Pneumocephalus and suppurative meningoencephalitis in a dog after craniofacial trauma

Background: Pneumocephalus is characterized by the presence of gas in the intracranial compartment, and it can be developed by trauma, craniofacial surgery or spontaneously. Clinical signs start within days or months after the injury and vary according to the site of involvement. Computed tomography is the ideal diagnostic tool, however skull radiography can also be used. Treatment varies according to the severity of the case, and it can be conservative or associated with surgical intervention in the most severe cases. The purpose of this report is to describe the case of a dog that developed pneumocephalus and suppurative meningoencephalitis after head trauma caused by a bite from another dog. Case: A 2-month-old bitch, mixed breed, with 3.2 kg, was referred to the Veterinary Hospital because it had been bitten on the head by another dog. Shortly after the incident, the animal showed no clinical signs. However, 2 days later, the bitch became depressed and in persistent lateral decubitus. A lesion with a crust of approximately 0.5 cm was found close to the occipital region, with bone irregularity on palpation. The animal was in lateral decubitus with muscular hypotonia, bilateral mydriasis unresponsive to light and stupor. Radiographic images showed parietal fracture and pneumocephalus. Based on the findings of physical and laboratorial exams, diagnosis of suppurative meningoencephalitis and pneumocephalus secondary to craniofacial trauma was established. Empirical broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy was started in addition to mannitol, corticoids, and analgesics. The animal was referred for surgical debridement by trepanation, when samples were collected to bacterial culture, which was negative. Despites the care, the animal died 14 h after the surgical procedure. Histopathological examination of the frontal cortex was performed, being the histological changes compatible with suppurative meningoencephalitis. Discussion: Dog bites on the head and neck are particularly severe, and can create intracranial bleeding, disfigurement of the face, damage to peripheral structures or cranial fractures. In this report, through radiographic images, it was found that the patient had an intracerebral aerocele, since there was presence of gas in the intracranial compartment. This alteration should always be considered in animals with neurological alterations and a history of craniofacial trauma. The main neurological changes observed in the reported case were unresponsive to mydriasis and altered mental status 2 days after the trauma, and this delay in the onset of clinical signs is frequently reported in cases of pneumocephalus. Neutrophilia and leukocytosis observed can be justified by the suppurative meningoencephalitis, confirmed by the histopathological exam. Antimicrobial therapy should be started as soon as possible, and the choice must be based on their capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier and the broad spectrum. The administration of antibiotics before collecting the material for bacterial culture may explain the negative result of this test, so that it is not possible to determine whether the intracranial gas observed on the radiograph may have developed from the trauma or because of gas-producing bacteria. Head trauma can induce suppurative meningoencephalitis and pneumocephalus even in the absence of perforating wounds at the time of the consultation. The neurological signs can start days after the trauma. Besides the clinical and surgical treatments, the prognosis of any bacterial infection of the central nervous system is poor.

Metamizol and scopolamine for conventional or two-port laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy in dogs

Background: Ovariohysterectomy (OVH) is one of the most applied techniques in Veterinary Medicine. Despite some analgesic protocols being used after this procedure in order to control post operatory pain, there is a lack of knowledge of the efficacy after conventional and two port laparoscopic-assisted techniques in dog female. Although the combined formulation of metamizol and scopolamine is used, there is no knowledge about the efficacy and collateral effects in a 6 h regimen after OVH. The aim of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of metamizol and scopolamine to analgesia after two techniques of OVH in dog female. Materials, Methods & Results: Fifteen adults and healthy dog female were submitted to OVH, being eight to the conventional procedure and seven to video assisted technic with two ports. The patients received a combination of metamizol and scopolamine, 6-6 h during 48 h and were evaluated before surgery, 60 min after extubation and on 1 h interval during the f irst 8 h, and at 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h after surgery. For this, the University of Melbourne Pain Scale (UMPS) and the short-form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-SF) were applied by three evaluators blinded to surgical technic. Glucoses measurement was realized at 1, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after surgery. Analgesic rescue was not necessary for any animal. Punctuation of UMPS in GC decreases at 8 h and at 5 h, and to GV at 12 and 24 h. Difference between groups happened at 3 h with larger average to GV; at 48 h the punctuation in GC was lager. Considering CMPS-SF to CG, higher average was observed at 1 h and decreased at 2, 3, 8 and 18. At GV highest average points was verified at 1, 2 and 3 h and decreased at 5, 8 and 18 h. Correlation was strong and positive between each two evaluators. Animals of both groups had increased average...

