Anti-inflammatory potential of goldenberry-derived exosome-like nanoparticles in macrophage polarization.

Objective: Overpopulated M1 macrophages can trigger chronic inflammation. Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles have been reported to show beneficial bioactivities. Aim: To isolate PDEN from goldenberry fruits and evaluate its anti-inflammatory potential in macrophage polarization. Methods: GDEN were isolated by centrifugation and precipitation methods. LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells were treated with GDEN before being evaluated with nitric oxide production assay and flow cytometry of CD80 and CD209. Results: GDEN averaged 227.7 nm in size and spherical-shaped. GDEN 40 µg/ml decreased NO production in LPS-induced cells. Flow cytometry showed that CD209 (M2 marker) positive cells were up-regulated after being treated with 20 µg/ml GDEN. Conclusion: GDEN showed anti-inflammatory potential through the ability to reduce M1 macrophages product and promote M2 polarization.

During inflammation, there are immune cells called macrophages which can act in two different ways. They are M1 cells which drive inflammation and M2 cells which resolve inflammation. The imbalance of M1 and M2 cells can be harmful to the body. For example, having too many M1 macrophages will cause chronic inflammation. Nano-sized particles found in plants are known to have some benefits as future drugs. They have good biocompatibility, can be produced in large quantities and show various bioactivities. Goldenberry has been used as an herb and is known to have good effects on human health, like reducing inflammation. In this study, nanoparticles from goldenberry fruits, also known as goldenberry-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (GDEN), were successfully extracted using a chemical, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000. GDEN showed no harmful effect on mice macrophage cells (RAW 264.7) and had been successfully taken inside by the cells. GDEN also showed reducing inflammation potential. This was supported by the decrease of M1 cell product and the increase of M2 cell marker. Hence, GDEN are worthy to be studied further for its usage to treat inflammation and other related health problems.

Characterization of the antioxidant activity, carotenoid profile by HPLC-MS of exotic colombian fruits (goldenberry and purple passion fruit) and optimization of antioxidant activity of this fruit blend.

The consumption of antioxidants can prevent chronic non-communicable diseases and the exotic Colombian fruits, goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.) and purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. Edulis Sims), are rich in bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to characterize and optimize the antioxidant activity of these fruits blend. The fruits were classified according to their maturity stages, the freeze-dried extracts were physiochemically characterized, and polyphenols, carotenoids and antioxidant activity were quantified, and an experimental mixture design was applied to optimize the antioxidant activity of the bend. For the goldenberry the maturity stage 3 had higher iron-reducing capacity and higher content of polyphenols. Meanwhile, for the purple passion fruit, this maturity stage had higher antioxidant activity by all methodologies and a higher concentration of polyphenols; the ultrasound-assisted extraction showed statistical differences for polyphenols, ABTS and FRAP. Antioxidant activity showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between samples (TBARS (3.98 ± 0.14 and 7.03 ± 0.85 µM-MDA/g), ABTS (36.53 ± 2.66 and 29.4 ± 4.88 µMTrolox/g), DPPH (36.53 ± 2.66 and 23.90 ± 0.96µMTrolox/g), ORAC (23.02 ± 0.36 and 32.44 ± 0.94 µM Trolox/g) and total polyphenols (5, 29 ± 0.34 and 9.12 ± 0.37mgGA/g). Some of the carotenoids identified by HPLC-MS in both fruits were lutein, α and ß-carotene, phytoene and lycopene. The optimum bend was goldenberry 0.83 and purple passion fruit 0.17.

Use of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy for analysis of water deficit tolerance in Physalis peruviana L.

Treatments that allow plants to better tolerate water deficit become essential, such as the application of chemical priming. In addition, it is essential to use analyses capable of measuring these effects at the biomolecular level, complementing the other physiological evaluations. In view of the above, this study aimed to evaluate the use of attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy for analyses of water deficit tolerance in Physalis peruviana plants. For this, samples of leaves, stems and roots of plants subjected to different pretreatments with proline (10 mM and 20 mM), sodium nitroprusside (SNP 25 µM and 50 µM) and H2O as control, aiming at increasing tolerance to water deficit, were evaluated. The chemical agents used attenuated water deficit in P. peruviana plants, influencing phenotypic characterization and spectral analyses. Analysis of FTIR spectra indicates that different functional groups present in leaves, stems and roots were influenced by water deficit and priming treatments. Changes in lipid levels contributed to reducing water losses by increasing the thickness of cuticular wax. Accumulation of proteins and carbohydrates promoted osmoregulation and maintenance of the water status of plants. Thus, water deficit causes changes in the functional groups present in the organs of P. peruviana, and the ATR-FTIR technique is able to detect these biomolecular changes, helping in the selection of priming treatments to increase tolerance to water deficit.

