente com propriedades probióticas animais.

Tracing probiotic producing bacterial species from gut of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), South-East-Asia / Rastreando espécies bacterianas produtoras de probióticos de intestino de búfalo (Bubalus bubalis), sudeste da Ásia

Due to extensive application of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed, antimicrobial resistance has been increased. To overcome this challenge, rumen microbiologists search for new probiotics to improve the rate of livestock production. The present study was aimed to isolate and evaluate breed-specific lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as potential animal probiotics. The current study was conducted during 10 months from July 2020 to April 2021, in which a total of n=12 strains were isolated from different samples including milk, rumen, and feces of Nilli Ravi Buffaloes. These isolates were evaluated for their antimicrobial potential against common animal pathogens (Bacillus spp., E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp.). All the isolates were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the phylogenetic analyses inferred that these strains showed close relations to the species of various genera; Enterococcus lactis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Bacillus subtilis Weissella cibaria, Weissella soli, Bacillus tequilensis, Weissella bombi, Bacillus licheniformis, Lactococcus lactis, Bacillus megaterium, Lactobacillus ruminis, and Lactococcus lactis. NMCC-Ru2 has exhibited the enormous potential of antimicrobial activity, 28 mm, for Salmonella typhimurium;23 mm for Listeria monocytogenes 21 mm for E.coil. Highest resistance was seen in NMCC-Ru2 agasint test antbiotic, like 25.5 mm for Tetracycline. Overall results revesl that the probiotic profile of isolates was achieved using standard criteria, particularly with animal probiotic properties

Devido à extensa aplicação de antibióticos como promotores de crescimento na alimentação animal, a resistência aos antimicrobianos aumentou. Para superar esse desafio, os microbiologistas do rúmen buscam novos probióticos para melhorar a produtividade do gado. O presente estudo teve como objetivo isolar e avaliar bactérias lácticas específicas de raças (BAL) como potenciais probióticos animais. 12 cepas foram isoladas de diferentes amostras, incluindo leite, rúmen e fezes de búfalos Nilli Ravi. Esses isolados foram avaliados quanto ao seu potencial antimicrobiano contra patógenos animais comuns (Bacillus spp., E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp.). Todos os isolados foram identificados por meio do sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA e as análises filogenéticas inferiram que essas cepas apresentaram estreita relação com as espécies de vários gêneros; Enterococcus lactis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Bacillus subtilis, Weissella cibaria, Weissella soli, Bacillus tequilensis, Weissella bombi, Bacillus licheniformis, Lactococcus lactis, Bacillus megaterium, Lactobacillus ruminis e Lactococcus lactis. O perfil probiótico dos isolados foi obtido usando critérios padrão, particularmente com propriedades probióticas animais.

Longitudinal analysis at three oral sites links oral microbiota to clinical outcomes in allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplant.

IMPORTANCE: The oral cavity is the ultimate doorway for microbes entering the human body. We analyzed oral microbiota dynamics in allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplant recipients and showed that microbiota injury and recovery patterns were highly informative on transplant complications and outcomes. Our results highlight the importance of tracking the recipient's microbiota changes during allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplant to improve our understanding of its biology, safety, and efficacy.

Analysis of CDR1 and MDR1 Gene Expression and ERG11 Substitutions in Clinical Candida tropicalis Isolates from Alexandria, Egypt.

INTRODUCTION: Candida tropicalis is a common non-albicans Candida (NAC) species that causes numerous fungal infections. Increasing antifungal resistance to azoles in NAC is becoming a major health problem worldwide; however, in Egypt, almost no data is available regarding fluconazole resistance mechanisms in C. tropicalis. The current study aims to investigate two possible important molecular mechanisms involved in fluconazole resistance in C. tropicalis isolates. MATERIALS: Fifty-four clinical C. tropicalis isolates were included. Identification and antifungal susceptibility profiles of the isolates were carried out using the VITEK 2 compact system. The molecular investigation of fluconazole resistance included the expression of the CDR1 and MDR1 genes by quantitative real-time RT-PCR as well as the sequence analysis of the ERG11 gene. RESULTS: Antifungal susceptibility testing identified 30 fluconazole-non-susceptible isolates. Statistically, CDR1 gene expression in fluconazole-non-susceptible isolates was significantly higher than that in fluconazole-susceptible isolates, with MDR1 gene expression levels that were similar in both non-susceptible and susceptible isolates. Sequence analysis of the ERG11 gene of 26 fluconazole-resistant isolates identified two missense mutations: A395T (Y132F) and G1390A (G464S). CONCLUSIONS: This study has highlighted the role of overexpression of the CDR1 gene and ERG11 gene mutations in fluconazole non-susceptibility. Further studies in Egypt are required to investigate other possible molecular mechanisms involved in azole resistance.

