A Physiotherapeutic Approach to a Rare Case of Windswept Deformity in a Male Adolescent.

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) can lead to a rare condition in children and adolescents known as windswept deformity. This deformity involves one knee exhibiting an abnormal outward angulation (valgus deformity), while the other knee shows an abnormal inward angulation (varus deformity). This asymmetrical syndrome, resembling the effect of strong winds, gives the impression that the knees are being swept in opposite directions. Various factors, such as structural bone or joint defects, accidents, or underlying disorders, can contribute to the development of windswept deformity. PHPT, a common endocrine condition characterized by elevated levels of parathyroid hormone and blood calcium, is unusual in the pediatric and adolescent populations. It can result in complications like osteoporosis and bone abnormalities, with genu valgus (outward knee angulation) being an exceptionally rare symptom. This case discusses a 19-year-old male who underwent corrective surgery for genu valgus and presented with windswept deformity due to teenage hyperparathyroidism. The case study outlines the physiotherapeutic rehabilitation strategy, emphasizing treatments such as cryotherapy, patellar mobilization, and gait training. Tailored physical therapy rehabilitation plays a crucial role in the postoperative care of patients undergoing corrective osteotomies. The results indicated a significant improvement in muscle strength, an expansion of the range of motion (ROM), and a noticeable enhancement in the individual's functional autonomy following adherence to the postoperative physiotherapy (PT) plan.

Factors influencing correction rate following hemiepiphysiodesis using tension band plates for deformities around the knee: a multivariate analysis study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to appraise various factors influencing the correction rate in temporary hemiepiphysiodesis (THE) around the knee joint. Specifically, the study analysed the relationship of correction rate with age, gender, aetiology, type and location of deformity. METHODS: The retrospective study included children who underwent THE for a coronal plane deformity (genu valgus or varum) around the knee joint (distal femur or proximal tibia) over a ten year period (2010-2020). The primary outcome of interest was the correction rate of the deformity. RESULTS: Thirty-three children (27 females and 6 males) with a mean age of 8.1 years involving 86 plates were included in the study. The mean correction achieved was 12.2° over a treatment period of 13.3 months. Subgroup analysis showed significant differences between the type (varus (0.8° per month), valgus (1.1° per month)) and the location of deformity femur (1.2° per month) and tibia (0.7° per month)]. On multivariate analysis, the location and the duration of treatment showed significant associations with the correction rate. CONCLUSION: The correction of coronal deformities following temporary hemiepiphysiodesis is influenced by several factors. Valgus, femoral and deformities in younger children correct at a faster rate. Location of deformity and duration of treatment emerged as potential factors affecting the correction rate.

Primary hyperparathyroidism in an adolescent presenting with genu valgus progressing to extensive bone disease; a case report.

BACKGROUND: Primary hyperparathyroidism which is rare in adolescents presents commonly with non-specific symptoms and systemic complaints. Though there are few reported cases of genu valgus, genu valgus progressing to extensive bone disease despite mildly elevated calcium had not been reported before. CASE PRESENTATION: A 12-year-old male had been evaluated for bilateral (left > right) genu valgus and short stature. Serum calcium and phosphate levels had been normal. X-ray of the femora and pelvic bones had not shown additional abnormalities. Valgus deformity progressed despite left femoral plating, and a left distal femoral medial closed wedge osteotomy had been performed at 15 years. Plain imaging at that time had shown localised osteopaenia. At the age of 17 years, he developed multiple fragility fractures of his left hip rendering him wheelchair-bound. Further evaluation revealed a serum PTH level of 2571 (10-65) pg/mL with calcium of 2.82 (2.2-2.6) mmol/L and inorganic phosphate of 1.7 (2.2-4.7) mg/dL. The lumbar spine DXA scan showed a Z-score of -5.8. A left parathyroid adenoma was localised and there was evidence of hyperparathyroid bone disease including brown tumours. He underwent left parathyroidectomy and left thyroid lobectomy after which his PTH level dropped to 4.03 pg/mL. He developed hypocalcaemia which was managed successfully with calcium and alfacalcidol replacement. CONCLUSIONS: Primary hyperparathyroidism can present with genu valgus in adolescents. Initial normocalcaemia which could be due to concomitant vitamin D deficiency could mask this leading to delayed diagnosis until severe irreversible bone disease ensues.