Crystallization and melting properties studied by DSC and FTIR spectroscopy of goldenberry (Physalis peruviana) oil.

The chemical and thermal characteristics of goldenberry pomace oil (GPO) and goldenberry seed oil (GSO) were investigated. GPO and GSO contained high levels of unsaturated fatty acids (90.1% and 85.1%, respectively), and the major fatty acid was linoleic (62.0% and 72.8%, respectively). Additionally, GPO contained eleven triacylglycerol (TAG) species, three of which represented 82.7%, namely C54:6, C54:4 and C52:4, and trilinolein was the dominant one (35.5%). GSO contained nine TAG species, two of which represented 80.3%, namely C54:6 and C52:4, and trilinolein was dominant (53.3%). The DSC analysis of GPO and GSO revealed that three exothermal peaks were detected during cooling. Three endothermal peaks (one of which is exothermal for GSO) were detected during melting, and the most significant peaks occurred at low temperatures. FTIR spectra indicated that GPO and GSO did not contain peroxides or trans fatty acids, but they did contain low concentrations of free fatty acids.

Effects of carrier agents on powder properties, stability of carotenoids, and encapsulation efficiency of goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.) powder produced by co-current spray drying.

Maltodextrin, modified starch, inulin, alginate, gum arabic, and combinations thereof were used as carrier agents for spray drying of carotenoid-rich goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.) juice and compared to cellobiose as an alternative carrier. Powders were analyzed with respect to particle size and morphology, yield, moisture content, cold water solubility, suspension stability, hygroscopicity, carotenoid encapsulation efficiency, and carotenoid retention during storage. A high initial carotenoid concentration after spray drying, a high encapsulation efficiency of 77.2%, and a slow carotenoid degradation kinetics favored the high carotenoid content of the cellobiose powder at the end of the storage. Cellobiose might protect the carotenoids from degradation processes by light exposure, high temperature, and oxygen due to a tighter particle crust and larger particle sizes. Therefore, cellobiose may be considered a potential carrier agent for the encapsulation of carotenoid-rich fruit juices.

A review of nutritional properties and health benefits of Physalis species.

The Physalis genus of the Solanaceae family is home to many edible food crops including tomatillo, goldenberry, and groundcherry. These Physalis members have garnered more attention as consumer interest in novel fruits and vegetables has increased because of increasing awareness of the health benefits of eating a diverse diet. As a result of this interest, several preliminary studies were conducted of these Physalis to evaluate their nutritional and chemical profiles associated with health benefits. Results showed these crops contain many essential minerals and vitamins, notably potassium and immune system supporting Vitamin C, also known for its antioxidant activity. Beyond nutritional properties, these crops also contain a class of steroidal lactones called withanolides, which have been recognized for their antitumor, and antinflammatory properties. In some studies, withanolide extract from Physalis species have exhibited cytotoxicity towards cancers cells. Overall, this review focuses on the nutritional and physiochemical properties of tomatillo, goldenberry, and groundcherry and how they relate to human health.

Composition and biological effects of goldenberry byproducts: an overview.

Goldenberry is a wild fruit that has been widely used for centuries, mainly in folk medicine. Most studies of goldenberry have focused on the fruit, but new research has studied its byproducts, which were considered to be waste until recently. The main objective of our study was to systematize the published information regarding the composition of goldenberry byproducts (calyces, leaves, seeds, and pomace) and their effects on biological systems. Goldenberry byproducts contain minerals, amino acids, withanolides, flavonoids, and essential fatty acids, thus representing good sources of these compounds. Some of their major biological effects include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiproliferative effects. Information regarding their toxicity is also presented here. To determine the optimal dosage, further safety studies would be recommended to ensure the best health benefits of these compounds. The available evidence has demonstrated the nutritional value of different byproducts of goldenberry, suggesting them to be potential candidates for use in the cosmetic industry, in the preparation of functional foods, and in phytomedicine for the prevention and adjuvant treatment of some diseases. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Identification of Odor Active Compounds in Physalis peruviana L.

