Electromyographic analysis of the traditional and spin throwing techniques for goalball games related to ball velocity for selected upper extremity muscles.

BACKGROUND: Goalball is a popular sport among visually impaired individuals, offering many physical and social benefits. Evaluating performance in Goalball, particularly understanding factors influencing ball velocity during throwing techniques, is essential for optimizing training programs and enhancing player performance. However, there is limited research on muscle activation patterns during Goalball throwing movements, needing further investigation to address this gap. Therefore, this study aims to examine muscle activity in sub-elite visually impaired Goalball players during different throwing techniques and visual conditions, focusing on its relationship with ball velocity. METHODS: 15 sub-elite Goalball players (2 female, 13 males; mean age of 20.46 ± 2.23 years) participated in the study. Muscle activity was evaluated with the Myo armband, while ball velocity was measured using two cameras and analyzed with MATLAB software. Different visual conditions were simulated using an eye band, and the effects of these conditions on muscle activation and ball velocity were examined. RESULTS: The flexor muscles were found to be more active during the spin throw techniques with the eyes open (p = 0.011). The extensor muscles were found to be more active in the eyes-closed spin throw techniques compared to the eyes-open position (p = 0.031). Ball velocity was found related to the flexor muscles. Interestingly, no significant differences in ball velocity were observed between different throwing techniques or visual conditions (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Ball velocity, one of the performance indicators of the athlete, is primarily related to upper extremity flexor muscle strength rather than visual acuity. It has less visual acuity, but an athlete with more upper-extremity flexor muscle strength will have an advantage in Goalball game. The spin throw technique, which is reported to provide a biomechanical advantage for professional players in the literature, did not provide an advantage in terms of ball velocity for the sub elite players evaluated in our study. This knowledge can inform the development of targeted training programs aimed at improving technique and enhancing ball velocity in Goalball players.

Goalball: comparación entre equipos masculinos y femeninos en los juegos paralímpicos 2016 / Goalball: comparison between men's and women's teams in the 2016 paralympic games

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivos conocer y comparar patrones de conducta ofensivo sen goalball, realizados por equipos masculinos y femeninos. Empleando la metodología observacional, se estudiaron las subfases del ataque control, preparación y lanzamiento, durante ocho partidos disputados en los juegos paraolímpicos Rio de Janeiro 2016. Respecto a las subfases control y preparación, el análisis de coordenadas polares indicó que en los partidos femeninos hay más continuidad y se invierte menos tiempo en la elaboración de los ataques. Respecto a los lanzamientos, en la categoría femenina activaron la aparición de gol los realizados sin cambiar de posición, los que utilizaron la técnica tradicional y aquellos con trayectoria del balón plana. En la categoría masculina, los realizados tras cambiar de posición, los que utilizaron la técnica de rotación y aquellos con trayectorias rectas y en bote. Estos hallazgos suponen una valiosa información para la preparación de entrenamientos y partidos. (AU)

The present research aimed to determine and compare behaviour patterns, in goalball, performed by male and female teams. Using the observational methodology, the sub-phases of the attack were studied control, preparation and throw, during eight matches played during the Paralympic games Rio de Janeiro 2016. Regarding the control and preparation sub-phases, the polar coordinate analysis indicated that in female matches there is more continuity and less time is spent in the preparation of attacks. Regarding the throws, in female category activate the goal emergence those that: are carried out without changing position, those that use a traditional technique and those that have a flat ball trajectory. However, throws that activate the goal emergence in male category are those that can be carried out after changing position, those using rotation technique and those that search for straight and bounce ball trajectories. These findings could be precious information in the preparation of training and competition. (AU)

Expert Views on Evidence-Based Classification for Goalball: A Delphi Study.

Para sport classification aims to minimize the impact of impairments on the outcome of competition. The International Paralympic Committee requires classification systems to be evidence based and sport specific, yet the sport of goalball uses a structure that is not supported by evidence demonstrating its legitimacy for competition. This study aimed to establish expert opinions on how a sport-specific system of classification should be structured in the sport of goalball. Using a three-round Delphi survey, 30 international experts expressed their views across topics linked to goalball classification. Participants were divided as to whether the current system fulfills the aim to minimize the impact of impairment on competition. Most felt that less impairment should be required to compete but that the one-class structure should remain. Experts identified measures of visual function that should be considered and 15 core components of individual goalball performance. Findings constitute a crucial first step toward evidence-based classification in goalball.

Relationships among postural stability, physical fitness, and shooting accuracy in Olympic female goalball players.

This study aims to examine the relationship between postural perfor-mance, physical fitness level, and shooting performance in Olympic fe-male goalball players. Eight Olympic-level goalball players (age: 20.63± 4.37 years) were recruited from the Turkish National Women's Goalball Team. Postural stability, physical fitness, and shooting performance of the players were measured. The postural stability was determined us-ing body sway measurements during parallel and single-leg stances on a force plate. The physical fitness level of the players is evaluated by curl-up, isometric push-up, trunk lift, and grip strength (dominant hand) tests. A goalball-specific shooting accuracy test was used for shooting performance. Independent sample t-test and Pearson correlation were used for statistical processing. No statistical difference was observed in body sway parameters between open eyes and closed eyes condi-tions except for the anteroposterior sway area. Some of the body sway parameters performed under different stances positively correlated with all physical fitness tests (P<0.05). There was a positive correlation between the shooting accuracy and trunk lift score (r=0.767). Right leg sway area anterior-posterior and ellipse area negatively correlated with shooting accuracy (r=-0.629 and r=-0.692 respectively). It is necessary to attach importance to the improvement of the physical fitness level specific to core strength to maintain postural stability for visually im-paired athletes. In our study, some factors affecting shooting accuracy were identified, but it is necessary not to restrict a complex structure such as shooting accuracy within certain concepts.

Attack and Defense Performance in Goalball: A Proposal for Throwing, Balance and Acoustic Reaction Evaluation.

