Addition of grape marc improves the silage of aerial parts of cassava plant / La adición de orujo mejora el ensilaje de las partes aéreas de la planta de yuca / A adição de bagaço de uva melhora a silagem da parte aérea da mandioca

Abstract Background: Although it is possible to preserve the aerial part of cassava in the form of silage, as demonstrated in previous studies, its low dry matter content can result in undesirable fermentation and increased effluent losses during silage, leading to a reduction in the final quality of the silage. A possible way to get around this problem would consist in mixing this silage with dehydrated by-products from the agroindustry. Objective: To evaluate the addition of dehydrated grape marc (DGM) to a silage of aerial parts of cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) on the chemical composition, degradability and in vitro gas production of silage. Methods: A completely randomized experimental design was used, with two treatments: (I) silage of the aerial part of cassava without additive; (II) silage of the aerial part of cassava added with 10% dehydrated grape marc (DGM) in the natural matter, as an additive. After 30 days of fermentation, silages were evaluated to estimate the contents of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total digestible nutrients (TDN), as well as pH, in vitro degradability, and cumulative gas production by semi-automatic in vitro gas production. Results: Addition of DGM did not affect CP, EE, NDF, nor TDN levels in silage. The DGM, however, promoted an increase in DM content (32.61 vs 30.31%) and a reduction in pH (4.00 vs 4.75) of the silage. The silage that received DGM presented higher degradability coefficients of soluble and potentially degradable fractions, which led to higher values of potential and effective degradability. Similarly, DGM promoted a reduction in particle colonization time (6.74 vs 10.01 h) and increased cumulative gas production (62.03 vs 57.82 mL/g DM). Conclusion: Addition of 10% dehydrated grape marc in the silage of aerial parts of cassava can be useful to reduce pH and increase dry matter contents of the silage.

Resumen Antecedentes: Si bien es posible preservar la parte aérea de la yuca en forma de ensilaje, como se demostró en estudios anteriores, el bajo contenido de materia seca puede resultar en fermentaciones indeseables y mayores pérdidas de efluentes durante el ensilaje, levando a una reducción en la calidad final del ensilaje. Una de las formas de solucionar este problema sería el ensilaje mixto de la parte aérea de la yuca con subproductos deshidratados de la agroindustria. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la adición de bagazo de uva deshidratado (BUD) a la parte aérea del ensilaje de yuca (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) sobre la composición química, degradabilidad y producción de gas in vitro del ensilado. Métodos: El diseño experimental utilizado fue completamente al azar y los tratamientos consistieron en: (I) ensilado de brotes de yuca sin aditivos; (II) ensilaje de la parte aérea de yuca con 10% de BUD en materia natural, como aditivo. Luego de 30 días de fermentación, los ensilajes fueron evaluados para materia seca (MS), proteína cruda (PC), extracto de éter (EE), fibra detergente neutra (FDN), nutrientes digestibles totales (NDT), pH, degradabilidad in vitro y producción acumulada de gas mediante la técnica de producción de gas in vitro semiautomática. Resultados: La adición de BUD no cambió los contenidos de PB, EE, FDN y NDT del ensilaje. Sin embargo, BUD promovió un aumento en el contenido de MS (32,61 vs 30,31%) y una reducción en el pH (4,00 vs 4,75) del ensilaje. El ensilado que recibió la BUD mostró mayores coeficientes de degradabilidad de las fracciones solubles y potencialmente degradables, lo que resultó en mayores valores de degradabilidad potencial y efectiva. De manera similar, BUD promovió una reducción en el tiempo de colonización de partículas (6,74 vs 10,01 h) y un aumento en la producción acumulada de gas (62,03 vs 57,82 mL/g MS). Conclusiones: La adición de 10% de bagazo de uva deshidratado al ensilaje de la parte aérea de yuca puede ser útil para reducir el pH y aumentar el contenido de materia seca del ensilaje.

Resumo Antecedentes: Embora seja possível preservar a parte aérea da mandioca na forma de silagem, conforme demonstrado em estudos anteriores o baixo teor de matéria seca, pode resultar em fermentação indesejável e aumento das perdas de efluentes durante a silagem, levando à redução da qualidade final da silagem. Uma das formas de contornar esse problema seria a silagem mista da parte aérea da mandioca com subprodutos desidratados da agroindústria. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da adição do bagaço desidratado de uva (BDU) na ensilagem da parte aérea de mandioca (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) sobre a composição química, degradabilidade e produção de gases in vitro da silagem. Métodos: O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado e os tratamentos constituíram-se por: (I) silagem da parte aérea da mandioca sem aditivo; (II) silagem da parte aérea da mandioca com 10% de bagaço desidratado de uva (BDU) na matéria natural, como aditivo. Após 30 dias de fermentação, as silagens foram avaliadas quanto aos teores de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), pH, degradabilidade in vitro e produção cumulativa de gases por meio da técnica semiautomática de produção de gases in vitro. Resultados: A adição do BDU não alterou os teores de PB, EE, FDN e NDT da silagem. No entanto, o BDU promoveu aumento no teor de MS (32,61 vs 30,31%) e redução no pH (4,00 vs 4,75) da silagem. A silagem que recebeu o BDU apresentou maiores coeficientes de degradabilidade das frações solúvel e potencialmente degradável, o que acarretou em maiores valores de degradabilidade potencial e efetiva. Do mesmo modo, o BDU promoveu uma redução no tempo de colonização da partícula (6,74 vs 10,01 h) e um aumento na produção cumulativa de gás (62,03 vs 57,82 mL/g MS). Conclusões: A adição de 10% do bagaço desidratado de uva na silagem da parte aérea de mandioca pode ser útil para reduzir o pH e aumentar os teores de matéria seca da silagem.