Gut Bacterial Diversity of Field and Laboratory-Reared Aedes albopictus Populations of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The mosquito microbiota impacts different parameters in host biology, such as development, metabolism, immune response and vector competence to pathogens. As the environment is an important source of acquisition of host associate microbes, we described the microbiota and the vector competence to Zika virus (ZIKV) of Aedes albopictus from three areas with distinct landscapes. METHODS: Adult females were collected during two different seasons, while eggs were used to rear F1 colonies. Midgut bacterial communities were described in field and F1 mosquitoes as well as in insects from a laboratory colony (>30 generations, LAB) using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. F1 mosquitoes were infected with ZIKV to determine virus infection rates (IRs) and dissemination rates (DRs). Collection season significantly affected the bacterial microbiota diversity and composition, e.g., diversity levels decreased from the wet to the dry season. Field-collected and LAB mosquitoes' microbiota had similar diversity levels, which were higher compared to F1 mosquitoes. However, the gut microbiota composition of field mosquitoes was distinct from that of laboratory-reared mosquitoes (LAB and F1), regardless of the collection season and location. A possible negative correlation was detected between Acetobacteraceae and Wolbachia, with the former dominating the gut microbiota of F1 Ae. albopictus, while the latter was absent/undetectable. Furthermore, we detected significant differences in infection and dissemination rates (but not in the viral load) between the mosquito populations, but it does not seem to be related to gut microbiota composition, as it was similar between F1 mosquitoes regardless of their population. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the environment and the collection season play a significant role in shaping mosquitoes' bacterial microbiota.

Identification of pathogenic variants in the Brazilian cohort with Familial hypercholesterolemia using exon-targeted gene sequencing.

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a monogenic disease characterized by high plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels and increased risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Mutations in FH-related genes account for 40% of FH cases worldwide. In this study, we aimed to assess the pathogenic variants in FH-related genes in the Brazilian FH cohort FHBGEP using exon-targeted gene sequencing (ETGS) strategy. FH patients (n = 210) were enrolled at five clinical sites and peripheral blood samples were obtained for laboratory testing and genomic DNA extraction. ETGS was performed using MiSeq platform (Illumina). To identify deleterious variants in LDLR, APOB, PCSK9, and LDLRAP1, the long-reads were subjected to Burrows-Wheeler Aligner (BWA) for alignment and mapping, followed by variant calling using Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) and ANNOVAR for variant annotation. The variants were further filtered using in-house custom scripts and classified according to the American College Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines. A total of 174 variants were identified including 85 missense, 3 stop-gain, 9 splice-site, 6 InDel, and 71 in regulatory regions (3'UTR and 5'UTR). Fifty-two patients (24.7%) had 30 known pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in FH-related genes according to the American College Medical and Genetics and Genomics guidelines. Fifty-three known variants were classified as benign, or likely benign and 87 known variants have shown uncertain significance. Four novel variants were discovered and classified as such due to their absence in existing databases. In conclusion, ETGS and in silico prediction studies are useful tools for screening deleterious variants and identification of novel variants in FH-related genes, they also contribute to the molecular diagnosis in the FHBGEP cohort.