Tratamiento quirúrgico del raquitismo hipofosfatémico con deformidad en genu valgo: a propósito de un caso / Surgical treatment of hypophosphatemic rickets with genu valgus deformity: apropos of a case

El raquitismo hipofosfatémico es un trastorno caracterizado por hipofosfatemia, deficiencia de la absorción intestinal de calcio y raquitismo u osteomalacia que no responde a la vitamina D. Los síntomas son dolor óseo, fracturas y alteraciones del crecimiento. Raquitismo hipofosfatémico es un defecto en la mineralización ósea, originado por alteraciones metabólicas de calcio y fosfatos, siendo características la hiperfosfaturia e hipercalciuria; produce deformidades angulares óseas, la más importante de ellas es el genu varo. Presentamos el caso de paciente masculino, atendido en la Ortopedia Pediátrica Callisperis, diagnosticada con raquitismo hipofosfatémico. Acude al Servicio con un seguimiento de 2017 a 2021, con 13 años de edad, quien presentaba una importante deformidad en genu valgo un caso relativamente infrecuente, la presentación común del Raquitismo hipofosfatemico es el genu varo , así como deformidad progresiva de las extremidades inferiores, con antecedente de tratamiento con grapas de Blaunt sin observarse mejoría; a la exploración física destaca una talla baja, además de angulación en valgo en ambas rodillas 20°, así como hipofosfatemia y fosfaturia. El tratamiento se realizó de forma multidisiplinaria por parte de endocrinología con calcitriol y fosfatos, además de fisiodesis en ambas rodillas a nivel femoral y tibial bilateral mediante placas en ocho previamente retirando las grapas de Blaunt dicho tratamiento fue insatisfactorio, se realizó los controles correspondientes una vez finalizado su crecimiento y con las fisis cerradas se retira implantes.

Hypophosphatemic rickets is a disorder characterized by hypophosphatemia, impaired intestinal calcium absorption, and rickets or osteomalacia that does not respond to vitamin D. Symptoms include bone pain, fractures, and growth disturbances. Hypophosphatemic rickets is a defect in bone mineralization, caused by metabolic alterations of calcium and phosphates, hyperphosphaturia and hypercalciuria being characteristic; produces angular bone deformities, the most important of which is the genu varus. We present the case of a male patient, treated at the Callisperis Pediatric Orthopedics, diagnosed with hypophosphatemic rickets. He attended the Service with a follow-up from 2017 to 2021, with 13 years of age, who presented an important deformity in genu valgus a relatively infrequent case, the common presentation of hypophosphatemic rickets feels the genu varus, as well as progressive deformity of the lower extremities , having previously been treated with Blaunt staples without observing improvement; Physical examination revealed short stature, in addition to 20 ° valgus angulation in both knees, as well as hypophosphatemia and phosphaturia. The treatment was carried out in a multidisciplinary way by endocrinology calcitriol and phosphates, in addition to physiodesis in both knees at the femoral and bilateral tibial level by means of plates in eight previously removing the Blaunt staples, said treatment was unsatisfactory, the corresponding controls were carried out once finished its growth and with closed physis implants are removed.

Clinical measurement of angular profile of the knee and correlation with intermalleolar distance in children in Enugu metropolis.

BACKGROUND: Angular deformities of the lower limbs are commonly encountered deformities in pediatric orthopedic clinics. The values of the tibiofemoral angle undergoes changes as the child grows and these changes are self-limiting. The aim of the study is to establish the normal variation of knee angles of children between 2 and 12 years of age in Enugu metropolis and to establish any correlation between the knee angles and the intermalleolar distances (IMDs). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This study was done on 630 school children in Enugu metropolis between the age groups of 2 and 12 years. Multistage sampling was used in the study. The tibiofemoral angles and intermalleolar/intercondylar distances were measured. RESULTS: The maximum tibiofemoral angle from this study was 7.6° ± 2.4° and the age corresponding to this value was 4 years. Only 23 subjects (3.5%) had varus knee angle. The values of the mean tibiofemoral angle and IMDs plateaued from 8 to 12 years. There was a significant positive correlation between average knee angle and IMD (r = 0.785, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The physiological changes in the knee angle (tibiofemoral) follow a similar pattern as established in the literature and there was positive correlation between IMD and the tibiofemoral angle.

