Geographical coverage of SARS-CoV-2 screening and care centers in Haiti: what do national surveillance data tell us?

BACKGROUND: In Haiti, reported incidence and mortality rates for COVID-19 were lower than expected. We aimed to analyze factors at communal and individual level that might lead to an underestimation of the true burden of the COVID-19 epidemic in Haiti during its first two years. METHODS: We analyzed national COVID-19 surveillance data from March 2020 to December 2021, to describe the epidemic using cluster detection, time series, and cartographic approach. We performed multivariate Quasi-Poisson regression models to determine socioeconomic factors associated with incidence and mortality. We performed a mixed-effect logistic regression model to determine individual factors associated with the infection. RESULTS: Among the 140 communes of Haiti, 57 (40.7%) had a COVID-19 screening center, and the incidence was six times higher in these than in those without. Only 22 (15.7%) communes had a COVID-19 care center, and the mortality was five times higher in these than in those without. All the richest communes had a COVID-19 screening center while only 30.8% of the poorest had one. And 75% of the richest communes had a COVID-19 care center while only 15.4% of the poorest had one. Having more than three healthcare workers per 1000 population in the commune was positively associated with the incidence (SIR: 3.31; IC95%: 2.50, 3.93) and the mortality (SMR: 2.73; IC95%: 2.03, 3.66). At the individual level, male gender (adjusted OR: 1.11; IC95%: 1.01, 1.22), age with a progressive increase of the risk compared to youngers, and having Haitian nationality only (adjusted OR:2.07; IC95%: 1.53, 2.82) were associated with the infection. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the weakness of SARS-CoV-2 screening and care system in Haiti, particularly in the poorest communes, suggesting that the number of COVID-19 cases and deaths were probably greatly underestimated.

Test positivity - Evaluation of a new metric to assess epidemic dispersal mediated by non-symptomatic cases.

Epidemic control may be hampered when the percentage of asymptomatic cases is high. Seeking remedies for this problem, test positivity was explored between the first 60 to 90 epidemic days in six countries that reported their first COVID-19 case between February and March 2020: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Cuba, Mexico, and Uruguay. Test positivity (TP) is the percentage of test-positive individuals reported on a given day out of all individuals tested the same day. To generate both country-specific and multi-country information, this study was implemented in two stages. First, the epidemiologic data of the country infected last (Uruguay) were analyzed. If at least one TP-related analysis yielded a statistically significant relationship, later assessments would investigate the six countries. The Uruguayan data indicated (i) a positive correlation between daily TP and daily new cases (r = 0.75); (ii) a negative correlation between TP and the number of tests conducted per million inhabitants (TPMI, r = -0.66); and (iii) three temporal stages, which differed from one another in both TP and TPMI medians (p < 0.01) and, together, revealed a negative relationship between TPMI and TP. No significant relationship was found between TP and the number of active or recovered patients. The six countries showed a positive correlation between TP and the number of deaths/million inhabitants (DMI, r = 0.65, p < 0.01). With one exception -a country where isolation was not pursued-, all countries showed a negative correlation between TP and TPMI (r = 0.74). The temporal analysis of country-specific policies revealed four patterns, characterized by: (1) low TPMI and high DMI, (2) high TPMI and low DMI; (3) an intermediate pattern, and (4) high TPMI and high DMI. Findings support the hypothesis that test positivity may guide epidemiologic policy-making, provided that policy-related factors are considered and high-resolution geographical data are utilized.

Spatial distribution of the human development index, HIV infection and AIDS-Tuberculosis comorbidity: Brazil, 1982 - 2007

INTRODUCTION: AIDS epidemic has given visibility to the incidence of tuberculosis, for being the most frequent opportunistic infection. It is known that individuals who are socially vulnerable are more susceptible to HIV transmission and tuberculosis as well. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to conduct a geoepidemiological study on HIV/AIDS, AIDS-Tuberculosis co-infection and social vulnerability. METHOD: This is an ecological study using incidence rates and the human development index to produce thematic maps and a descriptive analysis of epidemiology. The records of reported cases of HIV/AIDS from 1982 to 2007 were used, considering as cases of AIDS-Tuberculosis those records that were positively diagnosed with tuberculosis and those records with unknown diagnosis of tuberculosis, but showing compatible signs and symptoms with tuberculosis (fever, cough, cachexia and asthenia). RESULTS: The maps allowed the identification of areas with social differences and different patterns of incidence of HIV/AIDS and AIDS-Tuberculosis; regional differences were similar to those found by Josué de Castro, in 1940; regions with higher human development index values also showed higher incidence HIV/AIDS and AIDS-Tuberculosis. CONCLUSION: The prevention of HIV infection must be geographically specific, given socioeconomic and cultural differences. Although official records show decline in AIDS-TB co-infection, treatment of cases of HIV/AIDS should observe the occurrence of opportunistic diseases, which should be notified and/or updated.

