The effect of the 7DL-7Ae#1L·7Ae#1S translocation on the productivity and quality of spring bread wheat grain.

The 7DL-7Ae#1L·7Ae#1S translocation with the Lr29 gene attracts the attention of bread wheat breeders by its effectiveness against Puccinia triticina. However, its impact on useful agronomic traits has been little studied. In this report, the prebreeding value of 7DL-7Ae#1L·7Ae#1S was studied in analogue lines (ALs) of spring bread wheat cultivars Saratovskaya 68 and Saratovskaya 70 during 2019-2021. The presence of the Lr29 gene was conf irmed by using molecular marker Lr29F24. The ALs with the Lr29 gene were highly resistant to P. triticina against a natural epiphytotics background and in laboratory conditions. 7DL-7Ae#1L·7Ae#1S in Saratovskaya 68 ALs reduced grain productivity in all years of research. On average, the decrease was 35 and 42 %, or in absolute f igures 1163 and 1039 against 1802 kg/ha in the cultivar-recipient. In Saratovskaya 70 ALs, there was a decrease in grain yield in 2019 and 2020, and there were no differences in 2021. On average, the decrease was 18 and 32 %, or in absolute f igures 1101 and 912 against 1342 kg/ha in the cultivar-recipient. The analogues of both cultivars showed a signif icant decrease in the weight of 1000 grains, which ranged from 14 to 20 % for Saratovskaya 68 and 17-18 % for Saratovskaya 70. An increase in the period of germination-earing was noted only in Saratovskaya 68 lines, which averaged 1.3 days. ALs of Saratovskaya 70 had no differences in this trait. 7DL-7Ae#1L·7Ae#1S did not affect plant height and lodging resistance in all ALs. Studies of the bread-making quality in lines with 7DL-7Ae#1L·7Ae#1S revealed a signif icant increase in grain protein and gluten content. As for the effect on the alveograph indicators, there were differences between ALs of both cultivars. While Saratovskaya 68 ALs had a decrease in elasticity and in the ratio of dough tenacity to the extensibility, Saratovskaya 70 lines had an increase in these indicators. All lines increased the f lour strength and the loaves volume, but while Saratovskaya 68 ALs had an increased porosity rating, Saratovskaya 70 ALs had the same rating as the recipient.

Produtividade de híbridos de milho pipoca submetidos a diferentes populações na semeadura / Productivity of poppy corn hybrids submitted to different populations in seeding / Productividad de híbridos de maíz poppy presentados a poblaciones diferentes en la sembrada

Quando se trata de milho pipoca o Brasil é o segundo maior produtor, mas necessitando ainda de importações para suprir a demanda interna do país, visto a importância de estudos que melhor explorem as recomendações agronômicas para a cultura do milho pipoca. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar o impacto da população de plantas sobre algumas variáveis morfológicas e na produtividade final de grãos de dois híbridos de milho pipoca (8203 e 4512). Foram estudadas as populações de 60.000, 65.000, 70.000, 75.000 e 80.000 plantas por ha-1 no espaçamento de 0,45cm entre linha de semeadura. O experimento foi conduzido no ano agrícola 2018/2019, na área experimental do Departamento de Ciências Agronômicas e Ambientais da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, campus Frederico Westphalen ­ RS, em um delineamento de blocos casualizados em um esquema fatorial (2x5). O diâmetro de colmo, comprimento da espiga e peso de mil sementes diminuíram à medida que se aumentou a população de plantas. Para ambos os híbridos, e para a maioria das variáveis analisadas as densidades populacionais não interferiram de forma significativa na produtividade final de grãos do milho pipoca. Entretanto quando se trabalha a média das populações se observa uma superioridade do híbrido 8203 para as variáveis, altura de planta, altura de inserção da espiga, prolificidade, empalhamento, diâmetro de espiga, número de grãos por espiga, peso de mil sementes e produtividade final de grãos.(AU)

