Morphometric Analysis of Glenopolar Angle of the Scapula in Indian Population.

BACKGROUND: The glenopolar angle (GPA), usually ranges from 30° to 45°. GPA measures the tilt of the plane of the glenoid cavity in relation to the axis of the body of the scapula passing from the superior pole of the glenoid cavity to the inferior angle of the scapula. It is essential to assess the results of surgeries for dislocated shoulders. Worse long-term outcomes can arise from glenoid misalignment in scapular neck fractures. When evaluating prognosis and planning therapy for shoulder injuries including scapular fractures, GPA assessment is essential. Still, there is a dearth of data on the normal range of GPA and its contributing elements, which calls for more study. The purpose of this study is to determine typical GPA values by utilizing radiographs and a sizable sample of scapular bone specimens. METHODS: In this study, the GPA was assessed in 50 chest radiographs of anteroposterior (AP) view and Neer's view of individuals as well as 100 dried scapulae of any gender. The mean GPA obtained using the various methods was then statistically compared. FINDINGS: All scapulae had an average GPA of 42.6°. Twenty-nine scapulae had GPA observations higher than 45°, with an average of 47.2°. Twenty-seven scapulae had GPA measurements below 40°, averaging 37.3°. Right-sided 62 scapulae with an average GPA of 43.1° were present. Thirty-eight of left-side scapulae had a GPA of 41.7° on average. It was determined that the 1.6° mean difference in GPA between the two groups was not statistically significant. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test verified that the GPA data had a normal distribution. The homogeneity of variances across various measuring techniques was confirmed using Levene's test. The average GPA measured using the dry scapula approach was 42.6°, the average GPA measured using the AP view was 39.8°, and the average GPA measured using the Neer I view was 42.3°. The GPA means from these three approaches differed considerably (p=0.0014) according to a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Fisher's least significant difference post hoc testing showed that the scapular bone specimens and the Neer I view revealed significantly higher GPA values than AP shoulder radiographs. The GPA values obtained from the osteological group and the Neer I perspective had a mean difference of 0.21°, which was practically identical and suggested that there was no statistically significant difference between these approaches. IN SUMMARY: In order to diagnose and treat a variety of shoulder joint diseases, this study estimates the normal values of scapular GPA. Furthermore, it offers support for improved implant design in the context of Indian shoulder joint replacement and repair. Using every measurement technique, the GPA values on the right and left sides did not differ significantly. GPA results from various measuring methods varied significantly, which emphasizes the significance of methodological consistency in clinical and research settings.

[Scapular fractures]. / Scapulafrakturen.

Scapular fractures are rare injuries that require different treatment strategies. Nondisplaced fractures and the majority of scapular body fractures can be treated conservatively, while surgical treatment should be considered for displaced fractures involving the glenoid. Displaced glenoid fractures of appropriate size and intra-articular step formation should be treated surgically. Different classification systems for scapular fractures can support the treatment decision. Postoperative and posttraumatic management should include early mobilization to achieve a good functional outcome. Clear recommendations and treatment algorithms at the evidence level are not available and long-term outcomes of scapular fractures are the subject of further investigation. The results published so far show good to excellent results for surgical and conservative treatment, depending on the type of fracture. Individual patient factors should be considered when planning treatment.

Three-dimensional bone remodelling of glenoid fossa in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion after bimaxillary orthognathic surgery.

This study aimed to characterize three-dimensional quantitative morphological changes of glenoid fossa in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion treated with bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. Ninety-five eligible patients (50 male, 45 female; mean age 22.09 years) were enrolled retrospectively. Cone beam computed tomography obtained at 1 week preoperatively (T0), immediately after surgery (T1), and at ≥ 12 months postoperatively (T2) were registered based on cranial base using voxel-based registration in 3D Slicer. Glenoid fossa surface was divided spatially into four regions, and bone modelling in these regions was visualized with color maps. Our data revealed that the mean surface variations of glenoid fossa were small, with modest bone formation as a whole. No significant associations between anteroposterior or vertical mandibular displacement and overall glenoid fossa remodeling were found (P > 0.05). Moreover, bone deposition was frequently observed in the anterior-lateral region of glenoid fossa in patients with a larger mandibular movement during T0-T1 (P < 0.001). Paired bone formation in the anterior-lateral region of glenoid fossa and bone resorption in the anterior-lateral region of condylar head was frequently observed. Collectively, our results revealed that glenoid fossa underwent complex but modest bone remodeling after bimaxillary surgery in skeletal Class III patients.

