Shoulder injuries in Brazilian professional football players: epidemiological analysis of 3828 games.

OBJECTIVES: Football is a globally played sport that poses potential risks for musculoskeletal injuries. Upper-limb injuries have a lower incidence rate than lower-limb injuries but can still cause absenteeism and performance impairment in football players. This descriptive epidemiological study aimed to evaluate and compare the epidemiological data on shoulder injuries among professional football players in two major Brazilian football championships. METHODS: Data were collected throughout the championships, and club physicians medically evaluated each player during official games using two online forms. The collected information included the player's age and position, injury diagnosis, laterality, location on the field where the injury occurred, playing time, imaging examinations performed, need for surgical treatment, time to return to play (TRP), and recurrence of the injury. The incidence of injuries was evaluated using the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) incidence formula. RESULTS: A total of 107 shoulder injuries were recorded (4.3% of all injuries), with a FIFA incidence of 0.847. Glenohumeral dislocations (GHDs) and acromioclavicular dislocations (ACDs) accounted for 37.38% and 35.51% of all shoulder injuries, respectively. Goalkeepers and defenders presented, respectively, a 2.15 and 1.57 times increased risk of suffering shoulder injuries, while attackers presented a 0.63 times decreased risk. Injury recurrence was observed in 14.95% of cases, with GHDs and ACDs showing recurrence rates of 35.00% and 5.26%, respectively. Surgery was performed in 9.35% of cases, with GHDs representing 50% of all surgeries. The average TRP was 22.37 days, with severe and major injuries accounting for 11.21% and 10.28% of all injuries, respectively. Goalkeepers had the highest average TRP of 36.15 days. Recurring injuries had a higher average TRP of 33.44 days compared to nonrecurring injuries, which had an average TRP of 20.43 days. Surgically treated injuries had the highest average TRP of 112.5 days. CONCLUSION: Shoulder injuries in the professional football scenario are of great concern due to the high recurrence rate and need for surgical treatment, which will lead to a long TRP. These findings emphasize the need to implement prevention protocols and effective treatments to reduce the consequences of such injuries, which are usually underestimated in this sport. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Luxofractura posterior bilateral de hombro secundaria a episodio de convulsión: importancia del diagnóstico oportuno. A propósito de un caso / Bilateral posterior glenohumeral fracture-dislocation secondary to a seizure episode: the importance of early diagnosis. A case review

Resumen: Introducción: la luxofractura glenohumeral posterior (LFGHP) es una lesión poco frecuente. Puede ser secundaria a una crisis convulsiva, casos de electrocución, o por traumatismo directo. Su diagnóstico suele ser tardío, lo que aumenta la tasa de complicaciones y secuelas. Caso clínico: paciente de sexo masculino de 52 años, trasladado a centro de alta complejidad por convulsión tónico-clónica y LFGHP derecha. En el estudio inicial con radiografías se confirma lesión de hombro derecho y se diagnostica luxación glenohumeral posterior simple de hombro izquierdo no pesquisada previamente. Se complementa estudio con tomografía computarizada (TC) de ambos hombros, observándose una LFGHP bilateral, lo que demuestra agravamiento intrahospitalario de la lesión del hombro izquierdo. Se realiza reducción abierta y osteosíntesis con placa bloqueada bilateral en un tiempo. El hombro izquierdo requirió dos reintervenciones, una por falla de osteosíntesis y otra para liberación articular. Dos años después del procedimiento el paciente evoluciona satisfactoriamente con 5% en la escala Quick DASH y un puntaje de 72 y 76 en la escala de Constant en el hombro derecho e izquierdo, respectivamente. Conclusión: la LFGHP es una lesión poco frecuente que requiere un alto índice de sospecha para evitar el retraso diagnóstico y la aparición de secuelas. En casos de convulsión se debe sospechar compromiso bilateral. Con un tratamiento quirúrgico oportuno se pueden obtener resultados satisfactorios y reintegración del paciente a sus actividades habituales.