When it comes to popcorn, Brazil is the second largest producer, but still needing imports to supply the country's domestic demand, given the importance of studies that better explore agronomic recommendations for popcorn culture. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of the plant population on some morphological variables and the final consumption of two hybrid popcorn kernels (8203 and 4512). The populations of 60.000, 65.000, 70.000, 75.000 and 80.000 plants per ha-1 were studied in the 0.45cm spacing between sowing lines. The experiment was carried out in the agricultural year 2018/2019, in the experimental area of the Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences of the Federal University of Santa Maria, Frederico Westphalen campus - RS, in a randomized block design in a factorial scheme (2x5). The stem diameter, ear length and weight of a thousand seeds decreased as the plant population increased. For both hybrids, and for most of the variables analyzed, population densities did not significantly affect the final grain yield of popcorn. However, when working with the average population, a superiority of the 8203 hybrid is observed for the variables, plant height, height of ear insertion, prolificacy, stuffing, ear diameter, number of grains per ear, weight of a thousand seeds and final productivity of grain.(AU)

En lo que respecta a las palomitas de maíz, Brasil es el segundo mayor productor, pero aún necesita importaciones para satisfacer la demanda interna del país, dada la importancia de los estudios que exploran mejor las recomendaciones agronómicas para el cultivo de palomitas de maíz. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el impacto de la población de plantas en algunas variables morfológicas y en el rendimiento final de grano de dos híbridos de palomitas de maíz (8203 y 4512). Se estudiaron las poblaciones de 60.000, 65.000, 70.000, 75.000 y 80.000 plantas por ha-1 en el espacio de 0.45cm entre líneas de siembra. El experimento se realizó en el año agrícola 2018/2019, en el área experimental del Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Ambientales de la Universidad Federal de Santa María, campus Frederico Westphalen - RS, en un diseño de bloques al azar en un esquema factorial (2x5). El diámetro del tallo, la longitud de la mazorca y el peso de mil semillas disminuyeron à medida que aumentó la población de plantas. Para ambos híbridos, y para la mayoría de las variables analizadas, las densidades de población no afectaron significativamente el rendimiento final de grano de las palomitas de maíz. Sin embargo, cuando se trabaja con la población promedio, se observa una superioridad del híbrido 8203 para las variables, altura de la planta, altura de inserción de la mazorca, prolificidad, relleno, diámetro de la mazorca, número de granos por mazorca, peso de mil semillas y productividad final de grano.(AU)

Smash ridge tillage strongly influence soil functionality, physiology and rice yield.

The practice of smash-ridging on dry land crop cultivation has shown much promise. However, the mechanism how does soil functionality and root traits can affect rice yield under smash ridge tillage with reduced nitrogen fertilization have not yet been explored. To fill this knowledge gap, we used three tillage methods-smash-ridging 40 cm (S40), smash-ridging 20 cm (S20), and traditional turn-over plowing 20 cm (T)-and two rice varieties (hybrid rice and conventional rice) and measured soil quality, root traits, rice yield and their correlation analysis at different growth stages. Soil physical and chemical properties were significantly improved by smash-ridging, including improvements in root morphological and physiological traits during three growth stages compared with T. S40 had the highest leaf area index (LAI), plant height (PH), and biomass accumulation (BA). Increment in biomass and panicle number (PN) resulted in higher grain yield (GY) of 6.9-9.4% compared with T. Correlation analysis revealed that root total absorption area (RTAA), root active absorption area (RAA), and root area ratio (RAR) were strongly correlated with soil quality. Root injury flow (RIF) and root biomass accumulation (RBA) were strongly correlated with LAI and above-ground plant biomass accumulation (AGBA). Conclusively, S40 is a promising option for improving soil quality, root traits, and consequently GY.