The volatiles of cape gooseberry fruit (Physalis peruviana L.) were isolated by solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE), odor active compounds identified by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Quantitation of compounds was performed by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) for all but one. Aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) revealed 18 odor active regions, with the highest flavor dilution values (FD = 512) noted for ethyl butanoate and 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylfuran-3-one (furaneol). Odor activity values were determined for all 18 compounds and the highest was noted for ethyl butanoate (OAV = 504), followed by linalool, (E)-non-2-enal, (2E,6Z)-nona-2,6-dienal, hexanal, ethyl octanoate, ethyl hexanoate, butane-2,3-dione, and 2-methylpropanal. The main groups of odor active compounds in Physalis peruviana L. were esters and aldehydes. A recombinant experiment confirmed the identification and quantitative results.

Biocompounds Content Prediction in Ecuadorian Fruits Using a Mathematical Model.

Anthocyanins, carotenoids and polyphenols are biomolecules that give the characteristic color to fruits. Carotenoids relate to yellow, orange and red colors whereas anthocyanins and polyphenols mainly relate to purple and red colors. Presently, standard determination of antioxidants is carried out using relatively complex methods and techniques. The aim of this study was to develop a mathematical prediction model to relate the internal color parameters of the Amazonic fruits araza (Eugenia stipitata Mc Vaugh), Andean fruit blackberry (Rubus glaucus Benth), Andean blueberry (Vaccinium floribundum Kunth), goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.), naranjilla (Solanum quitoense Lam.), and tamarillo (Solanum betaceum Cav.) to their respective anthocyanins, carotenoids and polyphenols contents. The mathematical model was effective in predicting the total anthocyanins content (TAC), the total carotenoids content (TCC) and finally the total phenolic content (TPC) of fruits assayed. Andean blueberry presented a TPC with an experimental value of 7254.62 (mg GAE/100 g sample) with respect to a TPC prediction value of 7315.73 (mg GAE/100 g sample). Andean blackberry presented a TAC with an experimental value of 1416.69 (mg chloride cyanidin 3-glucoside/100 g) with respect to a prediction TAC value of 1413 (mg chloride cyanidin 3-glucoside/100 g).

Innovative Nutritious Biscuits Limit Aflatoxin Contamination.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Incorporation of food byproducts in biscuit could increase the safety, nutritional and enhance dough properties. These byproducts were wheat bran (WB), goldenberry fruit (GBF) and goldenberry peel (GBP) contains active ingredients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Wheat flour (WF) was partially replaced in biscuit dough. Antioxidant activity, chemical composition and baking quality were evaluated. Anti-aflatoxigenic and antifungal activities of WB, GBF and GBP have estimated also aflatoxin reduction was evaluated. RESULTS: The results were showed biscuit acceptable sensories. The GBF and GBP exhibited the highest antioxidant and phenolic content explaining its antimicrobial behaviour. The addition of WB, GBF or GBP to fungal media inhibited the growth, however, using 20% GBF in Aspergillus flavus media showed the greatest aflatoxin reduction. The biscuit-specific volume was more pronounced when GBF and GBP were included in the formulation. No great differences were seen for colour, baking quality or texture of biscuit mixes. CONCLUSION: This novel safe biscuit appears a safer alternative to traditional biscuits.

Impact of adding goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.) on some quality characteristics and bio-functional properties of pasteurized carrot (Daucus carota L.) nectar.

Goldenberry juice was added in ratios of 0% (T1), 20% (T2), 30% (T3), 40% (T4) and 50% (T5) to carrot juice. Then the blends were mixed with sucrose solution (1:1), and pasteurized at 98 °C for 2 min. The produced carrot-goldenberry nectars were analyzed for physicochemical, sensory and microbial characteristics, in comparison to the carrot nectar, during 28 days of a cold storage at 4 °C. Results showed that the addition of goldenberry juice significantly increased the levels of acidity, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid and total phenolic compounds along with antioxidant activity for all nectars when compared to the control carrot nectar (T1). In contrast, the levels of turbidity and ß-carotene were significantly decreased by the addition of goldenberry. For color parameters, both L* and a* values were significantly decreased, while b* values were significantly increased by the addition of goldenberry. Goldenberry improved the organoleptic properties of the carrot nectar, and reduced deterioration in these properties during storage. Moreover, the results of microbial analysis indicated that all nectars were microbiologically safe (counts of total aerobic count and yeast and mold were less than 1 log10 CFU/mL). The carrot-goldenberry nectar (T3) had the highest overall acceptability during storage time. The obtained results valorize exploiting of goldenberry juice in processed fruit products like jams, juices and syrups.