Goalball is a sport for visually impaired athletes, where the roles of attack and defense change continuously during the game. Performance evaluation should consider the variables that determine the throwing and the stop and clearance of the ball. The aim of this study is to evaluate the precision and velocity of the ball throwing in goalball, besides core stability and balance as variables that determine an optimal throwing. Moreover, a novel acoustic reaction time is applied to analyze the defense performance. Eight goalball players (33 ± 9 years old; 77.8 ± 22.7 kg; 174 ± 13 cm; 10 ± 5 years of experience) were recruited to assess ball velocity, with a radar gun, and throwing accuracy. Anthropometry, static balance, and core stability were assessed using a computerized pressure platform. Acoustic reaction time was measured with a photoelectric system. A significant positive correlation was found between throwing speed and the years of experience (Ç· = 0.714, p = 0.047), height (Ç· = 0.786, p = 0.021), dominant leg surface area of the stabilogram (Ç· = 0.738, p = 0.037), and non-dominant leg center of pressure mean velocity (Ç· = 0.714, p = 0.017). In the present pilot study, height and years of experience are correlated to throwing velocity. This is also the first test proposal to assess throwing precision and complex acoustic reaction in goalball players, which could be used to assess the level of performance in future studies.

Efectividad del lanzamiento de los atletas de goalball en la liga nacional de Chile

Campos Campos, K. I., Castelli Correia de Campos, L. F., Pereira Morato, M., Fernández Muñoz, M., Tosim, A., Alarcón Segura, K., y Luarte Rocha, C. (2022). Efectividad del lanzamiento de los atletas de goalball en la Liga Nacional de Chile. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(1), 1-16. El goalball es un deporte paralímpico colectivo con características de oposición, pero sin invasión por parte de los atletas que, a pesar de requerir gran condición física en las acciones ofensivas y defensivas, también se identifica como un deporte táctico, en donde la administración de la técnica en las diversas situaciones del juego determina el éxito en la competencia. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la efectividad del ataque de la Liga Nacional de goalball de Chile, según tipo de lanzamiento y trayectoria. Se filmaron cuatro partidos de goalball de la fase final de un torneo nacional. Para ello, se utilizó una cámara digital posicionada detrás de un arco ubicado en altura. Para el análisis de los partidos se utilizaron los diagramas propuestos por Morato et al. (2016) y Morato (2012). Los datos se transcribieron de forma computacional a una planilla, para luego ser analizados descriptivamente. El lanzamiento frontal (FRO) fue el que más se utilizó (88.9%), con una tasa de efectividad del 6.2%. Se realizaron trayectorias más largas en diagonales cortas (DC) y paralelas (PA) (31.3% y 23.2%, respectivamente). El lanzamiento de FRO se dirigió en DC (34.5%) y PA (22.4%), mientras que, por otro lado, los lanzamientos con giro (GIR) se dirigieron preferentemente en PA (30.4%) y DC (29.1%). El lanzamiento FRO fue más efectivo en PA (10.6%), mientras que el lanzamiento GIR fue más efectivo en diagonales medias (DM) (12.5%). Las posiciones laterales ejecutan lanzamientos, preferentemente FRO; pero en defensa, las posiciones centrales son protagonistas. Los lanzamientos son más efectivos cuando se dirigen en PA y DC.

Campos Campos, K. I., Castelli Correia de Campos, L. F., Pereira Morato, M., Fernández Muñoz, M., Tosim, A., Alarcón Segura, K., y Luarte Rocha, C. (2022). Effectiveness of goalball athletes throwing in the Chilean National League. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(1), 1-16. Goalball is a collective Paralympic sport with oppositional characteristics but without invasion by the athletes that, despite requiring great physical condition in offensive and defensive actions, is also identified as a tactical sport, where the administration of technique in the various game situations determines success in competition. The objective of the study was to analyze the effectiveness of the attack of the Chilean National Goalball League, according to type of shot and trajectory. Four Goalball matches of the final phase of a national tournament were filmed. For this, a digital camera was used behind an arch located in height. The matches were analyzed following the diagrams proposed by Morato et al. (2016) and Morato (2012). The front throw (FRO) was used the most (88.9%) with an effectiveness rate of 6.2%. Longer trajectories were made in short diagonals (DC) and parallel (PA) (31.3% and 23.2%, respectively). The FRO throw was directed in DC (34.5%) and PA (22.4%), while on the other hand, the spinning throws (GIR) were directed preferably in PA (30.4%) and DC (29.1%). The FRO throw was more effective in PA (10.6%), whereas the SP throw was more effective in the middle diagonal (DM) (12.5%). The lateral positions execute throws, preferably FRO, but in defense the central positions are protagonists. Throws are most effective when they are directed in PA and DC.

Campos Campos, K. I., Castelli Correia de Campos, L. F., Pereira Morato, M., Fernández Muñoz, M., Tosim, A., Alarcón Segura, K., e Luarte Rocha, C. (2022). Eficácia do arremesso de atletas de goalball na Liga Nacional do Chile. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(1), 1-16. O Goalball é um esporte coletivo paraolímpico com características de oposição, mas sem invasão dos atletas que, apesar de exigir grande condição física nas ações ofensivas e defensivas, também é identificado como um esporte tático, onde a administração da técnica nas diversas situações de jogo determina o sucesso na competição. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a eficácia do ataque da Liga Nacional de Goalball do Chile, segundo o tipo de arremesso e trajetória. Foram filmadas quatro partidas de goalball da fase final de um torneio nacional. Para isso, foi utilizada uma câmera digital posicionada atrás de um arco localizado em altura e, para a análise das correspondências, os diagramas propostos por Morato et al. (2016) e Morato (2012). Os dados foram transcritos de forma computacional a uma planilha para, posteriormente, serem analisados descritivamente. O arremesso frontal (FRO) foi o mais utilizado (88,9%), com taxa de eficácia de 6,2%. Trajetórias mais longas foram feitas em diagonais curtas (DC) e paralelas (PA) (31,3% e 23,2%, respectivamente). O arremesso FRO foi direcionado em DC (34,5%) e PA (22,4%), enquanto, por outro lado, os arremessos giratórios (GIR) foram direcionados preferencialmente em PA (30,4%) e DC (29,1%). O arremesso FRO foi mais eficaz no PA (10,6%), enquanto o arremesso GIR foi mais eficaz nas diagonais médias (DM) (12,5%). Posições laterais executam arremessos, preferencialmente FRO; mas na defesa, as posições centrais são protagonistas. Os arremessos são mais eficazes quando dirigidos em PA e DC.