Ten technical aspects of baseplate fixation in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty for patients without glenoid bone loss: a systematic review.

The aim of this systematic review was to collect evidence on the following 10 technical aspects of glenoid baseplate fixation in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA): screw insertion angles; screw orientation; screw quantity; screw length; screw type; baseplate tilt; baseplate position; baseplate version and rotation; baseplate design; and anatomical safe zones. Five literature libraries were searched for eligible clinical, cadaver, biomechanical, virtual planning, and finite element analysis studies. Studies including patients >16 years old in which at least one of the ten abovementioned technical aspects was assessed were suitable for analysis. We excluded studies of patients with: glenoid bone loss; bony increased offset-reversed shoulder arthroplasty; rTSA with bone grafts; and augmented baseplates. Quality assessment was performed for each included study. Sixty-two studies were included, of which 41 were experimental studies (13 cadaver, 10 virtual planning, 11 biomechanical, and 7 finite element studies) and 21 were clinical studies (12 retrospective cohorts and 9 case-control studies). Overall, the quality of included studies was moderate or high. The majority of studies agreed upon the use of a divergent screw fixation pattern, fixation with four screws (to reduce micromotions), and inferior positioning in neutral or anteversion. A general consensus was not reached on the other technical aspects. Most surgical aspects of baseplate fixation can be decided without affecting fixation strength. There is not a single strategy that provides the best outcome. Therefore, guidelines should cover multiple surgical options that can achieve adequate baseplate fixation.

Glenoid Bone Loss - A Retrospective Evaluation of Functional Outcomes after Bone Block Surgery for Anterior Shoulder Instability in High-demand Athletes.

Objective This study assesses the relationship between the glenoid bone loss size and range of motion, functional outcomes, and complications in high-performance athletes undergoing bone block surgery for anterior shoulder instability. Methods This retrospective study evaluated postoperative outcomes in athletes submitted to bone block surgery for anterior shoulder instability. In 5 years, 41 shoulders underwent the procedure; 20 had bone losses up to 15%, and 21 shoulders presented bone losses ranging from 15% and 25%. Results There was no statistically significant difference regarding postoperative complications, new dislocations, and the rate of return to sports. In addition, the quantitative criteria evaluated, i.e., ranges of motion and functional scores, showed no statistically significant difference between groups. Conclusion The size of the bone loss per se does not seem to affect functional outcomes and complications from these procedures, which are safe techniques for small and large bone losses.

Investigation of Morphological and Biomechanical Properties of the Scapula for Shoulder Joint.

Objective: The glenopolar angle is a helpful criterion for recommending operative treatment. This study aims to determine the morphometric features of the scapula and provide essential information that supplies scapular biomechanics to produce a formula. Methods: The study was carried out on 34 dry scapulae in the laboratory of the Anatomy Department of the Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University. We used calipers for the linear measurements and the ImageJ program for the area and angle parameters. A total of 23 parameters were evaluated in the study. Statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS 22.0 software. Results: According to the results of the correlation analysis, the highest correlation value of (R=0.957) was found to be the distance between the superior angle (angulus superior)-top of the glenoid plane and the inferior angle (angulus inferior)-the top of the glenoid plane. To estimate the glenopolar angle, we applied linear regression analysis and developed the following formula: Glenopolar angle =115.589 - (6.401 x the distance between the coracoid process and the top of the glenoid cavity) - (0.368 x angle between the glenoid plane and the lateral edge of the scapula extending towards the endpoint of the glenoid plane) (Adjusted R2=0.667). Conclusions: Glenopolar angle can provide information about the fracture risk of the glenoid cavity and allows orthopedic surgeons to make quick decisions about the risk in the region. We believe that the study will provide a different perspective on designing different products in industrial designs for shoulder joints, especially in implantations.

The Glenoid Fossa's Morphometric Investigation and Its Clinical Implications.