Usefulness of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry in the Characterization of Leishmania Strains Causing Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in Bolivia versus hsp70 Gene Sequencing.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a proteomic technique with proven efficiency in the identification of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and parasites. The present study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of MALDI-TOF MS for the characterization of Leishmania species circulating in Bolivia using hsp70 gene sequencing as a reference technique. 55 Leishmania strains that were isolated from patients with tegumentary leishmaniasis were analyzed. MALDI-TOF MS identified two species of the L. braziliensis complex (L. braziliensis, n = 26; L. braziliensis outlier, n = 18), one species of the L. guyanensis complex (L. guyanensis, n = 1), one species of the L. lainsoni complex (L. lainsoni, n = 2), and two species of the L. mexicana complex (L. amazonensis, n = 5; and L. garnhami, n = 3). All of the strains were correctly identified at the subgenus, genus, and complex level, but 10 of them (18%) were misidentified as other species within the same complex by the hsp70 gene sequencing, with 7 of these corresponding to possible hybrids. Thus, one L. braziliensis corresponded to L. peruviana, two L. braziliensis corresponded to L. braziliensis/L. peruviana possible hybrids, two L. amazonensis corresponded to L. mexicana, and three L. garnhami and two L. amazonensis corresponded to L. mexicana/L. amazonensis possible hybrids. Accordingly, MALDI-TOF MS could be used as an alternative to molecular techniques for the identification of Leishmania spp., as it is low cost, simple to apply, and able to quickly produce results. In Bolivia, its application would allow for the improvement of the management of patient follow-ups, the updating of the epidemiological data of the Leishmania species, and a contribution to the control of tegumentary leishmaniasis. IMPORTANCE The objective of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of MALDI-TOF MS for the characterization of Leishmania species circulating in Bolivia, in comparison with the sequencing of the hsp70 gene. In our study, all of the isolates could be identified, and no misidentifications were observed at the complex level. Although the equipment implies a high initial investment in our context, MALDI-TOF MS can be used in different areas of microbiology and significantly reduces the cost of testing. Once the parasite culture is obtained, the technique quickly yields information by accessing a free database that is available online. This would allow for the improvement of the management of patients and follow-ups, the updating of the epidemiological data of the species, and a contribution to the control of tegumentary leishmaniasis in Bolivia. Likewise, it can be used to determine a specific treatment to be given, according to the causal species of Leishmania, when there are protocols in this regard in the area.

Clinical, pathological, and molecular correlation of folliculocystic and collagen hamartoma: A new potential diagnostic criterion for tuberous sclerosis complex?

Folliculocystic and collagen hamartoma (FCCH) is a rare entity with only 18 reported cases worldwide. Of them, most are found in patients diagnosed with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). FCCH has distinctive histopathologic features, including collagen deposition in the dermis, perifollicular fibrosis, and comedones with keratin-containing cysts lined by infundibular epithelium. We report three patients with a definitive TSC clinical diagnosis in whom clinical, histopathologic, and molecular features were studied to establish if there exists a genotype-phenotype correlation. The molecular results showed different heterozygous pathogenic variants (PV) in TSC2 in each patient: NM_000548.4:c.5024C>T, NG_005895.1:c.1599+1G>T, and NM_000548.4:c.2297_2298dup, to our knowledge; the latter PV has not been reported in public databases. The same PVs were identified as heterozygous in the tumor tissue samples, none of which yielded evidence of a TSC2 second hit. Because all FCCH patients with available molecular diagnosis carry a pathogenic genotype in TSC1 or TSC2, we suggest that FCCH should be considered as a new and uncommon diagnostic manifestation in the TSC consensus international diagnostic criteria. The early recognition of FCCH by clinicians could prompt the identification of new TSC cases. Interestingly, our molecular findings suggest that one of the patients described herein is a probable case of somatic mosaicism.

Environmental DNA Sequencing to Monitor Restoration Practices on Soil Bacterial and Archaeal Communities in Soils Under Desertification in the Brazilian Semiarid.

Soils from Brazilian semiarid regions are highly vulnerable to desertification due to their geology, climate, human actions, and intensive land use that contribute to desertification. Therefore, areas under desertification have increased in the Brazilian semiarid region and it has negatively changed the soil bacterial and archaeal communities and their functionality. On the other hand, although restoration strategies are expensive and there are few soils restoration programs, some practices have been applied to restore these soils under desertification. For instance, conservationist practices and grazing exclusion have been strategically implemented, and they created a new altered soil condition for soil microbial communities, boosting soil microbial diversity. Here, we discuss the potential of these restoration strategies to recover the richness and diversity of soil bacterial and archaeal communities that were described through environmental DNA (eDNA) sequencing of soil samples. eDNA sequencing results show that areas where restoration strategies have been applied in regions under desertification in the Brazilian semiarid have increased species richness, diversity, and structure of the bacterial and archaeal community. In addition, network connectivity and functionality of the soil microorganisms have been improved over time. Altogether, we show that management strategies for soil restoration have positive effects on soil microbial communities and these effects can be monitored using the eDNA sequencing approach.