Intoxicaciones exógenas por intentos suicidas en una unidad de cuidados intensivos / Exogenous intoxications due to suicide attempts in an intensive care unit

Introducción: Las intoxicaciones exógenas agudas son tan antiguas como la humanidad. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes con intoxicación exógena aguda atribuible a intento suicida. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo de 26 pacientes con el citado diagnóstico, atendidos en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital General Docente Orlando Pantoja Tamayo de Contramaestre, provincia de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero hasta diciembre de 2017. Las variables analizadas fueron: grupos etarios, sexo, ocupación, tóxicos utilizados por estos pacientes, escala de Glasgow al ingreso, uso del carbón activado y tiempo de empleo, así como tipo de tratamiento. Resultados: En la serie prevalecieron los pacientes de 20-39 y 40-59 años de edad, así como los psicofármacos, seguidos por organofosforados, antiinflamatorios y antihistamínicos como los tóxicos más usados. En más de la mitad de los afectados la escala de Glasgow osciló entre 9 y 13 puntos. El lavado gástrico y el carbón activado fueron los métodos de desintoxicación más empleados. Conclusiones: Las intoxicaciones exógenas constituyen una verdadera urgencia médica, por tanto, es importante tener en cuenta el tiempo trascurrido entre el accidente y el tratamiento. Cuanto más precoz sea la intervención médica requerida, mejor será el pronóstico final de estos pacientes; por ello las acciones en el nivel primario de atención son determinantes.

Introduction: The acute exogenous intoxications are as old as humanity. Objective: To characterize the patients with acute exogenous intoxication attributable to suicide attempt. Method: A descriptive and retrospective study of 26 patients with this diagnosis, assisted in the Intensive Cares Unit of Orlando Pantoja Tamayo Teaching General Hospital in Contramaestre, Santiago de Cuba, was carried out from January to December, 2017. The analyzed variables were: age groups, sex, occupation, toxics used by these patients, Glasgow scale at admission, use of charcoal and time of use, as well as type of treatment. Results: In the series the 20-39 and 40-59 years patients prevailed, as well as the psycho drugs, followed by organophosphorus compounds, anti-inflammatory and histamine antagonists as the most used toxics. In more than half of those affected patients the Glasgow scale oscillated between 9 and 13 points. The gastric lavage and charcoal were the most used detoxification methods. Conclusions: The exogenous intoxications constitute a true medical emergency, therefore, it is important to keep in mind the time between the accident and the treatment. The earlier the required medical intervention, the better will be the final prognosis of these patients; reason why the actions in the primary care level are determining.

Caracterización del trauma craneal por agresión, en Matanzas / Characterization of cranial trauma by aggression in Matanzas

Introducción: el trauma craneoencefálico por agresión constituye un motivo de consulta frecuente en los Servicios de Neurocirugía del país. Objetivo: El objetivo fue conocer la incidencia, lesiones más frecuentes, estado al ingreso, mortalidad y secuelas tempranas del paciente que ha sufrido una agresión neurotraumática con necesidad de atención especializada. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, donde se caracterizaron 39 pacientes ingresados en el Servicio de Neurocirugía de Matanzas, en un período de dos años, que presentaron trauma craneoencefálico causado por agresión. Resultados: predominó el sexo masculino (77 %) y por debajo de los 45 años (77,4 %), en estado de embriaguez al momento del trauma (55 %). El agente vulnerante más usado en la agresión fue el machete. El 72 % de los casos ingresó con una puntuación en la escala de Glasgow entre 14 y 15; el 18 % entre, 13 y 9, y el 10 % por debajo de 8 puntos. Entre las lesiones que más se encontraron están las fracturas lineales, las fracturas deprimidas penetrantes, los focos contusivos y la presencia de hematoma epidural, 2 pacientes presentaron lesión del seno sagital superior. Requirieron cirugía el 74 % de los casos y el Glasgow al egreso fue bueno en el 77 % de los pacientes. Conclusiones: la agresión como causa de trauma craneoencefálico es relativamente frecuente en nuestro medio; la patología es casi exclusiva del sexo masculino; la riña y el alcohol están directamente relacionados con el trauma. En general, el trauma craneoencefálico por agresión presentó una baja mortalidad, pero una estimable morbilidad.