Abstract: Introduction: posterior glenohumeral fracture dislocation (PGHFD) is a rare injury. It may present secondary to a seizure, electrocution or due to direct trauma. It is usually missed, and late diagnosis is common which increases the rate of complications and sequalae. Case report: 52 year old male, transferred to a reference trauma center due to a tonic-clonic seizure and a right PGHFD. Upon admission radiographs are requested and right shoulder injury is confirmed. Additionally, a simple left posterior glenohumeral dislocation (that was missed in the initial assessment of the patient) is observed. A computed tomography (CT) scan is obtained for both shoulders to plan surgery. The CT scan showed a bilateral PGHFD with severe comminution in the left shoulder, showing considerable worsening of the left shoulder since admission. Open reduction and bilateral locked plate osteosynthesis were performed in a one stage surgery. At two years follow up the patient evolved favorably with a Quick DASH score of 5% and a CONSTANT score of 72 and 76 for his right and left shoulder, respectively. Conclusion: PGHFD is an infrequent injury, which requires a high level of suspicion to avoid diagnostic delay and prevent complications and sequelae. Bilateral cases may be seen in cases of seizure. With prompt surgical treatment, satisfactory results can be achieved with a complete return to normal activities.

[Bilateral posterior glenohumeral fracture-dislocation secondary to a seizure episode: the importance of early diagnosis. A case review]. / Luxofractura posterior bilateral de hombro secundaria a episodio de convulsión: importancia del diagnóstico oportuno. A propósito de un caso.

INTRODUCTION: posterior glenohumeral fracture dislocation (PGHFD) is a rare injury. It may present secondary to a seizure, electrocution or due to direct trauma. It is usually missed, and late diagnosis is common which increases the rate of complications and sequalae. CASE REPORT: 52 year old male, transferred to a reference trauma center due to a tonic-clonic seizure and a right PGHFD. Upon admission radiographs are requested and right shoulder injury is confirmed. Additionally, a simple left posterior glenohumeral dislocation (that was missed in the initial assessment of the patient) is observed. A computed tomography (CT) scan is obtained for both shoulders to plan surgery. The CT scan showed a bilateral PGHFD with severe comminution in the left shoulder, showing considerable worsening of the left shoulder since admission. Open reduction and bilateral locked plate osteosynthesis were performed in a one stage surgery. At two years follow up the patient evolved favorably with a Quick DASH score of 5% and a CONSTANT score of 72 and 76 for his right and left shoulder, respectively. CONCLUSION: PGHFD is an infrequent injury, which requires a high level of suspicion to avoid diagnostic delay and prevent complications and sequelae. Bilateral cases may be seen in cases of seizure. With prompt surgical treatment, satisfactory results can be achieved with a complete return to normal activities.

INTRODUCCIÓN: la luxofractura glenohumeral posterior (LFGHP) es una lesión poco frecuente. Puede ser secundaria a una crisis convulsiva, casos de electrocución, o por traumatismo directo. Su diagnóstico suele ser tardío, lo que aumenta la tasa de complicaciones y secuelas. CASO CLÍNICO: paciente de sexo masculino de 52 años, trasladado a centro de alta complejidad por convulsión tónico-clónica y LFGHP derecha. En el estudio inicial con radiografías se confirma lesión de hombro derecho y se diagnostica luxación glenohumeral posterior simple de hombro izquierdo no pesquisada previamente. Se complementa estudio con tomografía computarizada (TC) de ambos hombros, observándose una LFGHP bilateral, lo que demuestra agravamiento intrahospitalario de la lesión del hombro izquierdo. Se realiza reducción abierta y osteosíntesis con placa bloqueada bilateral en un tiempo. El hombro izquierdo requirió dos reintervenciones, una por falla de osteosíntesis y otra para liberación articular. Dos años después del procedimiento el paciente evoluciona satisfactoriamente con 5% en la escala Quick DASH y un puntaje de 72 y 76 en la escala de Constant en el hombro derecho e izquierdo, respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: la LFGHP es una lesión poco frecuente que requiere un alto índice de sospecha para evitar el retraso diagnóstico y la aparición de secuelas. En casos de convulsión se debe sospechar compromiso bilateral. Con un tratamiento quirúrgico oportuno se pueden obtener resultados satisfactorios y reintegración del paciente a sus actividades habituales.

Incidence and Risk Factors of the Complications Related to the Latarjet Surgery.