Análise da produção científica sobre goalballno cenário brasileiro / Analysis of scientific production on goalball in the Brazilian scenario / Análisis de la producción científica sobre goalball en el contexto brasileñoAnálisis de la producción científica sobre goalball en el contexto brasileño

Objetivo:O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a produção científica sobre o goalball em língua portuguesa no cenário brasileiro. Método:Para tal, foram analisadas 38 revistas científicas da área da Educação Física e o banco de teses e dissertações da CAPES no mês de março de 2021. As buscas ocorreram com a utilização do termo "Goalball" e os critérios de inclusão para o estudo foram artigos, dissertações e teses que tiveram como objetivo analisar o goalball, sendo o período de publicação até a data de dezembro de 2020. Não foram incluídos estudos de revisão, resumos de congresso, editoriais e cartas, como também artigos ou dissertações/teses que não possuíssem o texto completodisponível ou não estivessem em língua portuguesa. Após selecionados os estudos, foram extraídos os dados referentes ao ano, periódico de publicação, instituição dos autores e categorizados conforme a temática investigada. Os dados foram analisados com base em estatística descritiva dos valores absolutos (N) e relativos (%). Resultados e discussão:No total, foram selecionados 31 estudos, sendo 15 artigos, 15 dissertações de mestrado e 1 tese de doutorado. O primeiro estudo publicado encontrado data o ano de 1999, com a maior quantidade depublicações (n = 6) verificada no ano de 2012. A análise também revelou que as temáticas mais frequentes analisadas nos estudos sobre goalball foram referentes ao treinamento, seguidas de saúde e pedagogia. Considerações Finais:Conclui-se que apesar de um leve crescimento na última década, ainda é baixo o número de estudos analisando o goalball em língua portuguesa no cenário brasileiro.

Objective:This study aimed to analysethe scientific production on goalball in Portuguese in the Brazilian scenario. Method: Thirty-eightscientific journals in the field of Physical Education and the CAPES theses and dissertations database were analysedin March 2021. The searches were carried out using the term "Goalball" and the inclusion criteria for the study were peer-reviewed articles, dissertations and theses that aimed to analysegoalball, with the publication period up to December 2020. Review studies, conference abstracts, editorials and letters were not included, as were articles or dissertations/theses that did not have the full text or were not in Portuguese. After selecting the studies, data referring to the year, journal of publication, affiliationof the authors were extracted and categorized according to the investigated theme. Data were analysedbased on descriptive statistics of absolute (N) and relative (%) values. Results and discussion: In total, 31 studies were selected, being 15 articles, 15 master's dissertations and 1 doctoral thesis. The first published study found dates to1999, with the largest number of publications (n = 6) verified in 2012. The analysis also revealed that the most frequent themes analysedin studies on goalball were related to training, followed by health and pedagogy. FinalConsiderations:Weconcluded that despite a slight growth in the last decade, the number of studies analysinggoalball in Portuguese in the Brazilian scenario is still small.

Objetivo:Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la producción científica sobre goalballen portugués en el escenario brasileño. Método:Para ello, en marzo de 2021 se analizaron 38 revistas científicas del campo de la Educación Física, también comola base de datos de tesis y disertaciones CAPES. Las búsquedas se realizaron con el término "Goalball" y los criterios de inclusión para el estudio fueron artículos, disertaciones y tesis que analizaronel goalball, con el período de publicación hasta diciembre de 2020. No fueron incluidos estudios de revisión, resúmenes de congresos, editoriales y cartas, así como artículos o disertaciones / tesis que no tenían el texto completo ono estaban en portugués. Luego de seleccionar los estudios, se extrajeron los datos referentes al año, revista de publicación, institución de los autores y categorizadossegún el tema investigado. Los datos se analizaron con base en estadísticas descriptivas de valores absolutos (N) y relativos (%). Resultados y discusión:En total, fueron seleccionaron 31 estudios, siendo 15 artículos, 15 tesis de maestría y 1 tesis de doctorado. El primer estudio encontrado fue publicado den1999, con el mayor número de publicaciones (n = 6) verificadas en 2012. El análisis también reveló que los temas más frecuentes analizados en los estudios sobre goalball estaban relacionados con el entrenamiento, seguido de la salud y pedagogía. Consideraciones finales: Se concluye que,a pesar de un leve crecimiento en la última década, el número de estudios que analizan el goalball en portugués en el escenario brasileño es aún reducido.

Effectiveness of goalball athletes throwing in the chilean national league / Efectividad del lanzamiento de los atletas de goalball en la Liga Nacional de Chile

Abstract Campos Campos, K.I., Castelli Correia de Campos, L.F., Pereira Morato, M., Fernández Muñoz, M., Tosim, A., Alarcón Segura, K. & Luarte Rocha, C. (2021). Effectiveness of goalball athletes throwing in the Chilean National League. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-16. Goalball is a collective Paralympic sport with oppositional characteristics but without invasion by the athletes that, despite requiring great physical condition in offensive and defensive actions, is also identified as a tactical sport, where the administration of technique in the various game situations determines success in competition. The objective of the study was to analyze the effectiveness of the attack of the Chilean National Goalball League, according to type of shot and trajectory. Four Goalball matches of the final phase of a national tournament were filmed. For this, a digital camera was used behind an arch located in height. The matches were analyzed following the diagrams proposed by Morato et al. (2016) and Morato (2012). The front throw (FRO) was used the most (88.9%) with an effectiveness rate of 6.2%. Longer trajectories were made in short diagonals (SD) and parallel (PA) (31.3% and 23.2%, respectively). The FRO throw was directed in SD (34.5%) and PA (22.4%), while on the other hand, the spinning throws (SP) were directed preferably in PA (30.4%) and SD (29.1%). The FRO throw was more effective in PA (10.6%), whereas the SP throw was more effective in the middle diagonal (MD) (12.5%). The lateral positions execute throws, preferably FRO, but in defense the central positions are protagonists. Throws are most effective when they are directed in PA and SD.