Effect of sowing time and density for vegetative and reproductive traits of genotypes of maize landrace in an agroecological system / Efeito de época e densidade de semeadura nas características vegetativas e reprodutivas em genótipos de variedades crioulas de milho em sistema de base agroecológica

ABSTRACT: Family farmers preserve the tradition of cultivating maize landrace varieties because these plants have characteristics that hybrids lack. The greatest challenge in conserving in situ on-farm genetic diversity is avoiding gene flow and genetic introgression of transgenes to landrace varieties. Thus, farmers are obliged to change sowing times to guarantee temporal isolation since most farms are small, making spatial isolation impossible. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the behavior of maize landrace varieties submitted to different sowing times and densities in an agroecological system. The test was conducted in sub-sub-divided plots, where the main plot was represented by the sowing time, the sub-plot by the genotype, and the sub-sub-plot by the density, with three replications, for two consecutive years. The results demonstrate the effect of sowing time and density on the characteristics evaluated. In western Santa Catarina, the best time to sow seeds of maize landrace varieties in an agroecological system is in September, which is when the varieties expressed the greatest potential at densities from 45,000 to 50,000 pl.ha-1 , but it will not avoid transgene contamination.

RESUMO: Famílias camponesas preservaram a tradição do cultivo das variedades crioulas de milho estimuladas por características que os híbridos não apresentam. Sendo, o maior desafio para a conservação da diversidade genética in situ on farm evitar o fluxo gênico e a introgressão genética de trangenes nas variedades crioulas. Nesse sentido, os agricultores são obrigados a alterar épocas de semeadura para garantir isolamento temporal uma vez que a maioria das áreas é pequena inviabilizando o isolamento no espaço. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de variedades crioulas de milho em sistema de base agroecológica submetidas às diferentes épocas e densidades de semeadura. No ensaio conduzido em parcelas sub-sub-divididas, a parcela principal foi representada pela época, a sub-parcela pelo genótipo e a sub-sub-parcela pela densidade, com três repetições, por dois anos consecutivos. Os resultados demostraram efeito de época e densidade de semeadura nas características avaliadas. É possível indicar que a época mais adequada para semeadura de variedades crioulas de milho em sistema de base agroecológica é em setembro para o oeste de Santa Catarina, sendo que para essa época as variedades expressaram maior potencial de produtividade de grãos na faixa de densidade de 45000 a 50000 pl.ha-1 , mas não impedirá a contaminação por transgene.

Produtividade de híbridos de milho pipoca submetidos a diferentes populações na semeadura / Productivity of popcorn hybrids submitted to different populations in seeding / Productividad de híbridos de maíz para palomitas sometidos a diferentes poblaciones en la siembra

Quando se trata de milho pipoca o Brasil é o segundo maior produtor. A carência de recomendações agronômicas específicas para a cultura tem sido um limitante no avanço sobre as áreas de cultivo, dessa maneira se observa a necessidade de realizar estudos voltados ao melhor manejo para a cultura do milho pipoca. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar o impacto da população de plantas sobre algumas variáveis morfológicas e na produtividade final de grãos de dois híbridos de milho pipoca (8203 e 4512). Foram estudadas as populações de 60.000, 65.000, 70.000, 75.000 e 80.000 plantas por ha-1 no espaçamento de 0,45cm entre linha de semeadura. O experimento foi conduzido no ano agrícola 2018/2019, na área experimental do Departamento de Ciências Agronômicas e Ambientais da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, campus Frederico Westphalen ­ RS, em um delineamento de blocos casualizados em um esquema fatorial (2x5). O diâmetro de colmo, comprimento da espiga e peso de mil sementes diminuíram à medida que se aumentou a população de plantas. Para ambos os híbridos, e para a maioria das variáveis analisadas, as densidades populacionais não interferiram de forma significativa na produtividade final de grãos do milho pipoca. Entretanto quando se trabalha a média das populações se observa uma superioridade do híbrido 8203 para as variáveis, altura de planta, altura de inserção da espiga, prolificidade, empalhamento, diâmetro de espiga, número de grãos por espiga, peso de mil sementes e produtividade final de grãos.(AU)