Background The inconsistent morphology of the scapula is based on variable dimensions of its glenoid cavity, in addition to its broadened and truncated lateral angle. Its variable shapes are attributed to the spinoglenoid cavity (superior and posterior aspect of the scapula), which appears oval, inverted comma-shaped, and piriform (pear-shaped). Traumatic conditions often lead to glenoid dislocation/fracture. The precise administration of total shoulder arthroplasty with glenoid component adjustment warrants a comprehensive knowledge of scapular morphology. This study aims to assess the glenoid cavity/scapula shapes (anthropometric assessment) among individuals located in Odisha, India.  Methods This cross-sectional analysis was undertaken on 74 left-sided and 70 right-sided, dry, and undeteriorated scapulae of human adult specimens obtained from the anatomy department irrespective of their gender and age.  Results The glenoid cavity was most commonly inverted comma-shaped (34.02%) and pear-shaped (48.61%) while 17.36% of scapulae had oval-shaped glenoid cavities. The mean scapular breadth and length dimensions were 98.12±7.87mm and 135.76±12.85mm, respectively. Statistically insignificant bilateral variations were observed between the glenoid cavity index (mean value: 68.44±7.98%), glenoid diameter-2 (anteroposterior; mean value: 16.17±2.24mm), glenoid diameter-1 (anteroposterior; mean value: 22.67±1.53mm), and glenoid diameter (superoinferior; mean value: 36.03±2.15mm).  Conclusion The size and shape of the glenoid cavity are directly associated with the dislocation of the shoulder joint and may disturb the results of total shoulder arthroplasty and rotator cuff surgeries. The current study analyzed the morphological types and diameters of the glenoid cavity in the scapulae to improve efficiency and lessen the failure proportions in shoulder arthroplasty. The study shows that morphological measurement of scapulae plays a vital role in the effective maintenance of posture and shoulder functions.

Clinical and Radiologic Outcomes of Open Reduction and Internal Fixation without Capsular Incision for Inferior Glenoid Fossa Fractures.

Background: Scapular surgery is usually undertaken via the posterior approach described by Judet. This approach allows access to the entire posterior scapular body; however, it results in severe soft-tissue injury and requires an incision in the deltoid muscle. To date, no clinical study has been reported on open reduction and internal fixation without capsular incision for displaced inferior glenoid fractures (Ideberg type II). The purpose of this study was to introduce an easy and less invasive approach to the inferior glenoid fossa and evaluate its clinical outcomes. Methods: Ten patients with displaced inferior glenoid fractures underwent open reduction and internal fixation without capsular incision between January 2017 and July 2018. Postoperative computed tomography was performed to evaluate the reduction state within a week of the surgery. Clinical and radiological data from 7 patients who were followed up for more than 2 years were analyzed. Results: The mean age of the patients was 61.7 years (range, 35-87 years). The mean follow-up period was 28.6 months (range, 24-42 months). The mean preoperative fracture gap and step-off values were 12.3 ± 4.4 mm and 6.8 ± 4.0 mm, respectively. Surgical stabilization was conducted 6.4 days (range, 4-13 days) after trauma. Mean postoperative-preoperative fracture gap and step-off values were 0.6 ± 0.6 mm and 0.6 ± 0.8 mm, respectively. At 24 months after surgery, the mean Constant score was 89.1 ± 10.6 points (range, 69-100) and the mean pain visual analog scale score was 1.4 ± 1.7 (range, 0-5). Bony union was observed in all patients. The mean time to bony union was 11 ± 1.7 weeks. The mean active range values for forward elevation, external rotation, and abduction were 162.9° ± 11.1° (range, 150°-180°), 55.7° ± 15.1° (range, 30°-70°), and 158.6° ± 10.7° (range, 150°-180°), respectively. Conclusions: The presented posterior open reduction and internal fixation without capsular incision or extensive soft-tissue dissection may be an easy and less invasive surgical approach for inferior glenoid fossa fractures (Ideberg type II).

The morphofunctional implications of the glenoid labrum of the glenohumeral joint in hominoids.