Resumen Campos Campos, K.I., Castelli Correia de Campos, L.F., Pereira Morato, M., Fernández Muñoz, M., Tosim, A., Alarcón Segura, K. y Luarte Rocha, C. (2021). Efectividad del lanzamiento de los atletas de goalball en la Liga Nacional de Chile. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-16. El goalball es un deporte paralímpico colectivo con características de oposición, pero sin invasión por parte de los atletas que, a pesar de requerir gran condición física en las acciones ofensivas y defensivas, también se identifica como un deporte táctico, en donde la administración de la técnica en las diversas situaciones del juego determina el éxito en la competencia. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la efectividad del ataque de la Liga Nacional de goalball de Chile, según tipo de lanzamiento y trayectoria. Se filmaron cuatro partidos de goalball de la fase final de un torneo nacional. Para ello, se utilizó una cámara digital posicionada detrás de un arco ubicado en altura. Para el análisis de los partidos se utilizaron los diagramas propuestos por Morato et al. (2016) y Morato (2012). Los datos se transcribieron de forma computacional a una planilla, para luego ser analizados descriptivamente. El lanzamiento frontal (FRO) fue el que más se utilizó (88.9%), con una tasa de efectividad del 6.2%. Se realizaron trayectorias más largas en diagonales cortas (SD) y paralelas (PA) (31.3% y 23.2%, respectivamente). El lanzamiento de FRO se dirigió en SD (34.5%) y PA (22.4%), mientras que, por otro lado, los lanzamientos con giro (SP) se dirigieron preferentemente en PA (30.4%) y SD (29.1%). El lanzamiento FRO fue más efectivo en PA (10.6%), mientras que el lanzamiento SP fue más efectivo en diagonales medias (MD) (12.5%). Las posiciones laterales ejecutan lanzamientos, preferentemente FRO; pero en defensa, las posiciones centrales son protagonistas. Los lanzamientos son más efectivos cuando se dirigen en PA y SD.

Resumo Campos Campos, K.I., Castelli Correia de Campos, L.F., Pereira Morato, M., Fernández Muñoz, M., Tosim, A., Alarcón Segura, K. e Luarte Rocha, C. (2021). Eficácia do arremesso de atletas de goalball na Liga Nacional do Chile. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-16. O Goalball é um esporte coletivo paraolímpico com características de oposição, mas sem invasão dos atletas que, apesar de exigir grande condição física nas ações ofensivas e defensivas, também é identificado como um esporte tático, onde a administração da técnica nas diversas situações de jogo determina o sucesso na competição. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a eficácia do ataque da Liga Nacional de Goalball do Chile, segundo o tipo de arremesso e trajetória. Foram filmadas quatro partidas de goalball da fase final de um torneio nacional. Para isso, foi utilizada uma câmera digital posicionada atrás de um arco localizado em altura e, para a análise das correspondências, os diagramas propostos por Morato et al. (2016) e Morato (2012). Os dados foram transcritos de forma computacional a uma planilha para, posteriormente, serem analisados descritivamente. O arremesso frontal (FRO) foi o mais utilizado (88,9%), com taxa de eficácia de 6,2%. Trajetórias mais longas foram feitas em diagonais curtas (SD) e paralelas (PA) (31,3% e 23,2%, respectivamente). O arremesso FRO foi direcionado em SD (34,5%) e PA (22,4%), enquanto, por outro lado, os arremessos giratórios (SP) foram direcionados preferencialmente em PA (30,4%) e SD (29,1%). O arremesso FRO foi mais eficaz no PA (10,6%), enquanto o arremesso SP foi mais eficaz nas diagonais médias (MD) (12,5%). Posições laterais executam arremessos, preferencialmente FRO; mas na defesa, as posições centrais são protagonistas. Os arremessos são mais eficazes quando dirigidos em PA e SD.

Preparación deportiva en el goalball: una revisión sistemática / Sports preparation in goalball: a systematic review

Resumen Fernández Muñoz, M.P., Campos Campos, K., Luarte Rocha, C. y Castelli, L.F. (2021). Preparación deportiva en el goalball: una revisión sistemática. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(1), 1-24. El objetivo del estudio fue describir el conocimiento científico producido en los últimos 10 años respecto a la preparación deportiva (PD), con énfasis en el sistema de entrenamiento en atletas de Goalball de diferentes niveles competitivos. Para eso, fue realizada una revisión sistemática en las principales bases de datos: Web Of Science, Scopus, PubMed, SciELO y LILACS entre enero de 2010 hasta enero de 2021. Se identificó un total de 136 estudios donde, posterior a la eliminación de duplicados, aplicación de los criterios de exclusión e inclusión y conforme a los procedimientos presentados en el flujograma PRISMA, se seleccionaron 15 artículos originales para su análisis cualitativo. Los principales resultados evidenciaron que el metabolismo anaeróbico aláctico es determinante en la modalidad y existe una fuerte relación entre la fuerza/potencia de extremidades superiores e inferiores con el lanzamiento del balón. Por otro lado, existen patrones repetitivos en la técnica de lanzamiento según sexo, así como también efectividad según tipo de lanzamiento; se recalca que la velocidad del lanzamiento es necesaria para la consecución de un gol. De igual forma, existen funciones predominantes según las posiciones dentro del campo de juego que es necesario considerar. Finalmente, el entrenamiento mental favorece la adquisición de técnicas que ayudan a superar obstáculos imprevistos durante una competición. Se observa la necesidad de mayores evidencias y conocimientos acerca de la PD en dicha modalidad, ya que constituyen factores imprescindibles que deben ser contemplados por los entrenadores, en función de optimizar el rendimiento competitivo de sus atletas.

Abstract Fernández Muñoz, M.P., Campos Campos, K., Luarte Rocha, C. & Castelli, L.F. (2021). Sports preparation in goalball: a systematic review. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(1), 1-24. The objective of this study was to describe the scientific knowledge generated in the past 10 years in terms of sports preparation (SP), with emphasis on the training system of goalball athletes in different competitive levels. For this purpose, a systematic review was carried out on the major data bases—Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, SciELO and LILACS, from January, 2010, to January, 2021. A total 136 studies were identified, from which, after eliminating duplicates and applying exclusion and inclusion criteria, and in accordance with the procedures shown on the PRISMA flowchart, 15 original articles were selected for qualitative analysis. The main results showed that anaerobic alactic metabolism is critical in this sports modality, and that a strong link exists between strength/power of upper and lower extremities and ball throw. On the other hand, repetitive patterns exist in throwing techniques depending on gender, as well as effectiveness depending on the type of throw. The study highlights the fact that throw speed is key for scoring a goal. Similarly, dominant functions exist according to the positions within the play field, and these need to be taken into account. Finally, mental training favors the acquisition of techniques that will help to overcome unforeseen obstacles during a game. The study observes the need for greater evidence and knowledge about SP in this modality, as these are indispensable factors that must be contemplated by trainers in order to optimize the competitive performance of their athletes.