A multi-analytical platform based on pressurized-liquid extraction, in vitro assays and liquid chromatography/gas chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry for food by-products valorisation. Part 1: Withanolides-rich fractions from goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.) calyces obtained after extraction optimization as case study.

In this work, a multi-analytical platform that allows obtaining and characterizing high-added value compounds from natural sources is presented, with a huge potential in traditional medicine, natural products characterization, functional foods, etc. Namely, the proposed multi-analytical platform is based on the combination of pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry GC-q-TOF-MS(/MS), in vitro assays and modelling tools for guiding extraction optimization. As case study, goldenberry or cape gooseberry fruit (Physalys peruviana L.) was selected. In particular, the potential of P. peruviana calyces, an important by-product of goldenberry processing, as promising source of bioactive compounds was evaluated. Selection of the most suitable solvent for PLE was based on the Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) approach using 4ß-hydroxywithanolide E (4ßHWE) and withanolide E (WE) as target compounds due to their bioactive potential. A surface response methodology was further applied for the optimization of the PLE parameters: temperature (50, 100 and 150 °C) and solvent composition (% EtOH in the mixture EtOH/EtOAc). The effects of the independent variables on extraction yield, withanolides content (4ßHWE and WE), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC) and antioxidant activity (EC50 and TEAC) were evaluated in order to obtain withanolide-rich extracts from P. peruviana calyces. The extract obtained under optimal conditions (at 125 °C and 75% EtOH v/v) exhibited satisfactory extraction yield (14.7%) and moderate antioxidant activity (with an EC50 value of 77.18 µg mL-1 and 1.08 mM trolox g-1), with 4ßHWE and WE concentrations of 8.8 and 2.3 mg g-1, respectively. LC-q-TOF-MS/MS analysis of the extract allowed the quantitation of 4ßHWE and WE and the tentative identification of several other withanolides structures. The obtained results demonstrate the great potential of this multi-analytical approach for developing valorisation strategies of food by-products under sustainable conditions, to obtain bioactive-enriched extracts with potential medicinal or health-promoting properties.

A multi-analytical platform based on pressurized-liquid extraction, in vitro assays and liquid chromatography/gas chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry for food by-products valorisation. Part 2: Characterization of bioactive compounds from goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.) calyx extracts using hyphenated techniques.

A multi-analytical strategy for the valorisation of goldenberry calyx, a promising source of health-promoting compounds, is presented in this work. A comprehensive characterization of P. peruviana calyx extracts, obtained by an optimized pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) procedure, is developed applying first an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-q-TOF-MS/MS) method in positive and negative electrospray ionization (ESI) mode. A total of fifty-six phytochemicals, including major phenolic components, several withanolides (C28-isoprenoids) with a variety of biological activities, and a large family of anti-inflammatory sucrose esters were tentatively identified using this methodology. An integrated identification strategy based on accurate mass data obtained by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), ion source fragmentation, MS/MS fragmentation patterns, generated molecular formulae and subsequent unsaturation degree calculation, along with database and bibliographic search is proposed. Isobaric withanolides-type compounds were tentatively identified or classified according to their different hydroxy and epoxy positions, on the basis of the complementary information provided by MS/MS product ion spectra obtained in both ESI+ and ESI- mode. The proposed structural elucidation approach provides a valuable contribution to the limited information available regarding the MS/MS structural analysis of withanolides in ESI(-) mode. Moreover, an alternative elucidation strategy based on deconvolution and database search was successfully applied for the phytochemical profiling analysis of the volatile fraction of P. peruviana calyx extracts by gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-q-TOF-MS), which reveals the presence of relevant terpenoids, including phytosterols and tocopherols (Vitamin E). The results of the phytochemical characterization obtained herein demonstrates the great potential of applying integrated identification strategies to HRMS data obtained from complementary LC- and GC-q-TOF-MS(/MS) platforms, as powerful identification tools for improving our understanding on the phytochemical composition of natural extracts intended to be used in functional foods or in traditional medicine preparations.