Relationship of lower limb force line and the progression of lateral compartment arthritis after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty with mobile bearing / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: The long-term follow-up report shows that the progress of lateral compartment osteoarthritis is an important reason for the revision of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, and the force line of lower limbs is considered to be an important factor leading to the progress of lateral compartment osteoarthritis after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. OBJECTIVE: To explore the influence of lower limb force line on the progression of lateral compartment arthritis in unicompartmental knee arthroplasty with mobile bearing. METHODS: From March 2014 to March 2017, a retrospective analysis was conducted in 84 patients who underwent unicompartmental knee arthroplasty in the Department of Arthrology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Kellgren-Lawrence X-ray grading was used to evaluate the osteoarthritis of the lateral compartment during the follow-up. According to whether osteoarthritis of the lateral compartment was more advanced than that of the operation during the last follow-up, it was divided into the advanced group and the non-advanced group. The force lines of the lower limbs, such as hip-knee-ankle angle and Kennedy area distribution of the mechanical axis of the lower limbs, were compared between the two groups. Simultaneously, the knee joint function of the two groups was compared by the Hospital for Special Surgery knee score, visual analogue scale score of the knee joint, and motion range of the knee. The relationship between the changes of lower extremity force lines and the progress of lateral compartment arthritis was analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) All patients were followed up for 36-72 months, and no complications such as infection, poor wound healing, periprosthetic fracture, polyethylene gasket dislocation occurred. (2) Among the 84 patients, 27 cases were in the advanced group and 57 cases were in the non-advanced group. Significant differences in Hospital for Special Surgery knee score and visual analogue scale score were detected at the last follow-up between the advanced group and the non-advanced group (P 0.05). (3) At the last follow-up, the average hip-knee-ankle angle in the advanced group was (-1.02±3.13)°, while that in the non-advanced group was (3.94±1.56)°. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, there was a significant difference in hip-knee-ankle angle between the last follow-up and the preoperation between the two groups (P < 0.05). (4) The regional distribution of lower limb mechanical axis Kennedy was compared between the two groups at the last follow-up, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The postoperative lower limb force lines were mostly located in zone 3 and C in the advanced group, and mostly located in zone 2 in the non-advanced group. (5) Good lower limb alignment is the key factor affecting the clinical efficacy after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty with mobile bearing. Average varus angle of mechanical axis was approximately 3.94° in patients with well-functioning unicompartmental knee arthroplasty at follow-up, whereas patients for progression of osteoarthritis were in more valgus (mean 1.02° of valgus).

Medial Closing Wedge Distal Femoral Osteotomy.

The main indication for performing a distal femoral osteotomy is valgus malalignment of the knee joint. The ideal candidates are young and active individuals with isolated lateral compartment arthritis. The goal of the procedure is to create a neutral mechanical axis of the limb to relieve pain and preserve the knee joint. The amount of correction is calculated from a preoperative, high-quality, weight-bearing radiograph from the hip to ankle. This technically challenging operation is a viable option for patients with valgus malalignment because early survivorship is strong and patient-reported outcome scores are significantly improved.

QUANTIFYING FRONTAL PLANE KNEE KINEMATICS IN SUBJECTS WITH ANTERIOR KNEE PAIN: THE RELIABILITY AND CONCURRENT VALIDITY OF 2D MOTION ANALYSIS.