Objective The Latarjet procedure is a well-accepted treatment of shoulder instability. This technique is associated with a unique set of complications with overall rates of up to 30%. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the incidence and risk factors associated with complications after open Latarjet procedure. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 102 patients submitted to open Latarjet procedure. Complications were divided into three types: clinical; graft-related; and screw-related. All of the patients were submitted to radiography and computed tomography (CT). The risk factors analyzed were gender, age, previous surgery, epilepsy, experience of the surgeon. Results A total of 102 consecutive patients (108 cases) underwent the Latarjet procedure. The mean age was 33.7 years old (18 to 61 years old), with 88 males and 14 females. The overall complication rate was 21.2%, being 12% clinical-related, 7.4% graft-related, and 2.7% screw-related. The most frequent were anterior apprehension (eight cases) and lateral overhang of the graft in six patients. Computed tomography scan at a minimum of 6 months was performed in 79 cases (73%), and graft union occurred in 75 patients (94.9%). There were no cases of instability in the remaining four cases of nonunion. Ten patients (9.2%) required revision surgery. The risk factors associated with complications were epilepsy ( p = 0.0325), experience of the surgeon ( p = 0.0499) and patients ≥ 40 years old at the time of the surgery ( p = 0.0151). There was no correlation with gender and previous surgery. Conclusion The complication rate following the Latarjet procedure was 21.2%, with 9% requiring revision surgery. Epilepsy, age > 40 years old and experience of the surgeon were risk factors.

Incidence and Risk Factors of the Complications Related to the Latarjet Surgery / Incidência e fatores de risco das complicações da cirurgia de Latarjet

Abstract Objective The Latarjet procedure is a well-accepted treatment of shoulder instability. This technique is associated with a unique set of complications with overall rates of up to 30%. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the incidence and risk factors associated with complications after open Latarjet procedure. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 102 patients submitted to open Latarjet procedure. Complications were divided into three types: clinical; graft-related; and screw-related. All of the patients were submitted to radiography and computed tomography (CT). The risk factors analyzed were gender, age, previous surgery, epilepsy, experience of the surgeon. Results A total of 102 consecutive patients (108 cases) underwent the Latarjet procedure. The mean age was 33.7 years old (18 to 61 years old), with 88 males and 14 females. The overall complication rate was 21.2%, being 12% clinical-related, 7.4% graft-related, and 2.7% screw-related. The most frequent were anterior apprehension (eight cases) and lateral overhang of the graft in six patients. Computed tomography scan at a minimum of 6 months was performed in 79 cases (73%), and graft union occurred in 75 patients (94.9%). There were no cases of instability in the remaining four cases of nonunion. Ten patients (9.2%) required revision surgery. The risk factors associated with complications were epilepsy (p = 0.0325), experience of the surgeon (p = 0.0499) and patients ≥ 40 years old at the time of the surgery (p = 0.0151). There was no correlation with gender and previous surgery. Conclusion The complication rate following the Latarjet procedure was 21.2%, with 9% requiring revision surgery. Epilepsy, age ≥ 40 years old and experience of the surgeon were risk factors.

Resumo Objetivo A cirurgia de Latarjet é bem estabelecida para o tratamento da instabilidade anterior do ombro. Apresenta complicações específicas com taxas de até 30%. Nosso objetivo é avaliar a incidência e os fatores de risco associados às complicações após a cirurgia de Latarjet. Métodos Analisamos retrospectivamente 102 pacientes submetidos ao procedimento. Dividimos as complicações em três tipos: clínicas, relacionadas ao enxerto e relacionadas aos implantes. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a radiografias e tomografia computadorizada (TC). Os fatores de risco analisados foram gênero, idade, cirurgia prévia, epilepsia e experiência do cirurgião. Resultados Um total de 102 pacientes consecutivos (108 casos) foram avaliados. A média de idade foi 33,7 anos (18 a 61 anos), com 88 homens e 14 mulheres. A taxa de complicações foi de 21,2%, sendo 12% clínicas, 7,4% relacionadas ao enxerto e 2,7% relacionadas ao implante. As mais frequentes foram apreensão anterior (oito casos) e posicionamento lateral do enxerto, em seis casos. A TC foi realizada com o mínimo de 6 meses em 79 casos (73%), evidenciando a consolidação do enxerto em 75 pacientes (94.9%). Nenhum caso de não união apresentou instabilidade. Dez pacientes (9.2%) precisaram de cirurgia de revisão. Os fatores de risco relacionados às complicações foram epilepsia (p = 0.0325), experiência do cirurgião (p = 0.0499) e pacientes ≥ 40 anos (p = 0.0151). Não houve correlação com gênero e cirurgia prévia. Conclusão A taxa de complicações após a cirurgia de Latarjet foi de 21,2%, com 9% necessitando de revisão cirúrgica. Epilepsia, idade ≥ 40 anos e experiência do cirurgião foram fatores de risco.