Background: Cranioencephalic trauma by aggression is a motive of frequent consultation in the Neurosurgery Services of the country. Aim: The aim was to know its incidence, its more frequent lesions, status at admission, mortality and early sequels of the patient who suffered a neurotraumatic aggression with special care necessity. Materials and methods: an observational, descriptive study was carried out characterizing 39 patients admitted in the Neurosurgery Services of Matanzas in a two-year period, who presented cranioencephalic trauma due to aggression. Outcomes: male sex predominated (77 %) and people aged less than 45 years (77.4 %), being drank at the moment of the trauma (55 %). Machete was the most used vulnerary agent in the aggression. 72 % of the cases were admitted with a 14 and 15 punctuation in the Glasgow Scale; 18 % among 13 and 9 points, and 10 % below 8 points. Among the most frequently found lesions are lineal fractures, penetrating depressed fractures, contusive focuses and the presence of epidural hematoma. 2 patients presented high sagittal sinus lesion. 74 % of the cases needed surgical treatment and Glasgow punctuation at discharge was good in 77 % of the patients. Conclusions: Aggression as a cause of cranioencephalic trauma is relatively frequent in our surroundings; the pathology is almost exclusive of the male gender; quarrelling and alcohol are directly related with the trauma. In general, cranioencephalic trauma by aggression presents low mortality, but a considerable morbidity.

Características clinicoepidemiológicas de pacientes ingresados por enfermedad cerebrovascular en una unidad de cuidados intensivos / Características clinicoepidemiológicas de pacientes ingresados por enfermedad cerebrovascular en una unidad de cuidados intensivos

Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de 72 pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Provincial "Dr. Ambrosio Grillo Portuondo" de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero de 2011 hasta diciembre de 2013, a fin de caracterizarles según variables clinicoepidemiológicas. En la serie predominaron el grupo etario de 45-64 años, el sexo masculino, la enfermedad cerebrovascular hemorrágica y el antecedente de hipertensión arterial; asimismo, la mayoría de los afectados provenían de los servicios emergentes y la mortalidad fue mayor en aquellos con escala de Glasgow menor de 8 puntos al ingreso.

An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of 72 patients with cerebrovascular disease admitted in the Intensive Care Unit of "Dr. Ambrosio Grillo Portuondo" Provincial Hospital in Santiago de Cuba was carried out from January, 2011 to December, 2013, in order to characterize them according to clinical and epidemiological variables. The group 45-64 years, the male sex, the hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease and the history of hypertension prevailed in the series; also, most of the affected patients came from the emergent services and the mortality was higher in those with Glasgow scale lower than 8 points at admission.

Complicaciones del trauma craneoencefálico severo en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos / Complications of severe cranioencephalic trauma in the pediatric intensive care unit

Introducción: el trauma craneoencefálico severo es responsable de serias complicaciones médicas que exacerban la lesión cerebral secundaria, y frecuentemente son la causa de muerte. Ojetivo: conocer las particularidades de las complicaciones médicas en pacientes con trauma craneoencefálico severo en la unidad de cuidados intensivos del hospital pediátrico Octavio de la Concepción y de la Pedraja durante los años comprendidos entre 2007-2009. Métodos: estudio descriptivo en pacientes con trauma craneoencefálico, durante el período comprendido entre los años 2007-2009, para analizar las complicaciones que influyeron en su evolución clínica. Resultados: la edad más representada fue la comprendida entre los 11-15 años (56,90 por ciento); los pacientes incluidos en el grupo de 1-5 años resultaron más vulnerables a las complicaciones médicas. Las fracturas inestables (62,96 por ciento), la rotura de vísceras macizas (51,85 por ciento) y la insuficiencia respiratoria (44,44 por ciento) fueron las manifestaciones clínicas más evidentes al momento del ingreso. En la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos las complicaciones médicas frecuentes resultaron ser los trastornos hidroelectrolíticos (94,28 por ciento) y la desnutrición (77,14 por ciento). La hiperglicemia y el distrés respiratorio se relacionaron de manera significativa con la mortalidad. El 92,59 por ciento de los fallecidos sumaron 3 puntos en la escala de Glasgow. La ventilación mecánica fue independiente de las complicaciones médicas. Conclusiones: los traumas de cráneo severos son la base para el desarrollo de varias y graves complicaciones que plantean muchos problemas en la práctica médica(AU)