When it comes to popcorn, Brazil is the second largest producer of this type of maze. The lack of specific agronomic recommendations for the crop has been a limiting factor in the advance on the cultivation areas. Therefore, the need to carry out studies aimed at the best management for the culture of popcorn is essential. Thus, this study aimed at evaluating the impact of the plant population on some morphological variables and on the final grain yield of two popcorn hybrids (8203 and 4512). The populations of 60,000; 65,000; 70,000; 75,000; and 80,000 plants per ha-1 were studied in the 0.45-cm spacing between sowing lines. The experiment was carried out in the 2018/2019 agricultural year in the experimental area of the Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences at the Federal University of Santa Maria, in the Frederico Westphalen campus, state of Rio Grande do Sul, in Brazil, in a randomized block design in a (2x5) factorial scheme. The stem diameter, ear length and weight of a thousand seeds decreased as the plant population increased. For both hybrids, and for most of the variables analyzed, population densities did not significantly affect the final grain yield of popcorn. However, when working with the average population, a superiority of the 8203 hybrid is observed for the variables plant height, height of ear insertion, prolificacy, stuffing, ear diameter, number of grains per ear, weight of a thousand seeds, and final grain productivity.(AU)

Cuando se trata de maíz para palomitas, Brasil es el segundo mayor productor. La falta de recomendaciones agronómicas específicas para el cultivo ha sido un factor limitante en el avance de las áreas de cultivo, por lo que se observa la necesidad de realizar estudios encaminados al mejor manejo para el cultivo de maíz para palomitas. Así, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el impacto de la población de plantas sobre algunas variables morfológicas y sobre el rendimiento final de grano de dos híbridos de maíz para palomitas (8203 y 4512). Se estudiaron las poblaciones de 60.000, 65.000, 70.000, 75.000 y 80.000 plantas por ha-1 en el espacio de 0.45cm entre líneas de siembra. El experimento se realizó en el año agrícola 2018/2019, en el área experimental del Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Ambientales de la Universidad Federal de Santa María, campus Frederico Westphalen - RS, en un diseño de bloques al azar en un esquema factorial (2x5). El diámetro del tallo, la longitud de la mazorca y el peso de mil semillas disminuyeron a medida que aumentó la población de plantas. Para ambos híbridos, y para la mayoría de las variables analizadas, las densidades de población no afectaron significativamente el rendimiento final de granos del maíz para palomitas. Sin embargo, cuando se trabaja con la población promedio, se observa una superioridad del híbrido 8203 para las variables, altura de la planta, altura de inserción de la mazorca, prolificidad, chalas, diámetro de la mazorca, número de granos por mazorca, peso de mil semillas y productividad final de granos.(AU)

Two centuries of April-July temperature change in southeastern China and its influence on grain productivity.

China is a traditional agriculture based country and one main region for crop production is southeastern China where temperature is a dominant climate variable affecting agriculture. Temperature and social disturbances both influence crop production, yet distinguishing their relative impacts is difficult due to a lack of reliable, high-resolution historical climatic records before the very recent period. Here we present the first tree-ring based warm-season temperature reconstruction for southeastern China, a core region of the East Asian monsoon, for the past 227years. The reconstruction target was April-July mean temperature, and our model explained 60.6% of the observed temperature variance during 1953-2012. Spatial correlation analysis showed that the reconstruction is representative of April-July temperature change over most of eastern China. The reconstructed temperature series agrees well with China-scale (heavily weighted in eastern China) agricultural production index values quite well at decadal timescales. The impacts of social upheavals on food production, such as those in the period 1920-1949, were confirmed after climatic influences were excluded. Our study should help distinguish the influence of social disturbance and warm-season temperature on grain productivity in the core agricultural region of China during the past two centuries.

Gibberellic Acid: A Key Phytohormone for Spikelet Fertility in Rice Grain Production.

The phytohormone gibberellic acid (GA) has essential signaling functions in multiple processes during plant development. In the "Green Revolution", breeders developed high-yield rice cultivars that exhibited both semi-dwarfism and altered GA responses, thus improving grain production. Most studies of GA have concentrated on germination and cell elongation, but GA also has a pivotal role in floral organ development, particularly in stamen/anther formation. In rice, GA signaling plays an important role in spikelet fertility; however, the molecular genetic and biochemical mechanisms of GA in male fertility remain largely unknown. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the network of GA signaling and its connection with spikelet fertility, which is tightly associated with grain productivity in cereal crops.