BACKGROUND: Two-dimensional (2D) analysis has the potential to identify individuals at risk for knee injury by measuring genu valgus during sport related tasks. The reliability of 2D mobile motion analysis in measuring genu valgus during a single leg hop test on individuals with anterior knee pain has not been examined. PURPOSE: To assess the reliability and concurrent validity of 2D mobile motion analysis and compare it to visual observation while analyzing dynamic genu valgus during a single leg hop test in subjects with anterior knee pain. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; repeated measures. METHODS: Nineteen subjects experiencing anterior knee pain completed a single leg hop test with both lower extremities. Two investigators independently estimated the degrees of genu valgus with visual observation alone during the subjects' single leg hop. After the visual estimation, the investigators watched the video again using the 2D Spark Motion Pro™ application to pause the video and measured the amount of knee valgus with a virtual goniometer tool on the application. Interrater reliability was calculated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) model 2, k and intrarater rater reliability using model 3, k. Minimal detectable change, concurrent validity and limits of agreement were calculated. RESULTS: Visual observation alone demonstrated interrater reliability ICCs of 0.682-0.685 on the symptomatic and non-symptomatic lower extremities respectively. The interrater reliability using the 2D application had ICC's of 0.927 and 0.792 on the symptomatic and non-symptomatic lower extremities respectively. The concurrent validity for 2D analysis and visual observation on the symptomatic lower extremity had ICC values of 0.96 (rater A) and 0.85 (rater B). The non-symptomatic lower extremity demonstrated concurrent validity ICC values of 0.95(rater A) and 0.65(rater B). The standard error of measurement(SEM) was 3.898 and 3.258 for the symptomatic and non-symptomatic lower extremity(LE) respectively for visual observation. When using the Spark Motion Pro™ application the SEM was 1.648 and 2.718 for the symptomatic and non-symptomatic LE respectively. The minimal detectable change (MDC) using visual observation alone was 5.58 and 4.68. When using the application, it was noted at 2.328 and 3.838 on the symptomatic and non-symptomatic LE respectively. CONCLUSION: The results of this study support the use of a 2D mobile application as a reliable tool for measuring knee valgus in symptomatic subjects and offers reduced error (SEM = 1.648) when compared to visual observation alone (SEM = 3.898). LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2B.

Corrección de genu valgo postraumático con osteotomía de cierre en tibia proximal / High tibial osteotomy for posttraumatic genu valgus deformity correction

OBJETIVO: Presentar un caso de complicación de fractura de platillos tibiales Schatzker VI y su manejo quirúrgico. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se presenta un caso de fractura de platillos tibial Schatzker VI que evoluciona con malalineamiento en valgo secundario a hundimiento del platillo tibial, junto a una revisión de la literatura y la descripción del manejo quirúrgico. RESULTADOS: Se realizó una osteotomía en cuña de cierre medial de tibia proximal y se estabilizó con placa bloqueada (TomoFix), con una corrección completa de la deformidad sin complicaciones. Discusión: La osteotomía en cuña de cierre medial en tibia proximal es una técnica descrita en el manejo de artrosis secundaria a malalineamiento en valgo de la rodilla. Mediante dos osteotomías iniciadas por la cortical medial hacia la lateral con un fulcro esa última, se retira una cuña de dimensiones conocidas y se mantiene la reducción con algún elemento de osteosíntesis. De esa forma, se permite la corrección angular de la deformidad, previamente planificada. Los resultados en distintas series son en general favorables. CONCLUSIÓN: El malalineamiento de la extremidad posterior a una fractura de platillos tibiales y la consecuente sobrecarga del compartimento afectado en la rodilla, asociado al daño articular, evoluciona con degeneración articular que termina en una artrosis unicompartimental secundaria, la cual puede ser prevenida con el uso de osteotomías correctoras de ejes como la osteotomía de tibia proximal, permitiendo normalizar la distribución de las cargas en los compartimentos mediante la corrección del eje mecánico alterado y así prolongar la sobrevida articular.

OBJECTIVE: To present a Schatzker VI tibial plateau fracture case complication and its surgical management METHODS: We present a case of tibial plateau fracture, type VI according to Schatzkeŕs classification, that developed limb malalignment secondary to tibial plateau depression resulting in a genu valgum deformity, along with a literature review and a brief description of the surgical technique. Results: High tibial medial closing wedge osteotomy, stabilized with locking plate (tomoFix) was performed, with a complete correction of the deformity without complications. DISCUSSION: High tibial medial closing wedge is a known procedure used in the management of valgus knee malalignment secondary osteoarthritis. By means of two osteotomies made from medial to lateral cortices, using the latter as a fulcrum, a wedge with known dimensions is subtracted and reduction is maintained with some osteosynthesis element. In this fashion, it allows the previously planned angular correction. Results in different reports are mostly favorable. CONCLUSION: The malalignment of the limb after a tibial plateau fracture and the consequent overload of the affected knee compartment; associated with joint damage, evolves in joint degeneration and eventually, in a secondary unicompartmental osteoarthritis. This can be avoided with the use of corrective osteotomies such as the proximal tibial osteotomy, which allows a proper distribution of loads in the compartments by correcting the altered mechanical axis and thus, prolonging joint survival.