INTRODUÇÃO: A epidemia de AIDS deu visibilidade à incidência de tuberculose, por ter sido a infecção oportunista mais frequente nesses casos. Sabe-se que os indivíduos socialmente vulneráveis são mais suscetíveis à transmissão do HIV e também à tuberculose. OBJETIVO: Realizar um estudo geoepidemiológico sobre HIV/AIDS, coinfecção AIDS-tuberculose e vulnerabilidade social. MÉTODO: Trata-se de estudo ecológico com uso de coeficientes de incidência e do índice de desenvolvimento humano para produzir mapas temáticos e uma análise de epidemiologia descritiva. Foram utilizados os registros de notificação de casos de HIV/AIDS de 1982 a 2007. Foram considerados casos de AIDS-tuberculose os registros que tinham o diagnóstico positivo para tuberculose e aqueles que tinham diagnóstico ignorado para tuberculose, mas apresentavam sinais e sintomas compatíveis com a doença (febre, tosse, caquexia e astenia). RESULTADOS: Os mapas permitiram identificar regiões com diferenças sociais e diferentes padrões de incidência de HIV/AIDS e de AIDS-tuberculose. As diferenças regionais assemelham-se às encontradas por Josué de Castro, em 1940. As regiões com índice de desenvolvimento humano alto apresentaram alta incidência de HIV/AIDS e de AIDS-tuberculose. CONCLUSÃO: A prevenção da infecção pelo HIV deve ser geograficamente específica, dadas as diferenças socioeconômicas e culturais. Apesar de os registros oficiais mostrarem declínio da coinfecção AIDS-tuberculose, o tratamento dos casos de HIV/AIDS deve constatar a ocorrência de doenças oportunistas, que deveriam ser notificadas e/ou atualizadas.

Geomarketing en salud para ubicar oferta de servicios médicos de valor Caso: Proyecto de investigación para ubicar una nueva oferta hospitalaria / Geomarketing health services offer for locating medical value: case: a research project to locate a new hospital bid

El geomarketing de la salud es útil para definir políticas sanitarias y buscar un mayor bienestar bio-psico y social de las personas que cohabitan un mismo espacio geográfico. Los límites de división geográfica y política entre comunidades son importantes para el control y manejo de epidemias, endemias y pandemias. La ubicación geográfica (espacio que ocupa una persona y sus pares) en un tiempo definido, nos muestra perfiles culturales similares, manifiestos en hábitos, costumbres y patrones de comportamiento similares. Con esta información de manera oportuna y lo más exacta posible se podrán realizar las actividades de promoción de la salud y prevención de las enfermedades que conduzcan a un bienestar sostenible de la población. Es recomendable, para toda oferta de servicios de salud, ubicar la competencia directa e indirecta de la localidad, con su respectiva demanda en servicios de salud, para así diseñar una oferta de valor que vaya dirigida a un mercado meta que sea sustentable y sostenible. Este artículo muestra una metodología de geomarketing para ubicar la oferta, las necesidades, deseos y demanda de los servicios de salud pública y privada que contribuya en el diseño de los planes estratégicos de marketing en salud...

The geomarketing of health is useful in defining health policies in search of greater psychosocial well-being and social integration of people with the same geographic space, hence the limits of geographical and political division between communities is important for control and management of epidemics, endemic diseases and pandemics. The geographical location (space occupied by a person and his peers) in a defined time, shows similar profiles manifests in cultural habits, customs and behavioral patterns similar. With this information in a timely manner and as accurate as possible will be able to carry out the activities of health promotion and disease prevention that will lead to a sustainable welfare of the population. It is recommendable to any offer of health services, track direct and indirect competition from the place with their demand on health services, as well as for designing or offering the services of value to be directed at a target market that is sustainable and sustainable. This paper shows a methodology to locate geomarketing supply, needs, desires and demands of public health services and private help in designing strategic plans for marketing in health...