MicroRNA-targeted transcription factor gene RDD1 promotes nutrient ion uptake and accumulation in rice.

Fertilizers are often potential environmental pollutants, therefore increasing productivity and the efficiency of nutrient uptake to boost crop yields without the risk of environmental pollution is a desirable goal. Here, we show that the transcription factor encoding gene RDD1 plays a role in improving the uptake and accumulation of various nutrient ions in rice. RDD1 was found to be targeted by the microRNA miR166. An RDD1 transgene driven by a strong constitutive promoter exhibited a diurnally oscillating expression similar to that of the endogenous RDD1, and nucleotide substitution within the miR166 recognition site to prevent miR166-RDD1 mRNA pairing resulted in constitutive RDD1 expression. The RDD1 protein was localized to vascular tissue because miR166 repressed RDD1 expression in the mesophyll. The overexpression of RDD1 induced the expression of genes associated with the transport of several nutrients such as NH4(+), Na(+), SO4(2-), Cl(-), PO4(3-) and sucrose, and the uptake and accumulation of various nutrient ions under low-nutrient conditions. Moreover, the overexpression of RDD1 increased nitrogen responsiveness and grain productivity. Our results suggest that RDD1 can contribute to the increased grain productivity of rice via inducing the efficient uptake and accumulation of various nutrient ions.

Adaptabilidade e estabilidade fenotipica de genótipos de soja em Porto Alegre do Norte, MT / Fentopic adaptability and stability in soybean genotypes in Porto Alegre do Norte, state of Mato Grosso

Estudos de adaptabilidade e estabilidade são de grande importância para os programas de melhoramento de plantas, tornando possível a identificação de cultivares com comportamento previsível frente às variações ambientais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, com base na produtividade de grãos, a adaptabilidade e a estabilidade de genótipos de soja de ciclo tardio, cultivados em três anos consecutivos em Porto Alegre do Norte-MT. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na Fazenda Piraguassu, pertencente ao Grupo Itaquere, no município de Porto Alegre do Norte-MT. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos completos casualizados com três repetições, envolvendo 25 linhagens e quatro cultivares de soja (BRS Garantia, UFUS Impacta, UFUS Xavante e MSOY 8914). Os métodos de Eberhart e Russel (1966) e Lin Binns modificado por Carneiro (1998) permitiram identificar as linhagens UFU-1 e UFU-14 adaptadas a ambiente favorável, alta estabilidade e elevadas médias de produtividade de grãos. Todas as metodologias propostas foram concordantes em destacar a UFU- 16, devido ao maior desempenho produtivo, à adaptação a ambiente favorável, entretanto com baixa estabilidade.

Studies on adaptability and stability are very important in plant improving programs, because they allow identifying cultivars with predictable behavior upon environmental changes. This search aims to evaluate adaptability and productive stability in soybean genotypes [Glycine max (L.) Merrill], in Porto Alegre do Norte, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The experiment were carried out in Paraguassu Farm which belongs to Itaquere Group. The experimental design was a randomized block design with three replications, involving 25 lines and four commercial cultivars of soybean (BRS-Garantia, UFUS Impacta, UFUS Xavante e MSOY 8914). Assays were performed in harvests of 2008/2009, 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 in Porto Alegre do Norte-MT. In order to evaluate adaptability and stability, we used the following methods: Eberhart & Russell (1966), Lin & Binns modified by Carneiro (1998), centroid (ROCHA et al., 2005) and Wricke (1965). All these methodologies agreed in highlighting UFU- 16, due to its best productive performance, adaptation to favorable environment, however, it was considered low stability. According to the methods Eberhart & Russell (1966), Lin & Binns modified by Carneiro (1998), UFU-1 and UFU4 lineages showed high grain productivity average, high stability and were classified as adapted to favorable environment. However, both methodologies Lin & Binns modified by Carneiro (1998) and Eberhart & Russell (1966) agreed in classifying the cultivars concerning to adaptability and stability.