Total knee arthroplasty in patients with Ranawat type-II valgus arthritic knee with a marked coronal femoral bowing deformity: comparison between computer-assisted surgery and intra-articular resection.

BACKGROUND: Proper limb and component alignments as well as soft tissue balance are vital for the longevity and optimal long-term outcomes of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This procedure is technically demanding in patients with Ranawat type-II valgus arthritic knees with marked coronal femoral bowing. Computer-assisted surgery (CAS) and intra-articular bone resection with TKA are the treatments of choice for patients with ipsilateral extra-articular deformity. In theory, both CAS and intra-articular bone resection are beneficial in Ranawat type-II valgus arthritic knees with marked coronal femoral bowing deformity, but the literature on this topic is sparse. We compared the benefits of using these two techniques for TKA under this circumstance. METHODS: Patients who had Ranawat type-II valgus arthritic knees and marked coronal femoral bowing deformity and had undergone TKA at our hospital between 2005 and 2013 were enrolled in this retrospective study. Patients treated with CAS were assigned to the CAS-TKA group; patients treated with intra-articular bone resection were assigned to the Bone-Resect-TKA group. Radiographic parameters and clinical outcomes (International Knee Society (IKS) scores and patellar scores) in both groups were compared. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients (50 knees) met the inclusion criteria: 22 knees in the CAS-TKA group and 28 knees in the Bone-Resect-TKA group. Lateral retinaculum release was significantly (P = 0.008) higher in the Bone-Resect-TKA group. The joint-line was significantly properly restored in the CAS-TKA group (P = 0.011). The reconstructed mechanical axis was significantly (P = 0.012) closer to normal in the CAS-TKA group than in the Bone-Resect-TKA group. For component alignment, the femoral valgus and femoral flexion angles were significantly better in the CAS-TKA group (P = 0.002 and P = 0.006, respectively), but not the tibial valgus, tibial flexion, or patellar tilting angles. IKS scores and patellar scores were not significantly different between groups at a mean follow-up of 60.2 months. CONCLUSIONS: CAS-TKA was effective for obtaining proper alignment and joint-line restoration in patients with Ranawat type-II valgus arthritic knees and marked coronal femoral bowing deformity, but not for yielding better clinical outcomes. Additional large-scale prospective randomized cohort studies with long-term follow-ups are necessary to make evidence-based recommendations.

Lower limb joint alignment and postural control in elderly women / Alinhamento articular de membros inferiores e controle postural em idosas

The aim of this study was to test whether quiet stance body sway is associated with ankle and knee joint angles in elderly women. Joint angles were measured using a manual goniometer and body sway was assessed using a force platform and four postural tasks with a combination of feet positions and eye condition. The sample (N = 58) showed the following angle values: 102 (100-104) for the tibiotarsal joint, 176 (174-180) for the subtalar joint, 184 (181-187) for knee flexion-extension, and 13 (10-15) for the Q-angle. Q-angle was significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with center of foot pressure (CP) displacement area (r = 0.36), anteroposterior (SDy, r = 0.34) and lateral (SDx, r = 0.31) CP standard deviation, and anteroposterior CP range (r = 0.38) during the closed base, eyes opened trial (CBEO). The valgus group showed statistically higher values than the normal and varus groups for SDy (0.56 vs. 0.52 and 0.46 mm; p = 0.02), SDx (0.55 vs. 0.49 and 0.36 mm; p = 0.02) and anteroposterior range (3.32 vs. 2.78 and 2.38 mm; p = 0.01), CBEO. The displacement velocity of the CP was significantly higher for the asymmetric than the symmetric Q-angle group (8.0 vs. 5.3 mm/s - closed base, eyes closed trial). Knee alignment was correlated with measures of body sway in elderly women, but ankle alignment showed no correlation. Knee morphology should be considered an associated factor for quiet stance postural control.