Resumo Fernández Muñoz, M.P., Campos Campos, K., Luarte Rocha, C. e Castelli, L.F. (2021). Preparação esportiva no goalball: uma revisão sistemática. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(1), 1-24. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever o conhecimento científico produzido nos últimos 10 anos com relação à preparação esportiva (PE), enfatizando o sistema de treinamento em atletas de Goalball de diferentes níveis competitivos. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática nas principais bases de dados: Web Of Science, Scopus, PubMed, SciELO e LILACS entre janeiro de 2010 e janeiro de 2021. Identificou-se um total de 136 estudos dos quais, posterior à eliminação de duplicatas, à aplicação dos critérios de exclusão e inclusão e conforme os procedimentos apresentados no fluxograma PRISMA, foram selecionados 15 artigos originais para uma análise qualitativa. Os principais resultados evidenciaram que o metabolismo anaeróbico alático é determinante na modalidade e existe uma forte relação entre a força/potência de extremidades superiores e inferiores e o lançamento da bola. Por outro lado, existem padrões repetitivos na técnica de lançamento segundo o sexo, assim como a efetividade segundo o tipo de lançamento; destaca-se que a velocidade do lançamento é necessária para a realização de um gol. Igualmente, existem funções predominantes de acordo às posições dentro do campo de jogo que é preciso considerar. Por último, o treinamento mental favorece a aquisição de técnicas que ajudam a superar obstáculos imprevistos durante uma competição. Observa-se a necessidade de maiores evidências e conhecimentos sobre a PE nessa modalidade, pois constituem fatores imprescindíveis que os treinadores devem ter em mente, à vista de otimizar o desempenho competitivo dos atletas.

The relationships between isometric muscle strength and respiratory functions of the Turkish National Paralympic Goalball Team.

Goalball is a unique sport for only blind and visually disabled people to prevent physical inactivity and its harmful consequences. Determining the profile of physical fitness parameters and their relationship is crucial for all sports discipline. The purpose of the study is to determine the characteristics and the relationship between isometric muscle strength and respiratory functions. A total of 14 (10 female, four male athletes) goalball athletes were included in the study. Upper-extremity, lower-extremity and trunk isometric muscle strength and pulmonary function tests measurements were performed to the athletes on two different days. The relationship between parameters was evaluated by Spearman correlation test. Strength and pulmonary function parameters were higher in male athletes (P<0.05). A medium/strong/very strong correlation was found between respiratory function and upper extremity isometric muscle strength (r=0.529-0.917, P<0.05). A moderate/strong correlation was found between lower extremity isometric muscle strength and respiratory function (r=0.534-0.867, P<0.05). A moderate correlation was found between trunk isometric muscle strength and respiratory function (r=0.538-0.640, P<0.05). It was seen that respiratory functions were associated with upper-lower extremity and trunk muscle strength. With this result, the idea arises that strength exercises can affect the improvement of respiratory function in individuals with disabilities, which is very important for both overall health and sports performance.

Estratégias ofensivas e defensivas eficazes no Goalball / Effective offensives and defensives strategies in Goalball / Estrategias ofensivas y defensivas efectivas en Goalball

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar e descrever as variáveis ofensivas e defensivas mais frequentes e eficazes na elite masculina do goalball e, compará-las entre times vencedores e perdedores e, equipes de nível superior e inferior. Através do método de observação sistemática e com amostra composta por 25 partidas do torneio masculino de goalball dos Jogos Paralímpicos Rio 2016, sendo registrados 4635 arremessos e 4520 defesas. Os principais achados foram que, para o ataque, existe uma maior probabilidade de marcar gol após as interrupções do jogo e para a defesa, fazer o balanço defensivo é melhor do que não o realizar, já que a probabilidade de sofrer gol é maior quando ele não ocorre. Além disso, utilizar o tronco como segmento corporal para realizar as defesas também é mais indicado, pois a probabilidade de sofrer gol é maior quando as defesas são realizadas pelas pernas ou braços.

The aim of this study was to characterize and describe the most frequent and effective offensive and defensive variables in the male goalball elite and compare them between winning and losing teams and higher and lower-level teams. Through the method of systematic observation and with a sample consisting of 25 matches of the men's goalball tournament at the Rio 2016 Paralympic Games, 4635 pitches and 4520 saves were recorded. The main findings were that, for the attack, there is a higher probability of scoring after the game's interruptions and for the defense, making the defensive balance is better than not doing it, as the probability of conceding a goal is higher when it does not occur. In addition, using the trunk as a body segment to make defenses is also more effective, as the probability of suffering a goal is higher when the defenses are performed by the legs or arms.

El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar y describir las variables ofensivas y defensivas más frecuentes y efectivas en la élite del goalball masculino y compararlas entre equipos ganadores y perdedores, y equipos de mayor y menor nivel. Mediante el método de observación sistemática y con una muestra compuesta por 25 partidos del torneo de goalball masculino de los Juegos Paralímpicos Río 2016, se registraron 4635 lanzamientos y 4520 paradas. Los principales hallazgos fueron que, para el ataque, hay una mayor probabilidad de marcar tras las interrupciones del juego y para la defensa, hacer que el equilibrio defensivo sea mejor que no hacerlo, ya que la probabilidad de encajar un gol es mayor cuando no se ocurrir. Además, utilizar el tronco como segmento corporal para realizar defensas también es más adecuado, ya que la probabilidad de sufrir un gol es mayor cuando las defensas las realizan las piernas o los brazos.

Organização das ações em sistemas ofensivos no goalball / Organization of actions in offensive systems at goalball / Organización de acciones en sistemas ofensivos en goalbol

O goalball diferentemente de outros esportes paralímpicos foi criado exclusivamente para a pessoa com deficiência visual. Os estudos a respeito desse são relativamente escassos no que se refere a análise de sistema ofensivo de jogo. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desse ensaio foi apresentar modelos de sistemas de jogo ofensivo em que a estratégia e a tática se aplicam no goalball como estratégia facilitadora da aprendizagem e de comunicação. A proposta foi padronizada de maneira ilustrativa e sistematizando as estruturas de posicionamento tático do goalball com foco nas estratégias de ataque e tem por finalidade a organização e qualidade técnica do jogo. O principal apontamento desse ensaio foi auxiliar o entendimento do atleta com deficiência visual através da sistematização do ataque afim de incrementar a organização ofensiva de uma equipe de goalball.