Removal of bacterial pathogens and antibiotic resistance bacteria by anaerobic sludge digestion with thermal hydrolysis pre-treatment and alkaline stabilization post-treatment.

Primary sludge (PS) is associated with public health and environmental risks, so regulations focus on reducing the pathogenic and heavy metal contents of the treated material (biosolids), intended for soil amendments and land reclamation. The regulations set limits for Escherichia coli (or fecal coliforms), Salmonella spp., helminth eggs and enterovirus. However, the potential risk due to antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and other human potential pathogenic bacteria (HPB) are not considered. In this work, three sludge treatment processes, having in common an anaerobic digestion step, were applied to assess the removal of regulated bacteria (fecal coliforms, Salmonella spp), ARB and HPB. The treatment arrangements, fed with PS from a full-scale wastewater treatment plant were: 1) Mesophilic anaerobic digestion followed by alkaline stabilization post-treatment (MAD-CaO); 2) Thermophilic anaerobic digestion (TAD) and, 3) Pre-treatment (mild thermo-hydrolysis) followed by TAD (PT-TAD). The results address the identification, quantification (colony forming units) and taxonomic characterization of ARB resistant to ß-lactams and vancomycin, as well as the taxonomic characterization of HPB by sequencing with PacBio. In addition, quantification based on culture media of fecal coliforms and Salmonella spp. is presented. The capabilities and limitations of microbiological and metataxonomomic analyses based on PacBio sequencing are discussed, emphasizing that they complement each other. Genus Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Ochrobactrum, Pseudomonas and Raoultella, among others, were found in the PS, which are of clinical or environmental importance, being either HPB, HPB-ARB, or non-pathogenic ARB with the potentiality of horizontal gene transfer. Based on the analysis of fecal coliforms and Salmonella spp., the three processes produced class A (highest) biosolids, suitable for unrestricted agriculture applications. Mild thermo-hydrolisis was effective in decreasing ARB cultivability, but it reappeared after the following TAD. O. intermedium (HPB-ARB) was enriched in MAD and TAD while Laribacter hongkongensis (HPB) did persist after the applied treatments.

Hidden Tenants: Microbiota of the Rhizosphere and Phyllosphere of Cordia dodecandra Trees in Mayan Forests and Homegardens.

During domestication, the selection of cultivated plants often reduces microbiota diversity compared with their wild ancestors. Microbiota in compartments such as the phyllosphere or rhizosphere can promote fruit tree health, growth, and development. Cordia dodecandra is a deciduous tree used by Maya people for its fruit and wood, growing, to date, in remnant forest fragments and homegardens (traditional agroforestry systems) in Yucatán. In this work, we evaluated the microbiota's alpha and beta diversity per compartment (phyllosphere and rhizosphere) and per population (forest and homegarden) in the Northeast and Southwest Yucatán regions. Eight composite DNA samples (per compartment/population/region combination) were amplified for 16S-RNA (bacteria) and ITS1-2 (fungi) and sequenced by Illumina MiSeq. Bioinformatic analyses were performed with QIIME and phyloseq. For bacteria and fungi, from 107,947 and 128,786 assembled sequences, 618 and 1092 operating taxonomic units (OTUs) were assigned, respectively. The alpha diversity of bacteria and fungi was highly variable among samples and was similar among compartments and populations. A significant species turnover among populations and regions was observed in the rhizosphere. The core microbiota from the phyllosphere was similar among populations and regions. Forests and homegarden populations are reservoirs of the C. dodecandra phyllosphere core microbiome and significant rhizosphere biodiversity.

Changes in the prokaryotic diversity in response to hydrochemical variations during an acid mine drainage passive treatment.