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar se a oscilação corporal na postura quieta está associada aos ângulos articulares de tornozelo e joelho em idosas. Os ângulos foram medidos por um goniômetro manual e a oscilação corporal foi obtida por uma plataforma de força em quatro situações (combinando posição dos pés e condição visual). A amostra (N = 58) apresentou os seguintes valores angulares: 102 (100-104) para o tibiotársico, 176 (174-180) para o subtalar, 184 (181-187) para flexão-extensão de joelho e 13 (10-15) para ângulo Q. O ângulo Q se correlacionou significativamente (p < 0,05) com a área do deslocamento do centro de pressão dos pés (CP) (r = 0,36); com o desvio padrão anteroposterior (SDy, r = 0,34) e lateral (SDx, r = 0,31) do CP; e com a amplitude anteroposterior do CP (r = 0,38), durante a condição de base fechada, olhos abertos (BFOA). O grupo valgo, quando comparado aos grupos normal e varo, apresentou valores estatisticamente maiores de SDy (0,56 vs. 0,52 and 0,46 mm; p = 0,02), SDx (0,55 vs. 0,49 and 0,36 mm; p = 0,02) e amplitude anteroposterior (3,32 vs. 2,78 and 2,38 mm; p = 0,01), BFOA. A velocidade de deslocamento do CP foi significativamente maior para o grupo com ângulo Q assimétrico, comparando com o simétrico (8,0 vs. 5,3 mm/s - condição de base fechada, olhos fechados). O alinhamento do joelho se correlacionou com medidas de oscilação corporal em idosas, mas o tornozelo não mostrou nenhuma correlação. A morfologia do joelho deve ser considerada um fator influenciador no controle postural estático.

Computed tomography evaluation in total knee arthroplasty: computer-assisted navigation versus conventional instrumentation in patients with advanced valgus arthritic knees.

Arthritic knees with advanced valgus deformity present with soft tissue and osseous anomalies that make total knee arthroplasty (TKA) difficult. We conducted a retrospective chart review of 41 patients (51 knees) to determine whether computer-assisted surgery-TKA (CAS-TKA) is superior to TKA using conventional guiding systems. A significantly higher rate of lateral retinaculum release as well as outlier of sagittal mechanical axes and position of the femoral component (femoral flexion and femoral rotational angle) was recorded in the conventional TKA group versus the CAS-TKA group. Both groups had significant postoperative improvement in clinical performance, but results did not differ significantly between groups. Despite its radiographic benefit, CAS-TKA showed no significant benefit over TKA in short-term clinical functional outcomes when performed by an experienced surgeon.

Fracturas en una mujer con mialgias difusas e hipocaliemias graves / Fractures in a woman with severe diffuse myalgias and hypokalemia

Resumen El déficit en la mineralización ósea caracteriza al raquitismo y a la osteomalacia, las cuales pueden ser secundarias a deficiencias de calcio o de vitamina D principalmente. La osteomalacia genera síntomas inespecíficos e insidiosos, usualmente minimizados, y puede confundirse con otras condiciones médicas. La densitometría ósea no diferencia entre osteoporosis y osteomalacia, por lo cual corresponde al clínico hacer una evaluación juiciosa de los síntomas, factores de riesgo, antecedentes, alteraciones de laboratorio y hallazgos radiológicos para tratar de descartar la presencia aislada o simultánea de osteomalacia. La exclusión de osteomalacia tiene importantes repercusiones terapéuticas y pronósticas. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con osteomalacia con varias fracturas espontáneas, pseudofracturas de Looser-Milkman, deformidades angulares en rodillas, mialgias difusas y antecedente de acidosis tubular renal, hipocaliemias graves y sordera neurosensorial, la cual venía rotulada y tratada erróneamente como osteoporosis. (Acta Med Colomb 2013; 38: 255-257).

Abstract The deficit in bone mineralization characterizes rickets and osteomalacia, which may be secondary to deficiencies of calcium or mainly of vitamin D. Osteomalacia generates unspecific and insidious symptoms, usually minimized , and can be confused with other medical conditions. Bone densitometry does not differentiate between osteoporosis and osteomalacia, so it is up to the clinician to make a wise assessment of symptoms, risk factors, history, laboratory abnormalities and radiographic findings to try to rule out the presence of isolated or simultaneous osteomalacia. The exclusion of osteomalacia has important therapeutic and prognostic implications. We report the case of a patient with osteomalacia with multiple spontaneous fractures, Looser-Milkman pseudo-fractures, angular deformities in knees, diffuse myalgias, and history of renal tubular acidosis, severe hipokalemias and sensorineural deafness, which had been wrongly labeled and treated as osteoporosis. (Acta Med Colomb 2013; 38: 255-257).

Cozen's phenomenon: a reminder.