Goalball, unlike other adapted sports, was created exclusively for the persons with visual impairment. Studies of analysis of systematic observation of gambling in the sport are relatively scarce. The aim of this essay is to present models of offensive systems in which strategy and tactics are applied in goalball for a better learning, facilitating and simplifying communication between coach and athletes. Corroborating this essay, authors demonstrate that in order to obtain efficient offensive actions, it is necessary that athletes present a high tactical understanding. This essay standardizes in an illustrative and systematic way the systems of tactical positioning of goalball focusing on attack strategies and aims at the organization and technical quality of the game. The main point of this essay was to help the understanding of the visually impaired athlete in the construction of the attack in order to increase the offensive organization of a goalball team.

El golbol a diferencia de otros deportes paralímpicos, fue creado exclusivamente para personas con discapacidad visual. Los estudios a respecto son relativamente escasos en lo que respecta al análisis del sistema de juego ofensivo. En este sentido, el objetivo de este ensayo fue presentar modelos de sistemas de juego ofensivos en los que se aplica la estrategia y la táctica en el golbol como estrategia que facilita el aprendizaje y la comunicación. La propuesta se estandarizó de forma ilustrativa y sistematizó las estructuras de posicionamento táctico de golbol con un enfoque en las estrategias de ataque y apunta a la organización e calidad técnica del juego. El objetivo principal de este ensayo fue ayudar a la comprensión del atleta con discapacidad visual mediante la sistematización del ataque para aumentar la organización ofensiva de un equipo de golbol.

The Prevalence of Injuries and Traumas in Elite Goalball Players.

BACKGROUND: The last decade has seen the dynamic development of Paralympic sport, including the development of training facilities and training methods that allow for the achievement of results at the highest level in this group. This may be associated with an increased risk of injury and traumas. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and locations of injuries and the types of trauma suffered by goalball players. METHODS: The study covered 43 players (24 women and 19 men) of the Goalball European Championship. A questionnaire survey was conducted. RESULTS: The injuries were reported by 44%. Most often they concerned the upper limbs (92%). Positive correlations were found between age and prevalence of pelvis and knee joint injuries, whereas negative correlations occurred between competitive experience and the prevalence and location of injuries in the area of the upper limb. The highest percentage of trauma was found for epidermal abrasions, contusions, and dislocations. A negative correlation was observed between age and the prevalence of epidermal abrasions, whereas a positive correlation occurred between age and the prevalence of sprains and dislocations. The competitive experience was negatively correlated with the prevalence of abrasions and contusions and positively correlated with the prevalence of sprains and dislocations. A statistically significant correlation was found between body mass (BM) and the prevalence of injuries. In 23% of cases, training was interrupted for more than one month, whereas in 43%, the break was below one month. CONCLUSIONS: Playing position in goalball does not affect the prevalence of injuries and traumas, while body mass has a moderate effect on the prevalence of these events. The age of the subjects and their sports experience impact significantly on the prevalence and types of injuries.

The Effect of Sports on Perceived Quality of Life of People with Visual Disorder / O Efeito do Esporte na Qualidade de Vida Percebida de Pessoas com Deficiência Visual

A prática esportiva melhora a qualidade de vida de pessoas com diferentes características, mas ainda não há informações sobre o impacto do esporte na qualidade de vida de pessoas com deficiência visual. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a percepção da qualidade de vida de atletas cegos de futebol de cinco e de goalball e compará-la com a qualidade de vida percebida de pessoas com deficiência visual fisicamente inativas. Trinta e sete homens com deficiência visual, separados em três grupos: 12 atletas de futebol de cinco (idade: M = 27,3 anos, DP = 10,2), 13 atletas de goalball (idade: M = 30,3 anos, DP = 7,0) e 12 pessoas fisicamente inativas (idade: M = 25,3 anos, DP = 2,3), responderam ao questionário WHOQOL-Bref. Atletas com deficiência visual obtiveram maior pontuação na Qualidade de Vida Global e Saúde Geral e em todos os domínios do WHOQOL-Bref do que pessoas fisicamente inativas. Não houve diferença entre a qualidade de vida percebida dos atletas de futebol e de goalball. Portanto, a despeito do tipo de esporte, sua prática está relacionada a uma melhor qualidade de vida de pessoas com deficiência visual. (AU).

Sports practice improves quality of life of people with different characteristics, but there is still no information about the impact of sport on quality of life among people with visual disorder. The aim of this study was to identify the perceived quality of life of blind football and goalball athletes and to compare it to perceived quality of life of physically inactive people with visual disorder. Thirty seven men with visual disorder, separated into three groups: 12 blind football athletes (age: M = 27.3 years, SD = 10.2), 13 goalball athletes (age: M = 30.3 years, SD = 7.0) and 12 physically inactive people (age: M = 25.3 years, SD = 2.3), answered the WHOQOL-Bref questionnaire. Athletes with visual disorder obtained a higher score in the Overall Quality of Live and General Health and in all domains of the WHOQOL-Bref than physically inactive people. There was no difference between the perceived quality of life of football and goalball athletes. Therefore, despite the type of sport, its practice is related to a better quality of life of people with visual disorder. (AU).

Comparison of muscular strength and balance in athletes with visual impairment and hearing impairment.

This study was conducted to compare muscular strength and balance of athletes with visual and hearing impairment. The study was carried out with 20 athletes of national Olympic level sports goalball team and 20 athletes of national Olympic level sports hearing-impaired karate team. Isokinetic muscular strength was assessed by IsoMed 2000 device as concentric-concentric at 60°/sec and 240°/sec. Balance assessment was carried out with the Human Body Equilibrium 360 device. There was no significant difference between groups regarding age, height, weight and body mass index (P>0.05). There were no differences between the dominant and nondominant knee flexion and extension peak torque (PT), % of flexion/extension PT ratio, % of dominant/nondominant PT differences at 60°/sec and 240°/sec velocities (P>0.05). There was no difference between the groups regarding of both leg static balance (P>0.05). However, single leg standing balance was significantly different between groups in favor of athletes with hearing impairment (P<0.001). As a result of our study it was determined that muscular strength and static balance of athletes with visual and hearing impairment were similar, but athletes with visual problems are likely to have lower levels of single leg balance. Strategies to promote single leg balance in athletes with visual impairments are warranted.