[Undetected traumatic posterior glenohumeral dislocation]. / Luxación glenohumeral posterior traumática no detectada.

INTRODUCTION: Glenohumeral dislocation (GHD) is frequent, but traumatic posterior glenohumeral dislocation (TPGHD) is rare, with an incidence of 1-4% of all GHD. The diagnosis is a challenge: sometimes, it can be omitted due to incorrect diagnosis, absence of consideration in the differential diagnosis, suboptimal radiographic evaluation and an absence of characteristic signs and symptoms; missed diagnosis reaches 60-79% and the diagnosis can delay from 24 hours to a year. OBJECTIVE: To transmit previous experiences to provide support for better diagnosing TPGHD, favoring appropriate attention. CASE REPORTS: Case 1. 34-year-old male. Delayed diagnosis of left TPGHD in the 4th week. Reverse Hill-Sachs < 25%. Closed reduction, immobilization for four weeks. Follow-up at week 20, good functional recovery (UCLA = 32). Case 2. 32-year-old male. Eight months with undiagnosed left TPGHD. Reverse Hill-Sachs 25%. Open reduction, immobilization for four weeks. Eight-month post-surgical follow-up. Good functional recovery (UCLA = 29). DISCUSSION: The diagnosis of TPGHD is difficult because of its lack of frequency. Even with delayed diagnosis-treatment, evolution can be favorable provided that the reverse Hill-Sachs injury is 25% or minor. To avoid a delayed diagnosis and inadequate attention, we must always consider the injury mechanism, physical examination with the arm fixed in internal rotation, clinical suspicion in functional deficit for external rotation, flexion and abduction, radiographic studies including true AP and scapula lateral (Y view).

INTRODUCCIÓN: La luxación glenohumeral (LGH) es frecuente, pero la luxación glenohumeral posterior traumática (LGHPT) es rara. Su diagnóstico es un reto, puede omitirse o pasar inadvertida; en ello influye un sinnúmero de factores, como una evaluación radiológica inadecuada y ausencia de signos-síntomas característicos. Se reporta una omisión diagnóstica de 60-79% y confirmación diagnóstica con una demora desde 24 horas hasta un año. OBJETIVO: Transmitir experiencia previa para proporcionar herramientas que ayuden a evitar omisión diagnóstica en la LGHPT. REPORTE DE CASOS: Caso 1. Masculino, 34 años. Diagnóstico tardío de LGHPT izquierda en la cuarta semana. Hill-Sachs inversa < 25%. Reducción cerrada (DePalma), inmovilización por cuatro semanas. Seguimiento a la semana 20. Recuperación funcional buena (UCLA = 32). Caso 2. Masculino, 32 años. Diagnóstico tardío de LGHPT izquierda en el octavo mes. Hill-Sachs inversa de 25%. Reducción abierta (McLaughlin-Neer), inmovilización por cuatro semanas. Seguimiento postquirúrgico a ocho meses. Recuperación funcional buena (UCLA = 29). DISCUSIÓN: El diagnóstico de LGHPT es difícil por su poca frecuencia. Para evitar retraso en el diagnóstico e inadecuada atención, debe considerarse siempre una evaluación inicial que tome en cuenta la posición del brazo, el mecanismo de lesión; en la exploración física, el brazo en rotacion interna y poco dolor, déficit funcional para la rotación externa, flexión y abducción.

Luxación glenohumeral posterior traumática no detectada / Undetected traumatic posterior glenohumeral dislocation