Introduction: the severe cranioencephalic trauma re responsible of serious medical exacerbating the secondary cerebral lesion and frequently are the cause of death. Objective: to know the particularities of the medical complications in patients presenting with severe cranioencephalic trauma seen in the Octavio de la Concepción y de la Pedraja Children Hospital from 2007 to 2009. Methods: a descriptive study was conducted in patients presenting with cranioencephalic trauma from 2007 to 2009 to analyze the complication influencing in its clinical course. Results: the age with a greater predominance was that between 11-15 years (56,90 percent); the patients included in the 1-5 years group were more vulnerable to medical complications. The unstable fractures (62,96 percent), break of solid viscera (51,85 percent) and the respiratory failure (44,44 percent) were the more obvious clinical manifestations at admission. In the Intensive Care Unit the more frequent clinical complications were: hydroelectric disorders (94,28 percent) and malnutrition (77,14 percent). Hyperglycemia and respiratory distress were significantly related to mortality. The 92,59 percent of deceased added 3 points in the Glasgow's scale. Mechanical ventilation was independent of medical complications. Conclusions: the severe cranial traumata are the basis for the development of some and severe complications present as a problem in the medical practice(AU)

Complicaciones del trauma craneoencefálico severo en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos / Complications of severe cranioencephalic trauma in the pediatric intensive care unit

Introducción: el trauma craneoencefálico severo es responsable de serias complicaciones médicas que exacerban la lesión cerebral secundaria, y frecuentemente son la causa de muerte. Ojetivo: conocer las particularidades de las complicaciones médicas en pacientes con trauma craneoencefálico severo en la unidad de cuidados intensivos del hospital pediátrico Octavio de la Concepción y de la Pedraja durante los años comprendidos entre 2007-2009. Métodos: estudio descriptivo en pacientes con trauma craneoencefálico, durante el período comprendido entre los años 2007-2009, para analizar las complicaciones que influyeron en su evolución clínica. Resultados: la edad más representada fue la comprendida entre los 11-15 años (56,90 por ciento); los pacientes incluidos en el grupo de 1-5 años resultaron más vulnerables a las complicaciones médicas. Las fracturas inestables (62,96 por ciento), la rotura de vísceras macizas (51,85 por ciento) y la insuficiencia respiratoria (44,44 por ciento) fueron las manifestaciones clínicas más evidentes al momento del ingreso. En la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos las complicaciones médicas frecuentes resultaron ser los trastornos hidroelectrolíticos (94,28 por ciento) y la desnutrición (77,14 por ciento). La hiperglicemia y el distrés respiratorio se relacionaron de manera significativa con la mortalidad. El 92,59 por ciento de los fallecidos sumaron 3 puntos en la escala de Glasgow. La ventilación mecánica fue independiente de las complicaciones médicas. Conclusiones: los traumas de cráneo severos son la base para el desarrollo de varias y graves complicaciones que plantean muchos problemas en la práctica médica

Introduction: the severe cranioencephalic trauma re responsible of serious medical exacerbating the secondary cerebral lesion and frequently are the cause of death. Objective: to know the particularities of the medical complications in patients presenting with severe cranioencephalic trauma seen in the Octavio de la Concepción y de la Pedraja Children Hospital from 2007 to 2009. Methods: a descriptive study was conducted in patients presenting with cranioencephalic trauma from 2007 to 2009 to analyze the complication influencing in its clinical course. Results: the age with a greater predominance was that between 11-15 years (56,90 percent); the patients included in the 1-5 years group were more vulnerable to medical complications. The unstable fractures (62,96 percent), break of solid viscera (51,85 percent) and the respiratory failure (44,44 percent) were the more obvious clinical manifestations at admission. In the Intensive Care Unit the more frequent clinical complications were: hydroelectric disorders (94,28 percent) and malnutrition (77,14 percent). Hyperglycemia and respiratory distress were significantly related to mortality. The 92,59 percent of deceased added 3 points in the Glasgow's scale. Mechanical ventilation was independent of medical complications. Conclusions: the severe cranial traumata are the basis for the development of some and severe complications present as a problem in the medical practice