The connection between certain morphological parameters and results in goalball players / Conexión entre ciertos parámetros morfológicos y resultados en jugadores de goalball

SUMMARY: Certain studies in sports for people with disabilities, also research the morphological characteristics of athletes. However, when it comes to goalball, sport for the people with visual impairments, the focus of researchers is on the population of children and adolescents and the impact of the aforementioned sport on the morphological characteristics that are observed in the process of growth and development. Amongst the population of adults with visual impairment who take part in Goalball, there are almost no studies that deal with the issue of morphological space, especially those that would point towards defining the morphological profile of elite goalball players. The subject of this research are the morphological characteristics of adult goalball players (athletes), and the aim is to determine whether there is a correlation between certain morphological indicators which indicate the status of the body mass of athletes and competition results achieved between goalball teams. The total sample consisted of 22 adult male goalball players, participants of the regional tournament. Morphological space variables, body height, body weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, body fat percentage and muscle tissue percentage were tested and body mass index value as well as the ratio of waist and hip was calculated. Based on the analyzed results, it is concluded that the body height is important in defining the morphological profile of goalball players. In addition to the body height, the indicators pointing to the nutritional status may be taken into account when defining the morphological profile of goalball players (body fat percentage, muscle tissue percentage but also body mass index). Correlation analysis indicated a correlating relationship of the waist and hips with the ranking achievement of the team, which indicates the importance of the body fat distribution in the defining of the morphological profile of goalball players.

RESUMEN: En ciertos estudios sobre deportes para personas con discapacidad también se investigan las características morfológicas de dichos atletas. Sin embargo, cuando se trata de goalball, el deporte para las personas con discapacidad visual, el foco de los investigadores se centra en la población de niños y adolescentes y el impacto del deporte mencionado sobre las características morfológicas que se observan en el proceso de crecimiento y desarrollo. Entre la población de adultos con discapacidad visual que participan en goalball, existen escasos estudios que aborden el tema del espacio morfológico, especialmente aquellos que apuntaran hacia la definición del perfil morfológico de los jugadores de élite de goalball. El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en determinar las características morfológicas de los jugadores adultos y si existe una correlación entre ciertos indicadores morfológicos del estado de la masa corporal de los atletas y los resultados de competencia entre los equipos de goalball. La muestra total consistió en 22 jugadores adultos de goalball, participantes de un torneo regional. Se analizaron las variables espaciales morfológicas, altura, peso corporal, circunferencia de cintura, circunferencia de cadera, porcentaje de grasa corporal y porcentaje de tejido muscular y se calculó el índice de masa corporal así como la relación cintura/cadera. En base a los resultados analizados, concluimos que la altura es importante para definir el perfil morfológico de los jugadores de goalball. Además de la altura, se debe tener en cuenta los indicadores que apuntan al estado nutricional, al definir el perfil morfológico de los jugadores de goalball (porcentaje de grasa corporal, porcentaje de tejido muscular, pero también el índice de masa corporal). El análisis de correlación indicó una correlación entre la cintura y cadera con la clasificación de los equipos, lo que indica la importancia de la distribución de grasa corporal en la definición del perfil morfológico de los jugadores de goalball.

Evaluation of Lipid Metabolism and Nutritional Status in Male Goalball Players.

Lipid disorders, obesity and overweight are considered one of the most important modifiable cardiovascular risk factors. Population surveys carried out in Poland have demonstrated a tendency for lipid disorders to occur in 70% and overweight and obesity in more than half of Poles. No such studies have been conducted in groups of people with vision impairment so far. Yet, regular involvement of visually impaired people in sports is likely to reduce cardiovascular risk. Therefore, the authors attempted to evaluate the lipid profile and nutritional status of male goalball players. Thirty two blind or visually impaired male goalball players aged 20 to 45 years participated in the study during which somatic variables (BH, BM, WC, VFR, BMI) and the lipid profile (TC, LDL, HDL, TG) were evaluated. Overweight was found in 40.6% of athletes, with obesity being at the level of 9.3%. A high correlation was found between visceral fat and the BMI (r=0.7; p<0.001), as well as between visceral fat and WC (r=0.8; p<0.001). Abnormal total cholesterol levels were recorded for LDL (22% of study participants), HDL (17%) and triglycerides (13%). Lower levels of individual components of lipid profiles (and higher levels for HDL) were found in athletes with a normal BMI. A correlation was found between the BMI and TG (r=0.4, p<0.01), WC and TG (r=0.4, p<0.01), VFR and LDL ( r=0.4, p<0.05) and TG (r=0.5, p<0.001). The percentage of overweight and obese subjects with vision impairment was lower compared to the general population of men in Poland, with a more beneficial lipid profile. Regular physical activity of the study participants is likely to have a positive effect on their health.

A comunicação corporal no jogo de goalball / La comunicación corporal el juego de goalball / The bodily communication in the game goalball

Esta pesquisa objetivou analisar a comunicação corporal da pessoa com deficiência visual, atleta no jogo de goalball. Caracteriza-se como descritiva, de abordagem qualitativa e análise semiológica barthesiana. A amostra foi constituída por 22 atletas, categoria masculina, registrando e analisando o jogo final do Campeonato Norte-Nordeste de Goalball. Os resultados descreveram os significantes das jogadas, no Plano Expressão, evidenciando a riqueza perceptivo-motora. E, no Plano Conteúdo, os múltiplos significados cognitivos, emocionais e socioculturais do movimentar-se dos jogadores. Concluiu-se que o goalball é um jogo educativo porque, além da complexidade coordenativa e comunicativa, possibilita aos jogadores expandirem a atenção pelo corpo inteiro.

The present study analyzed body communication of visually impaired goalball athletes. It is a descriptive, qualitative and Barthesian-semiological study. The sample consisted of 22 male athletes. The final match of Brazil’s North-Northeast Championship of Goalball was recorded and analyzed. Results describe signifiers of the game’s moves at Expression Level, showing motion-perceptive wealth; at the Content Level, it describes multiple cognitive, emotional and sociocultural meanings of players’ movements. Goalball is found to be an educational game because, besides its coordination communication complexity, it allows players to expand their attention to their whole bodies.