Resumen: Introducción: La luxación glenohumeral (LGH) es frecuente, pero la luxación glenohumeral posterior traumática (LGHPT) es rara. Su diagnóstico es un reto, puede omitirse o pasar inadvertida; en ello influye un sinnúmero de factores, como una evaluación radiológica inadecuada y ausencia de signos-síntomas característicos. Se reporta una omisión diagnóstica de 60-79% y confirmación diagnóstica con una demora desde 24 horas hasta un año. Objetivo: Transmitir experiencia previa para proporcionar herramientas que ayuden a evitar omisión diagnóstica en la LGHPT. Reporte de casos: Caso 1. Masculino, 34 años. Diagnóstico tardío de LGHPT izquierda en la cuarta semana. Hill-Sachs inversa < 25%. Reducción cerrada (DePalma), inmovilización por cuatro semanas. Seguimiento a la semana 20. Recuperación funcional buena (UCLA = 32). Caso 2. Masculino, 32 años. Diagnóstico tardío de LGHPT izquierda en el octavo mes. Hill-Sachs inversa de 25%. Reducción abierta (McLaughlin-Neer), inmovilización por cuatro semanas. Seguimiento postquirúrgico a ocho meses. Recuperación funcional buena (UCLA = 29). Discusión: El diagnóstico de LGHPT es difícil por su poca frecuencia. Para evitar retraso en el diagnóstico e inadecuada atención, debe considerarse siempre una evaluación inicial que tome en cuenta la posición del brazo, el mecanismo de lesión; en la exploración física, el brazo en rotacion interna y poco dolor, déficit funcional para la rotación externa, flexión y abducción.

Abstract: Introduction: Glenohumeral dislocation (GHD) is frequent, but traumatic posterior glenohumeral dislocation (TPGHD) is rare, with an incidence of 1-4% of all GHD. The diagnosis is a challenge: sometimes, it can be omitted due to incorrect diagnosis, absence of consideration in the differential diagnosis, suboptimal radiographic evaluation and an absence of characteristic signs and symptoms; missed diagnosis reaches 60-79% and the diagnosis can delay from 24 hours to a year. Objective: To transmit previous experiences to provide support for better diagnosing TPGHD, favoring appropriate attention. Case reports: Case 1. 34-year-old male. Delayed diagnosis of left TPGHD in the 4th week. Reverse Hill-Sachs < 25%. Closed reduction, immobilization for four weeks. Follow-up at week 20, good functional recovery (UCLA = 32). Case 2. 32-year-old male. Eight months with undiagnosed left TPGHD. Reverse Hill-Sachs 25%. Open reduction, immobilization for four weeks. Eight-month post-surgical follow-up. Good functional recovery (UCLA = 29). Discussion: The diagnosis of TPGHD is difficult because of its lack of frequency. Even with delayed diagnosis-treatment, evolution can be favorable provided that the reverse Hill-Sachs injury is 25% or minor. To avoid a delayed diagnosis and inadequate attention, we must always consider the injury mechanism, physical examination with the arm fixed in internal rotation, clinical suspicion in functional deficit for external rotation, flexion and abduction, radiographic studies including true AP and scapula lateral (Y view).

LESIONES DE Mc LAUGHLIN Y BANKART INVERTIDA TRAS LUXACION POSTERIOR DE LA ARTICULACION ESCAPULOHUMERAL ASOCIADA A FRACTURA DIAFISARIA DE HUMERO: CASO CLINICO

Presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 53 años de edad que luego de recibir un trauma en el hombro izquierdo, acude a nuestro Servicio, con dolor intenso, deformidad e incapacidad funcional absoluta de ese miembro. Se diagnostica una luxación glenohumeral posterior, asociada a fractura diafisaria de húmero. Se realiza reducción cerrada de la luxación y fijación interna con lámina AO de la fractura diafisaria. Luego de la reducción, los estudios imagenológicos mostraron una fractura del aspecto anterointerno de la cabeza humeral (lesión de Mc Laughlin) y fractura del reborde glenoideo posterior (lesión de Bankart invertida). Se mantiene tratamiento conservador a pesar de la magnitud del daño articular y se obtienen resultados funcionales satisfactorios. Se discuten además las posibles opciones de tratamiento.

We report a case of a 53 years old male who received a trauma in his left shoulder. He came to our Service whit intensive pain, deformity and absolute funcional incapacity in his left upper limb. We diagnose a posterior glenohumeral dislocation associated to an humeral shaft fracture. A closed reduction for the dislocation and an open internal fixation whit ASIF plate for the shaft fracture were performed. Before the reduction of the dislocation image study showed a fracture on the postero-internal side of the humeral head (Mc Laughlin lesion) and a fracture on the posterior glenoid rim (reversed Bankart lesion). We maintained non surgical treatment for the dislocation and we obtained funcional satisfactory result. We discussed beside, others possible options of treatment.