The Optimization of Operating Conditions in the Cross-Flow Microfiltration of Grape Marc Extract by Response Surface Methodology.

The recovery of valuable compounds like phenolic compounds and sugars from grape marc extracts implies different steps, including clarification. In this study, a response surface methodology (RSM) was used as a statistical tool to study the effects of operating conditions such as transmembrane pressure (TMP), temperature and feed flow rate on the performance of a microfiltration (MF) monotubular ceramic membrane with a pore size of 0.14 µm in the clarification of grape marc extract from the Carménère variety, as well to optimize the process conditions by implementing the Box-Behnken statistical design. The desirability function approach was applied to analyze the regression model equations in order to maximize the permeate flux and concentration of malvidin-3-O-glucoside, glucose and fructose in the clarified extract. The optimal operating conditions were found to be 1 bar, 29.01 °C and 5.64 L/min. Under these conditions, the permeate flux and concentration of malvidin-3-O-glucoside, glucose and fructose resulted in 65.78 L/m2h, 43.73 mg/L, 305.89 mg/L, and 274.85 mg/L, respectively.

Recovery of Anthocyanins and Monosaccharides from Grape Marc Extract by Nanofiltration Membranes.

Wastewaters and by-products generated in the winemaking process are important and inexpensive sources of value-added compounds that can be potentially reused for the development of new products of commercial interest (i.e., functional foods). This research was undertaken in order to evaluate the potential of nanofiltration (NF) membranes in the recovery of anthocyanins and monosaccharides from a clarified Carménère grape marc obtained through a combination of ultrasound-assisted extraction and microfiltration. Three different flat-sheet nanofiltration (NF) membranes, covering the range of molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) from 150 to 800 Da, were evaluated for their productivity as well as for their rejection towards anthocyanins (malvidin-3-O-glucoside, malvidin 3-(acetyl)-glucoside, and malvidin 3-(coumaroyl)-glucoside) and sugars (glucose and fructose) in selected operating conditions. The selected membranes showed differences in their performance in terms of permeate flux and rejection of target compounds. The NFX membrane, with the lowest MWCO (150-300 Da), showed a lower flux decay in comparison to the other investigated membranes. All the membranes showed rejection higher than 99.42% for the quantified anthocyanins. Regarding sugars rejection, the NFX membrane showed the highest rejection for glucose and fructose (100 and 92.60%, respectively), whereas the NFW membrane (MWCO 300-500 Da) was the one with the lowest rejection for these compounds (80.57 and 71.62%, respectively). As a general trend, the tested membranes did not show a preferential rejection of anthocyanins over sugars. Therefore, all tested membranes were suitable for concentration purposes.

Impact of Membrane Pore Size on the Clarification Performance of Grape Marc Extract by Microfiltration.

The influence of membrane pore size on the permeate flux, fouling mechanism, and rejection of soluble and suspended solids, as well as of phenolics and anthocyanins, in the clarification of grape marc extract by microfiltration (MF) was studied. MF was operated by using three monotubular ceramic membranes with a pore size of 0.14, 0.2, and 0.8 µm, respectively, according to a batch concentration configuration in selected operating conditions (2.25 bar as operating pressure, 4.93 L/min as feed flow rate, and 25 °C as operating temperature). No significant differences in the permeate flux values were appreciated despite the difference in pore size. The mathematical analyses of the flux behavior revealed that intermediate pore blocking is the predominant mechanism for 0.14 and 0.2 µm membranes, whereas complete pore blocking prevails for the 0.8 µm membrane. Differences in the fouling mechanism were associated with differences in the total phenols rejection: the highest rejection was observed for the 0.8 µm membrane followed by 0.2 and 0.14 µm membranes. All selected membranes showed low rejection of sugars, with values lower than 10%, and no retention towards anthocyanins. All the clarified extracts showed a turbidity lower than 4.87 NTU. Based on the experimental results, the 0.14 µm membrane appeared as the best option for the clarification of grape marc extract.

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and gas chromatography accurate mass spectrometry for extraction and non-targeted profiling of volatile and semi-volatile compounds in grape marc distillates.