OBJECTIVES: A morphocline of the glenoid cavity has been used to infer differences in locomotor behaviors; however, the glenoid cavity is surrounded by the glenoid labrum, a fibrocartilaginous structure that could influence the functionality of the glenoid. The objectives of this study are to explore the effects of the glenoid labrum on the area, depth, and morphology of the glenoid cavity in primates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Photogrammetry was used to build 3D models of the glenoid, with and without the labrum, and three- (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) geometric morphometrics (GM) was applied. 2D areas were collected from zenithal images for glenoids with and without labrum to evaluate the availability of articular surface area. RESULTS: In the 2D GM the morphocline is present in the dry-bone sample but not with the presence of the glenoid labrum. In the 3D GM there are differences between species mainly concerning the depth of the glenoid cavity. 2D areas reveal that the amount of articular area of the glenoid cavity increases with the presence of the labrum, particularly in humans. DISCUSSION: The glenoid labrum changes the shape, increases the depth and the surface area of the glenoid cavity, particularly in humans. Therefore, the glenoid labrum might hold a functional role, increasing the stability of the glenohumeral joint of primates in general, and especially in humans.

Detection of the glenoid bare spot by non-arthrographic MR imaging, conventional MR arthrography, and 3D high-resolution T1-weighted VIBE MR arthrography: comparison with CT arthrography.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of non-arthrographic MR imaging, conventional MR arthrography, and 3D T1-weighted volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE) MR arthrography sequences as compared with a CT arthrography in the diagnosis of glenoid bare spot. METHODS: A retrospective study of 216 patients who underwent non-arthrographic MR imaging, conventional MR arthrography, VIBE MRI arthrography, and CT arthrogram between January 2011 and March 2022 was conducted. The diagnostic accuracy of non-arthrographic MR imaging, direct MR arthrography, and VIBE MRI arthrography in the detection of glenoid bare spot was compared with that of CT arthrography. All studies were reviewed by 2 MSK radiologists. Interobserver agreement for MR imaging and MR arthrographic findings was calculated. RESULTS: Sixteen of 216 patients were excluded. Twenty-three of 200 shoulders had glenoid bare spot on CT arthrographic images. The glenoid bare spot was detected in 11 (47.8%) and 7 (30.4%) patients on conventional non-arthrographic MR images and in 18 (78.3%) and 16 (69.6%) patients on conventional MR arthrograms by observers 1 and 2, respectively. Both observers separately described the bare spot in 22 of 23 patients (95.7%) on 3D volumetric MR arthrograms. Interobserver variabilities were fair agreement for conventional non-arthrographic MR imaging (κ = 0.35, p < 0.05), moderate agreement for conventional MR arthrogram (κ = 0.50, p < 0.05), and near-perfect agreement for 3D volumetric MR arthrogram reading (κ = 0.87, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A 3D high-resolution T1-weighted VIBE MR arthrography sequence may yield diagnostic performance that is comparable with that of CT arthrography in the diagnosis of glenoid bare spot. KEY POINTS: •Glenoid bare spot should not be misdiagnosed as a transchondral defect of the glenoid surface by radiologists. •A 3D high-resolution T1-weighted VIBE MR arthrography sequence may be used as a high-sensitivity imaging technique in the diagnosis of glenoid bare spot.

Glenohumeral Cartilage Thickness: Implications in Prosthetic Design and Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: A complete understanding of the glenohumeral joint anatomy is crucial for osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation and prosthetic design. However, existing data on the cartilage thickness distribution are not consistent. This study aims to describe the cartilage thickness distribution at both the glenoid cavity and humeral head in males and females. DESIGN: Sixteen fresh cadaveric shoulder specimens were dissected and separated to expose the glenoid and humeral head articular surfaces. The glenoid and humeral head were cut into 5-mm coronal sections. Sections were imaged and cartilage thickness was measured at 5 standardized points on each section. Measurements were analyzed based on age, sex, and regional location. RESULTS: For the humeral head, cartilage was thickest centrally (M = 1.77 ± 0.35 mm) and thinnest superiorly and inferiorly (M = 1.42 ± 0.37 mm, 1.42 ± 0.29 mm). At the glenoid cavity, cartilage was thickest in the superior and inferior areas (M = 2.61 ± 0.47 mm, 2.53 ± 0.58 mm) and thinnest centrally (M = 1.69 ± 0.22 mm). Males were found to have thicker cartilage at both the humeral head and glenoid (P = 0.0014, P = 0.0133). CONCLUSIONS: Articular cartilage thickness distribution of the glenoid and humeral head is nonuniform and reciprocal in nature. These results can be used to further inform prosthetic design and OCA transplantation. We noted a significant difference in cartilage thickness between males and females. This suggests that the sex of the patient should be taken into consideration when matching donors for OCA transplantation.