Physicochemical properties, nutritional value and techno-functional properties of goldenberry (Physalis peruviana) waste powder concise title: Composition of goldenberry juice waste.

Goldenberry waste powder, contained 5.87% moisture, 15.89% protein, 13.72% fat, 3.52% ash, 16.74% dietary fiber and 61% carbohydrates. Potassium (560 mg/100 g) was the predominant element followed by sodium (170 mg/100 g) and phosphorus (130 mg/100 g). Amino acid analysis gave high levels of cystine/methionine, histidine and tyrosine/phenylalanine. Goldenberry waste powder had good levels of the techno-functional properties including water absorption index, swelling index, foaming capacity and stability (3.38 g/g, 5.24 ml/g, 4.09 and 72.0%, respectively). Fatty acids profile showed that linoleic acid was the predominant fatty acid followed by oleic, palmitic and stearic acids. Iodine value (109.5 g/100 g of oil), acid value (2.36 mg KOH/g of oil), saponification value (183.8 mg KOH/g of oil), peroxide value (8.2 meq/kg of oil) and refractive index (1.4735) were comparable to those of soybean and sunflower oils. Goldenberry waste oil exhibited absorbance in the UV range at 100-400 nm.

Characterization of carotenoid profiles in goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.) fruits at various ripening stages and in different plant tissues by HPLC-DAD-APCI-MSn.

Carotenoid profiles of goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.) fruits differing in ripening states and in different fruit fractions (peel, pulp, and calyx of ripe fruits) were investigated by HPLC-DAD-APCI-MSn. Out of the 53 carotenoids detected, 42 were tentatively identified. The carotenoid profile of unripe fruits is dominated by (all-E)-lutein (51%), whereas in ripe fruits, (all-E)-ß-carotene (55%) and several carotenoid fatty acid esters, especially lutein esters esterified with myristic and palmitic acid as monoesters or diesters, were found. In overripe fruits, carotenoid conversion products and a higher proportion of carotenoid monoesters to diesters compared to ripe fruits were observed. Overripe fruits showed a significant decrease in total carotenoids of about 31% due to degradation. The observed conversion and degradation processes included epoxidation, isomerization, and deesterification. The peel of ripe goldenberries showed a 2.8 times higher total carotenoid content of 332.00 µg/g dw compared to the pulp.

Untargeted metabolomics reveals specific withanolides and fatty acyl glycoside as tentative metabolites to differentiate organic and conventional Physalis peruviana fruits.

The agronomic production systems may affect the levels of food metabolites. Metabolomics approaches have been applied as useful tool for the characterization of fruit metabolome. In this study, metabolomics techniques were used to assess the differences in phytochemical composition between goldenberry samples produced by organic and conventional systems. To verify that the organic samples were free of pesticides, individual pesticides were analyzed. Principal component analysis showed a clear separation of goldenberry samples from two different farming systems. Via targeted metabolomics assays, whereby carotenoids and ascorbic acid were analyzed, not statistical differences between both crops were found. Conversely, untargeted metabolomics allowed us to identify two withanolides and one fatty acyl glycoside as tentative metabolites to differentiate goldenberry fruits, recording organic fruits higher amounts of these compounds than conventional samples. Hence, untargeted metabolomics technology could be suitable to research differences on phytochemicals under different agricultural management practices and to authenticate organic products.

Cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of goldenberry extracts obtained with high intensity ultrasound / Citotoxicidade e atividade antioxidante de extratos de goldenberry obtidos com ultrassom de alta intensidade

ABSTRACT: The high intensity ultrasound-assisted extraction (HIU) is one of the most simple, quick and efficient techniques for the extraction of phenolic and other antioxidant compounds from plants. This is the first application of HIU for the extraction of these compounds from goldenberry fruit. The HIU and conventional extraction techniques showed similar results regarding to phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. However, the time required for HIU extraction (5min) was 24 times lower than conventional extraction (120min). Phenolic compounds reported were chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and rutin. In vitro cytotoxicity assays were used for evaluation of extracts and the results showed that in a wide range of concentration, the extract maintains cell viability, thus indicating the possibility to use it as food with safety.