Acid mine drainage (AMD) causes major environmental problems and consequently, several treatments are proposed, favoring the passive systems because of their many advantages. The main goal of these procedures is the neutralization and removal of potentially toxic elements (PTE), yet little is known about the changes in the microbial assemblages in response to the hydrochemical variations during the treatments. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to determine the changes in the diversity and structure of the prokaryotic assemblages in a hybrid abiotic and biological (wetland) passive treatment system. The 16S rRNA gene survey showed that the AMD coming from the mine (pH 2.6) was mainly composed of acidophilic genera such as Acidithiobacillus, Leptospirillum, Ferritrophicum, and Cuniculiplasma (up to 76 % relative abundance). In the abiotic treatment, Acidiphilium was dominant in the sections with limestone filters (pH 2.2-4.8), followed by Limnobacter in the subsequent dolomite/limestone and phosphoric rock filters (pH 5.2-5.8). In these abiotic passive treatment sections, the microbial assemblage showed a limited diversity and richness. However, when the treated AMD reached the two final wetlands (pH ~6.8), the microbial diversity and richness increased, suggesting that further bioattenuation mechanisms might be occurring. Limnobacter and Novosphingobium were the main bacterial genera in the water samples of the wetland sections (Arundo donax). These changes in the composition of the microbial assemblages were highly correlated with the pH and Eh values during the treatment (p-value <0.001); however, the concentration of metal(loid)s such as Al, Cd, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn were also significantly related (p-value <0.05). In conclusion, the studied passive AMD treatment system enhanced the chemical quality of the treated AMD, showing high removal efficiencies for Al and Fe (> 99 %), and increasing the microbial diversity and richness in the effluent.

Bacterial Dynamics and Their Influence on the Biogeochemical Cycles in a Subtropical Hypereutrophic Lake During the Rainy Season.

Lakes in subtropical regions are highly susceptible to eutrophication due to the heavy rainfall, which causes significant runoff of pollutants (e.g., nutrients) to reach surface waters, altering the water quality and influencing the microbial communities that regulate the biogeochemical cycles within these ecosystems. Lake Cajititlán is a shallow, subtropical, and endorheic lake in western Mexico. Nutrient pollution from agricultural activity and wastewater discharge have affected the lake's water quality, leading the reservoir to a hypereutrophic state, resulting in episodes of fish mortality during the rainy season. This study investigated the temporal dynamics of bacterial communities within Lake Cajititlán and their genes associated with the nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and carbon biogeochemical cycles during the rainy season, as well as the influences of physicochemical and environmental variables on such dynamics. Significant temporal variations were observed in the composition of bacterial communities, of which Flavobacterium and Pseudomonas were the dominant genera. The climatological parameters that were most correlated with the bacterial communities and their functional profiles were pH, DO, ORP, turbidity, TN, EC, NH4 +, and NO3 -. The bacterial communities displayed variations in their functional composition for nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur metabolisms during the sampling months. The bacterial communities within the lake are highly susceptible to nutrient loads and low DO levels during the rainy season. Bacterial communities had a higher relative abundance of genes associated with denitrification, nitrogen fixation, assimilatory sulfate reduction, cysteine, SOX system, and all phosphorus metabolic pathways. The results obtained here enrich our understanding of the bidirectional interactions between bacterial communities and major biogeochemical processes in eutrophic subtropical lakes.

The adaptations of the microbial communities of the savanna soil over a period of wildfire, after the first rains, and during the rainy season.

Annually, the Cerrado ecosystem alternates between dry periods and long rainy seasons. During the dry season, severe forest fires occur, consuming a considerable part of the native vegetation, which impacts directly on the microbiome of the soil. Evaluate the adaptations of the soil microbiome to drought, rain and wildfire. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was carried out for three significant conditions: drought and forest fires ("Fire"), after the first recorded rains ("First_Rain"), and during the rainy season ("Rainy"). It has been shown that under the "Fire" condition, there was a predominance of Phylum Actinobacteria, followed by Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. With the advent of the rainy season, "First_Rain," there was a change in the predominant taxonomic groups, with a higher prevalence of members of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. During the rainy season, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes continued as the most prevalent groups. However, it was noted that in this period, there was an increase in bacterial diversity when compared with other periods analyzed. These results show how environmental factors influence adaptations in microbial communities. This allows for a better understanding of how to link the structure of the microbial community to the performance of ecosystems, and assist in preventing the consequences of increased frequency of wildfires, and long periods of drought.