Morphological classification and measurement of the glenoid cavity using three-dimensional reconstruction in a Chinese population.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine the various shapes and record the morphometric data of the glenoid cavity in a Chinese population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 501 scapulae, 247 left and 254 right, were analysed. We classified the shape of the glenoid cavity as type I (pear-shaped), type II (oval-shaped), type III (teardrop-shaped), type IV (calabash-shaped) or type V (inverted comma-shaped). Four defined parameters, the superior-inferior glenoid diameter (AB), upper anterior-posterior glenoid diameter (CD), lower anterior-posterior glenoid diameter (EF) and glenoid index (GI), were measured, and five shapes were classified via three-dimensional reconstruction. RESULTS: The mean AB, CD, EF and GI values of the glenoid were 3.51 ± 0.41 cm, 1.95 ± 0.28 cm, 2.60 ± 0.34 cm, and 1.35 ± 0.12 cm, respectively. The AB value of type II glenoid cavities was significantly smaller than that of type I and III glenoid cavities (p < 0.05), but the GI value of type II glenoid cavities was larger than that of type III cavities (p < 0.05). The CD value showed a difference between type I and type III glenoid cavities (p < 0.05). For the EF parameter, the values of type III glenoid cavities were significantly larger than those of type I and II glenoid cavities (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Measuring and observing the variety of shapes and sizes of the glenoid cavity in Chinese people is conducive to for better understand its morphological features. This information can also guide surgeons in the design and selection of suitable prostheses for total shoulder arthroplasty in the Chinese population in order to reduce postoperative complications.

Normal ossification of the glenoid mimicking a glenoid fracture in an adolescent patient: a case report.

A 13-year-old male was diagnosed with a glenoid fracture following direct shoulder trauma, for which surgical treatment was considered. After referral to a center for pediatric orthopedic care, physical examination, contralateral shoulder X-ray, and detailed computed tomography examination ruled out the presence of fracture; these findings were later confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. Normal ossification patterns in the adolescent shoulder may simulate a fracture in traumatic settings. To accurately diagnose and manage pediatric shoulder pathology, orthopedic surgeons must be aware of the normal anatomy of the growing shoulder, its secondary ossification centers, and growth plates.

Research into the fixation stability of the glenoid baseplate in reverse shoulder arthroplasty / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) was proposed to deal with rotator cuff tear arthropathy in the 1970s and improved from 1985 to 1995 by Dr. Grammont who designed the contemporary type of reverse shoulder prosthesis successfully. The number of RSAs has grown rapidly over the past decade. Currently, the indications for RSA include, in addition to rotator cuff tear arthropathy, massive rotator cuff tears which can not be repaired, proximal humerus fractures or their sequelae, inflammatory shoulder disease, osteoarthritis with abnormal glenoid morphology, anatomic revision after failed total shoulder arthroplasty or hemiarthroplasty, and shoulder tumors. Absolute contraindications to RSA include infection, complete axillary nerve palsy, neuropathic shoulder arthropathy, and glenoid bone loss. At present, the stability of the glenoid baseplate, an important factor affecting the incidence of postoperative complications, is mainly achieved by implantation of the screws for the glenoid baseplate base. Therefore, correct implantation of the screws is of great significance to reduce the complications in RSA.