RESUMO: A extração assistida com ultrassom de alta intensidade (HIU) é uma das técnicas mais simples, rápidas e eficientes na extração de compostos fenólicos e antioxidantes de plantas. Este trabalho foi o primeiro a utilizar HIU na extração destes compostos presentes na fruta goldenberry. As técnicas HIU e extração convencional apresentaram resultados semelhantes com relação aos compostos fenólicos e capacidade antioxidante. Entretanto, o tempo necessário na HIU (5min) foi 24 vezes menor que na extração convencional (120min). Os compostos fenólicos encontrados foram ácido clorogênico, ácido cafeico e rutina. Ensaios de citotoxicidade in vitro foram usados para avaliação dos extratos e os resultados demonstraram que, em ampla faixa de concentração, o extrato mantém a viabilidade celular, indicando assim possível segurança para utilização em alimentos.

Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) juice as a modulator agent for hepatocellular carcinoma-linked apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.

BACKGROUND: Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) fruit is highly nutritious with high content of health-promoting compounds including minerals, phenolic compounds, as well as vitamins A and C. Physalis peruviana fruits were used as mutagenic, antispasmodic, anticoagulant, and antileucemis agents. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present work was to study the role of cape gooseberry juice (CG) as a natural modulator agent for adverse aspects associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). RESULTS: The results recorded that HCC rats had a significant disturbance in blood indices. An elevation in serum level of the inflammatory (TNF-ά, CRP, and Argenase), hepatic apoptotic markers (P53, Bax, and Caspase 3) and a reduction of Blc2% were recorded in HCC rats. The results exhibited the significant disturbance and arrest in hepatic cell cycle (% of M1: SubG1 phase, M2: G0/1 phase of diploid cycle, M3: S phase, and M4: G2/M phase) as well as liver cell viability status in HCC rats. Numerous histopathological alterations were detected in hepatic tissues of HCC rats such as inflammation, damage of hepatocytes, dilated congested central vein with degenerated endothelial cells and congested blood sinusoids in addition to collagen fibers in hepatocytes and central vein indicating hepatic fibrosis. The tested parameters were little improved upon treatment of HCC rats with Adriamycin (ADR, Doxorubicin is a generic name of a drug). HCC rats received CG showed an improvement in all tested parameters. The effects of CG were through down regulation of p53 expression and up-regulation of Bcl2 domain protected hepatic structure from extensive damage. CONCLUSION: CG plus ADR exhibited an enhanced antitumor impact in HCC and this combination might have an important value in the treatment of HCC. CG was more effective than ADR, and it has a remarkable role in the management of hepatic disorders besides its success as a chemo-sensitizer for ADR treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Physical and chemical characteristics of goldenberry fruit (Physalis peruviana L.).

Some physical and chemical characteristics of goldenberry fruit (Physalis peruviana L.) were investigated. These characteristics are necessary for the design of equipments for harvesting, processing, transportation, sorting, separating and packing. The fruit length, diameter, geometric and arithmetic mean diameters, sphericity, surface area, projected areas (vertical-horizontal) and aspect ratio of goldenberries were determined as 17.52 mm, 17.31 mm, 17.33 mm, 17.38 mm, 98.9 %, 0.949 cm(2), 388.67-387.85 mm(2) and 0.988, respectively. The mass of fruit, bulk density, fruit density, porosity and fruit hardness were 3.091 g, 997.3 kg/m(3), 462.3 kg/m(3), 53.61 % and 8.01 N, respectively. The highest static coefficient of friction was observed on rubber surface, followed by stainless steel sheet, aluminum sheet, and plywood materials. The dry matter, water soluble dry matter, ash, protein, oil, carbohydrate, titratable acidity, pH, total sugar, reducing sugar, antioxidant capacity were 18.67 %, 14.17 %, 2.98 %, 1.66 %, 0.18 %, 13.86 %, 1.26 %, 6.07, 63.90 g/kg, 31.99 g/kg and 57.67 %, respectively. The fresh fruits have 145.22 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g total phenol content and skin colour data represented as L*, a*, b*, Chroma (C) and Hue angle (α) were 49.92, 25.11, 50.23, 56.12 and 63.48, respectively.