Type C botulism in dogs from rural properties located in Goiânia, Brazil

Botulism is a disease usually fatal, caused by the ingestion of neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum. In dogs, intoxication is caused by the ingestion of botulinum toxin type C, and animals often recover spontaneously. The present study describes the occurrence of type C botulism in two dogs domiciled on neighboring rural properties in the municipality of Goiânia, state of Goiás, Brazil, probably associated with ingestion of decomposing bovine carcass. Upon clinical evaluation, the dogs were alert in the lateral decubitus position with ascending flaccid paralysis, absence of eyelid reflexes, and reduced muscle tone. Due to their worsening clinical symptoms, the animals died within 12 h and 3 days after supportive treatment. Botulinum toxin type C was identified, in the serum and feces of both dogs, by seroneutralization in mice with homologous monovalent antitoxin. The results of the high-throughput gene sequencing showed that the abundance of C. botulinum in the fecal microbiota of one of the affected dogs was low (0.53%). In this way, the present study highlights the need of sanitary practices related to the appropriate collection and disposal of bovine carcasses in rural areas since they represent a risk factor for the occurrence of botulism in dogs domiciled on rural properties.

Era-like GTP protein gene expression in rice / Expressão do gene da proteína GTP semelhante à era no arroz

The mutations are genetic changes in the genome sequences and have a significant role in biotechnology, genetics, and molecular biology even to find out the genome sequences of a cell DNA along with the viral RNA sequencing. The mutations are the alterations in DNA that may be natural or spontaneous and induced due to biochemical reactions or radiations which damage cell DNA. There is another cause of mutations which is known as transposons or jumping genes which can change their position in the genome during meiosis or DNA replication. The transposable elements can induce by self in the genome due to cellular and molecular mechanisms including hypermutation which caused the localization of transposable elements to move within the genome. The use of induced mutations for studying the mutagenesis in crop plants is very common as well as a promising method for screening crop plants with new and enhanced traits for the improvement of yield and production. The utilization of insertional mutations through transposons or jumping genes usually generates stable mutant alleles which are mostly tagged for the presence or absence of jumping genes or transposable elements. The transposable elements may be used for the identification of mutated genes in crop plants and even for the stable insertion of transposable elements in mutated crop plants. The guanine nucleotide-binding (GTP) proteins have an important role in inducing tolerance in rice plants to combat abiotic stress conditions.

Mutações são alterações genéticas nas sequências do genoma e têm papel significativo na biotecnologia, genética e biologia molecular, até mesmo para descobrir as sequências do genoma de um DNA celular junto com o sequenciamento do RNA viral. As mutações são alterações no DNA que podem ser naturais ou espontâneas e induzidas devido a reações bioquímicas ou radiações que danificam o DNA celular. Há outra causa de mutações, conhecida como transposons ou genes saltadores, que podem mudar sua posição no genoma durante a meiose ou a replicação do DNA. Os elementos transponíveis podem induzir por si próprios no genoma devido a mecanismos celulares e moleculares, incluindo hipermutação que causou a localização dos elementos transponíveis para se moverem dentro do genoma. O uso de mutações induzidas para estudar a mutagênese em plantas cultivadas é muito comum, bem como um método promissor para a triagem de plantas cultivadas com características novas e aprimoradas para a melhoria da produtividade e da produção. A utilização de mutações de inserção por meio de transposons ou genes saltadores geralmente gera alelos mutantes estáveis que são marcados quanto à presença ou ausência de genes saltadores ou elementos transponíveis. Os elementos transponíveis podem ser usados para a identificação de genes mutados em plantas de cultivo e até mesmo para a inserção estável de elementos transponíveis em plantas de cultivo mutadas. As proteínas de ligação ao nucleotídeo guanina (GTP) têm papel importante na indução de tolerância em plantas de arroz para combater as condições de estresse abiótico.