Magnetic resonance arthrographic demonstration of extension of labral defects in paraglenoid labral cysts

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the extension of labral tears associated with paraglenoid labral cysts by magnetic resonance arthrography. METHODS: The magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance arthrography images of patients with paraglenoid labral cysts who presented to our clinic between 2016 and 2018 were examined. In patients with paraglenoid labral cysts, the location of the cysts, the relation between the cyst and the labrum, the location and extent of glenoid labrum damage, and whether there was contrast medium passage into the cysts were investigated. The accuracy of magnetic resonance arthrographic information was evaluated in patients undergoing arthroscopy. RESULTS: In this prospective study, a paraglenoid labral cyst was detected in 20 patients. In 16 patients, there was a defect in the labrum adjacent to the cyst. Seven of these cysts were adjacent to the posterior superior labrum. In 13 patients, there were contrast solution leak into the cyst. For the remaining seven patients, no contrast-medium passage was observed in the cyst. Three patients had sublabral recess anomalies. Two patients had rotator cuff muscle denervation atrophy accompanying the cysts. The cysts of these patients were larger compared to those of the other patients. CONCLUSION: Paraglenoid labral cysts are frequently associated with the rupture of the adjacent labrum. In these patients, symptoms are generally accompanied by secondary labral pathologies. Magnetic resonance arthrography can be successfully used not only to demonstrate the association of the cyst with the joint capsule and labrum, but also to reliably demonstrate the presence and extension of labral defects.

Glenoid Bone Loss - A Retrospective Evaluation of Functional Outcomes after Bone Block Surgery for Anterior Shoulder Instability in High-demand Athletes / Falha óssea na glenoide - Uma avaliação retrospectiva dos desfechos funcionais após cirurgia de bloqueio ósseo para instabilidade anterior do ombro em atletas de alta demanda

Abstract Objective This study assesses the relationship between the glenoid bone loss size and range of motion, functional outcomes, and complications in high-performance athletes undergoing bone block surgery for anterior shoulder instability. Methods This retrospective study evaluated postoperative outcomes in athletes submitted to bone block surgery for anterior shoulder instability. In 5 years, 41 shoulders underwent the procedure; 20 had bone losses up to 15%, and 21 shoulders presented bone losses ranging from 15% and 25%. Results There was no statistically significant difference regarding postoperative complications, new dislocations, and the rate of return to sports. In addition, the quantitative criteria evaluated, i.e., ranges of motion and functional scores, showed no statistically significant difference between groups. Conclusion The size of the bone loss per se does not seem to affect functional outcomes and complications from these procedures, which are safe techniques for small and large bone losses.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a relação do tamanho do defeito ósseo da glenoide no arco de movimento, nos resultados funcionais e nas complicações em pacientes atletas de alta performance submetidos a cirurgia de bloqueio ósseo para instabilidade anterior do ombro. Método Estudo retrospectivo no qual foram avaliados os resultados pós-operatórios de atletas submetidos a cirurgia de bloqueio ósseo para instabilidade anterior do ombro. Em 5 anos foram 41 ombros operados, sendo 20 deles com até 15% de defeito ósseo e 21 com defeitos entre 15% e 25%. Resultados Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa com relação a complicações pós-operatórias, novas luxações, e na taxa de retorno ao esporte. Os critérios quantitativos avaliados - arcos de movimento e escores funcionais - também não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos. Conclusão O tamanho do defeito ósseo por si só não parece afetar os resultados funcionais e as complicações desses procedimentos, sendo uma técnica segura tanto para defeitos pequenos, quanto para os maiores.

Técnica modificada de Boytchev para luxación recidivante de hombro

Introducción: La luxación anterior del hombro es una lesión ortopédica con alto riesgo de desarrollar inestabilidad glenohumeral anterior. Su tratamiento es quirúrgico y existen varias técnicas que permiten la reconstrucción. Objetivo: Mostrar los resultados de la técnica modificada de Boytchev para el tratamiento de la inestabilidad anterior de hombro. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, tipo serie de casos, con pacientes operados con técnica modificada de Boytchev. Con ella se redirecciona el tendón conjunto del bíceps y se pasa por detrás del músculo subescapular para mejorar el soporte en la cara anterior de la articulación glenohumeral. Resultados: Se operaron 22 pacientes que tuvieron un seguimiento mínimo de 43 meses. Todos pudieron retornar a sus actividades laborales y deportivas. Ninguno presentó recidiva y la movilidad fue completa. En un caso el material de osteosíntesis se aflojó, pero se solucionó sin complicaciones. Conclusiones: Se trata de una técnica quirúrgica que permite restituir la tensión de los tejidos blandos anteriores del hombro y corregir de forma satisfactoria su inestabilidad; no expone la cápsula articular ni altera la longitud del tendón conjunto, lo que deriva en menor fibrosis. Es reproducible y segura, con baja tasa de complicaciones y permite el retorno a las actividades físicas sin comprometer la movilidad del hombro.