A four-year-old child attended Accident and Emergency following a fall from a slide with a displaced and angulated proximal tibial metaphyseal fracture. Treatment included closed manipulation under anaesthesia and an above knee cast for seven weeks. Serial radiographs over the following few months were satisfactory demonstrating good alignment and evidence of healing. However, at four-months review new-onset genu valgum with mechanical axis deviation was noted. No evidence of spontaneous resolution was noted over the following 12 months and hence a corrective hemi-epiphysiodesis was performed. At 12-months post-operatively, there was marked clinical and radiographical improvement in alignment. Classically Cozen's phenomenon is described as the late-onset post-traumatic valgus deformity associated with proximal tibial metaphyseal fractures in children. We want to reemphasise the early recognition of children at risk of this unique complication. In addition, we wish to highlight the progression of the late-onset valgus and its subsequent management.

Desarrollo anguaar y rotacional de los miembrosinferiores en escolares entre 33 y 10 años. estudio de dos poblaciones diferentes / 3- to 10-year-old schoolchildren's angular and rotational lower limb development: a study of two different populations

Antecedentes. Las alteraciones rotacionales y angulares son causa frecuente de consulta ortopédica infantil. El alineamiento de los miembros inferiores es un proceso dinámico, variable con la edad, hasta hacerse similar al adulto aproximadamente a los 10 años. Entre estas tenemos la persistencia de la anteversión femoral, aumento de la torsión tibial interna o externa, el genuvaru y el genu valgo. Objetivo Conocer los valores en el desarrollo rotacional y angular de los miembros inferiores en dos poblaciones diferentes socioculturalmente en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Es un estudio de corte transversal, realizado en niños entre 3 y 10 años de colegios de Bogotá y Barranquilla. Se realizó la medición clínica de los ángulos de anteversión femoral, de rodilla, muslo pie, de marcha, las distancia intermaleolar e intercondílea; por dos evaluadores. Se seleccionó el 90% de los valores centrales como una aproximación al rango de referencia para esta población. Resultados. Se encontró un ángulo de marcha entre -5° y 8°, y ángulo muslo pie entre 0° y 15°. La distancia intermaleolar fue en promedio 2 cm y el ángulo de rodilla fue 8°, no encontrando relación de genu valgo con el género ni con el estado nutricional. La anteversión femoral también disminuyó con la edad, entre los 3 y 7 años fue 20° y en los mayores de 8 años de 15°. La rotación interna de cadera fue en promedio 60° y la rotación externa de 45°. En Barranquilla se observó un mayor valor de las medidas al compararlas con Bogotá. Discusión. Se encontró que el ángulo valgo de rodilla y la distancia intermaleolar disminuyen con la edad, así como la anteversión femoral, apreciando la edad límite de 8 años muy similar al adulto. El estudio sugiere algunas diferencias entre las 2 poblaciones estudiadas.

Background. Rotational and angular alterations are frequently the cause of children's orthopaedic consultation. The lower limbs' alignment is a dynamic process; it varies with age, becoming similar to that of an adult when a child is around 10 years of age. However, alterations involving femoral anteversion (leaning forward/), increased internal (foot pointing inwards) or external tibial torsion (pointing outwards), genu varum (bow legs) and genu valgum (knock knees) persist. Objective. Ascertaining values regarding lower limb rotational and angular development in two socio-culturally different populations in Colombia. Materials and Methods. This cross-sectional study involved children aged 3 to 10-years-old from schools in Bogotá and Barranquilla. Femoral anteversion, knee, thigh-foot and walking angles were clinically measured by two evaluators, as were intermalleolar and intercondylar distances. 90% of the central values were selected as an approximation to the reference range for this population. Results. A -5° to 8° walking angle and 0° to 15° thigh-foot angle were found. The average intermalleolar distance was 2 cm and knee angle was 8°; no relationship was found between genu valgum and gender or nutritional state. Femoral anteversion became reduced with age; it was 20° from 3 to 7 years and 15° in children aged older than 8 years. The hip's internal rotation was 60° on average and 45° for external rotation. Higher measurement values were observed in Barranquilla than in Bogotá. Discussion. It was found that the knee's valgum angle, femoral anteversion and intermalleolar distance became reduced with age, appreciating that an age limit of 8 years was very similar to that for adults. The study suggested several differences between both populations studied here.