Este estudio objetivó analizar la comunicación corporal de la persona con discapacidad visual, atleta en el juego de Goalball. Es caracterizado como descriptivo, de enfoque cualitativo y análisis semiológico barthesiano. La muestra estuvo conformada por 22 atletas, categoría masculina, registrando y analizando el juego final del Campeonato Norte-Nordeste de Goalball. Los resultados describieron los significantes de las jugadas, en el Plano Expresión, evidenciando la riqueza perceptivo motora. Y, en el Plano Contenido, los múltiples significados cognitivos, emocionales y socioculturales de los movimientos de los jugadores. Se concluyó que el Goalball es un juego educativo, porque además de su complejidad coordinativa y comunicativa permite al jugador expandir su atención a todo el cuerpo.

Somatotipo, composición corporal, estado nutricional y condición física en personas con discapacidad visual que practican goalball / Somatotype, body composition, nutritional state and physical condition in people with visual impairment who practice goalball

Las publicaciones referidas a personas con discapacidad visual que practican Goalball son escasas, dado a estudiar otros grupos de la población o bien por razones que se desconocen. El objetivo de esta investigación fue medir el somatotipo, composición corporal, estado nutricional y condición física por aspectos estructurales y funcionales en personas con discapacidad visual que practican Goalball en la región de la Araucanía. El tipo de investigación contempla un diseño no experimental, descriptivo, transversal, con un enfoque cuantitativo. La población estuvo constituida por 14 deportistas de Goalball de la región de la Araucanía, Chile. La muestra fue seleccionada bajo un criterio probabilístico, que incluyo a 11 personas, todos hombres (edad 42,36±14,46 años), en relación al peso y estatura la media fue de 74,76±10,36 kg y 1,695±0,07 m, respectivamente. Para medir el somatotipo y la composición corporal se utilizó el protocolo descrito por la Sociedad Internacional para el avance de la Kineantropometría (ISAK) y para evaluar el estado nutricional y la condición física, se utilizaron las pruebas empleadas en el Sistema de medición de la calidad de la educación (SIMCE) para el subsector de Educación Física, propuestos por el Ministerio de Educación de Chile (MINEDUC). Los resultados indican que los deportistas evaluados se clasifican como mesoendomorfos, alcanzando un 28,78% de masa grasa y 42,71% de masa muscular, mientras que su IMC fue 26,05 kg/m2. En cuanto a la condición física los valores encontrados señalan que se encuentran en un nivel satisfactorio para las pruebas de abdominales, flexibilidad y resistencia cardiorrespiratoria, mientras que ostentan malos resultados para las pruebas de salto largo a pies juntos y flexoextensión de codos, situación que se puede entender por la edad, discapacidad y características de la disciplina deportiva practicada.

Few publications refer to people with a visual impairment who practice Goalball, given that other groups of the population were studied or for unknown reasons. The aim was to measure the somatotype, the body composition, the nutritional state, and the physical condition (more specifically structural and functional features) of people with visual impairment in the Araucanía Region in Chile. The type of investigation considers a cuantitative, non-experimental, descriptive and transversal design. The sample consists of 14 Goalball athletes of the Araucanía Region. The sample was selected randomly and included 11 male subjects (age 42.36±14.46), with respect to weight and height the average was 74.76±10.36 and 1.695±0.07 respectively. To measure the somatotype and the body composition, the protocol described by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) was used, whereas to evaluate the nutritional state and physical condition, the tests employed in the SIMCE (System of Measuring the Quality of Education) for the subsector of Physical Education in Chile (MINEDUC ­ Ministry of Education) were administered. The results indicate that the evaluated athletes classify as meso-endomorph. They reached 28.78% of fat mass and 42.71% of muscle mass, whereas their BMI is 26.05kg/m2. Regarding their physical condition the findings show a satisfactory level for the tests of abdominals, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory resistence. The tests of long jump with joined feet and elbow-flexo-extention were not as good, however. These outcomes can possibly be explained by the age, visual impairment, and by characteristics of the sport discipline practiced.

Os processos auto-organizacionais do goalball / The self-organizations processes of goalball / Los procesos de autoorganización del goalball

O goalball é uma modalidade coletiva criada para pessoas com deficiência visual e baseada no tato e na audição. Partindo das contribuições das teorias sistêmicas, e entendendo as equipes e o jogo como sistemas, objetivamos interpretar os padrões e processos auto-organizacionais da modalidade. Para tal, observamos vinte jogos das Paralimpíadas de 2008. Distinguimos o ciclo auto-organizacional das equipes, um processo recursivo atrator de suas configurações. O histórico das relações entre as dimensões opostas das equipes representa o jogo. Cessada a interação cessa o jogo, permanecendo seu registro, que atuará recursivamente nas futuras preparações das equipes, oportunizando novos processos geradores de novos produtos, num interminável ciclo cuja causa e efeito, processo e produto se interligam.

Goalball is a team sport created for people with visual impairment, and based on tact and hearing. Starting from the contributions of the systems theory and comprehending the teams and the games as systems, we aim to interpret the standards and self-organization processes of goalball. For that, we observed twenty matches of the Paralympic Games 2008. We distinguished the self-organizational cycle as a recursive process, attractor of the team's configuration. The history of the relation between the opposite dimensions of the teams represents the game. When ceased the interaction, ceased is the game, remaining its register, which will act recursively in the team's future preparations, bringing up a new process which generates new products, in an endless cycle whose cause and effect, process and product are interconnected.

El goalball es un deporto de equipo inventado para personas con discapacidad visual, y a la base del tacto y audición. Partiendo de las contribuciones de las teorías sistémicas y entendiendo los equipos y el juego como sistemas, objetivamos interpretar los patrones y procesos organizacionales de la modalidad. Para ello, observamos veinte partidos de los Juegos Paralímpicos 2008. Distinguimos el ciclo autoorganizacional de los equipos como un proceso recursivo atractor de sus configuraciones. El histórico de las relaciones entre las dimensiones opuestas de los equipos representa el juego. Terminada la interacción termina el juego, permaneciendo su registro, que actuará recursivamente en las futuras preparaciones de los equipos, lo que proporciona nuevos procesos generadores de nuevos productos, en un ciclo cuya la causa y el efecto, el proceso y el producto se interconectan.