Introduction: Anterior shoulder dislocation is an orthopedic injury with high risk of developing anterior glenohumeral instability. Its treatment is surgical and there are several techniques allowing reconstruction. Objective: To display the results of the modified Boytchev technique for the treatment of anterior shoulder instability. Methods: This is a retrospective study, case series type, with patients operated with modified Boytchev's technique. It redirects the conjoined biceps tendon and it is passed behind the subscapularis muscle to improve support on the anterior aspect of the glenohumeral joint. Results: Twenty two patients who had a minimum follow-up of 43 months were operated on. All were able to return to their work and sports activities. None had recurrence, mobility was complete. In one case, the osteosynthesis material loosened, but it was fixed without complications. Conclusions: This is a surgical technique that allows restoring the tension of the anterior soft tissues of the shoulder and satisfactorily correcting its instability; it does not expose the joint capsule or alter the length of the joint tendon, which results in less fibrosis. It is repeatable and safe, with a low rate of complications and allows returning to physical activities without compromising shoulder mobility.

RESULTS OF THE SURGICAL TREATMENT OF ARTICULAR SCAPULAR FRACTURES.

Introduction: Scapular fractures are rare injuries and are often associated with high-energy trauma, with joint fractures accounting for only 15% of all scapular fractures. Surgical treatment is indicated for fractures with large deviations and with joint instability. Objective: This study evaluates the clinical and functional results after surgical treatment of scapular fractures. Methods: Eight patients with scapular fractures were surgically treated between 2013 and 2019. For indication for surgical treatment, mediolateral deviations, glenopolar angle, angular deviations and joint deviations greater than 4 mm were taken into account. Radiographic results of consolidation, range of motion, functional score and visual analogue pain scale were obtained. Results: In the mean follow-up of twenty-nine months (13-40 months), all patients presented fracture consolidation. The mean UCLA score was 29 points (with 75% good results and 25% moderate results). Regarding the range of motion, the mean elevation was 146° (ranging from 110° to 60°), lateral rotation of 62° (36-80°) and medial rotation at the level of T7 (T6-T10). The final VAS mean was 2.3. All patients returned to the pre-injury level at work. Conclusion: In this series of cases, surgical treatment of scapular articular fractures provided satisfactory results with low rates of complications, showing to be an option in selected cases of deviated fractures. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

Introdução: As fraturas de escápula são lesões raras e muitas vezes associadas a traumas de alta energia, sendo que as fraturas articulares correspondem a apenas 15% de todas fraturas escapulares. O tratamento cirúrgico é indicado para fraturas com grandes desvios e com instabilidade articular. Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados clínicos e funcionais após o tratamento cirúrgico das fraturas de escápula. Métodos: Oito pacientes com fraturas da escápula foram tratados cirurgicamente entre o período de 2013 e 2019. Para indicação do tratamento cirúrgico, levou-se em consideração os desvios mediolaterais, ângulo glenopolar, desvios angulares e desvio articular maior que 4 mm. Resultados radiográficos de consolidação, arco de movimento, escore funcional e escala visual analógica de dor foram obtidos. Resultados: No seguimento médio de 29 meses (13-40 meses), todos os pacientes apresentaram consolidação da fratura. A média do escore UCLA foi de 29 pontos (sendo 75% de resultados bons e 25% de resultados moderados). Com relação ao arco de movimento, a elevação média foi de 146° (variando de 110° a 160°), rotação lateral de 62° (36-80°) e rotação medial no nível de T7 (T6-T10). A média final do EVA foi de 2,3. Todos os pacientes retornaram ao nível pré-lesão de trabalho. Conclusão: Nesta série de casos, o tratamento cirúrgico das fraturas da escápula com envolvimento articular proporcionou resultados satisfatórios com baixa taxas de complicações, mostrando ser uma opção em casos selecionados de fraturas desviadas. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.