The suitability of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) and gas chromatography accurate mass spectrometry (GC-MS), based on a time-of-flight (TOF) MS analyzer and using electron ionization (EI), for the characterization of volatile and semi-volatile profiles of grape marc distillates (grappa) are evaluated. DLLME conditions are optimized with a selection of compounds, from different chemical families, present in the distillate spirit. Under final working conditions, 2.5 mL of sample and 0.5 mL of organic solvents are consumed in the sample preparation process. The absolute extraction efficiencies ranged from 30 to 100%, depending on the compound. For the same sample volume, DLLME provided higher responses than solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for most of the model compounds. The GC-EI-TOF-MS records of grappa samples were processed using a data mining non-targeted search algorithm. In this way, chromatographic peaks and accurate EI-MS spectra of sample components were linked. The identities of more than 140 of these components are proposed from comparison of their accurate spectra with those in a low resolution EI-MS database, accurate masses of most intense fragment ions of known structure, and available chromatographic retention index. The use of chromatographic and spectral data, associated to the set of components mined from different grappa samples, for multivariate analysis purposes is also illustrated in the study.

Effect of drying methods on the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of Brazilian winemaking byproducts and their stability over storage.

This work aimed to study the antioxidant capacity by different methods, the total content of polyphenols and the stability over time of dried byproducts from Brazilian hybrids and Vitis vinifera varieties. Oven-dried at 50 °C and spray-dried samples were monitored for 90 days of storage. Under testing conditions, BRS Violeta grapes showed the greatest stability and initial high levels of total phenolics and anthocyanins remained almost unchanged until the end of storage period. The same behavior was observed in BRS Violeta freeze-dried skins, seeds and lees (8557, 9520 and 4261 mg GAE/100 g DM, respectively, and 829 and 257 mg mv-3-glc/100 g DM in skin and lees, respectively). In all methodologies tested, BRS Violeta also showed higher values for antioxidant capacity. These results suggest that dried winemaking byproducts can be used as rich sources of polyphenol compounds for industrial extractions with high stability and antioxidant capacity.

Phenolic composition of grape and winemaking by-products of Brazilian hybrid cultivars BRS Violeta and BRS Lorena.

The phenolic composition of grapes and winemaking by-products (skins from grape marc, and lees) from Brazilian hybrid cultivars BRS Violeta (red) and BRS Lorena (white) was studied. Two vintages, five classes of phenolic compounds, and recovery yields using three dehydration techniques were considered: oven-drying at 50°C (D50); spray-drying (SD); and freeze-drying (FD). Recovery yields were higher using FD, although less expensive SD was a good alternative for Violeta lees. D50 caused great recovery reduction in Violeta but yielded similar results for Lorena. Violeta winemaking by-products were excellent sources of anthocyanins (mainly non-acylated and p-coumaroylated diglucosides), flavonols (mainly myricetin-based) and hydroxycinnamic derivatives (mainly caffeic-based). Lorena winemaking by-products contained lesser amounts of phenolic compounds, around a tenth of the values found in Violeta grapes for flavonols (mainly quercetin-based), hydroxycinnamic derivatives (mainly caffeic-based) and condensed tannins. Lorena cultivar contained small amounts of trans-resveratrol and its 3-glucoside, which were missing in Violeta cultivar.

Bagaço de uva como ingrediente alternativo no arraçoamento de coelhos em crescimento / Grape marc as alternative ingredient in feeding of growing rabbits

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar efeitos da inclusão do bagaço de uva em substituição ao feno de alfafa sobre desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e parâmetros morfohistológicos do trato gastrointestinal de coelhos em fase de crescimento. Foram utilizados 30 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia Branca divididos igualmente em três tratamentos, compostos pela dieta experimental padrão (sem inclusão de bagaço de uva); e pelas dietas com 25% e 50% de substituição de alfafa por bagaço de uva nas respectivas rações experimentais. A inclusão de bagaço de uva causou aumento linear no consumo total de ração e no ganho de peso. A presença em maior proporção dos ácidos graxos essenciais ômega3 e ômega6 nos tratamentos T25BU e T50BU promoveu melhores respostas zootécnicas, uma vez que esses nutrientes agem positivamente no equilíbrio homeostático. Os resultados morfohistológicos demonstraram que a altura das vilosidades intestinais do ceco aumentou com a inclusão de bagaço de uva na dieta, possuindo correlação positiva. A inclusão de bagaço de uva em dietas para coelhos na fase de crescimento altera o desempenho dos animais, aumentando o consumo total de ração e o ganho de peso. Evidenciou-se também que o aumento desse co-produto melhora as características morfológicas das vilosidades intestinais referentes ao ceco.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of inclusion of grape pomace as a replacement for alfalfa hay on performance, carcass yield and morpho hitological parameters of the gastrointestinal tract of rabbits during the growth phase. A total of 30 rabbits of New Zealand White equally divided into three treatments: experimental compounds by standard diet (without inclusion of grape pomace), and the diets with 25% and 50% replacement of alfalfa by grape pomace in the respective experimental diets. The inclusion of grape pomace caused a linear increase in total feed intake and weight gain. The presence in a greater proportion of essential fatty acids in treatment with Omega3 and omega6 T25BU and T50BU best responses promoted husbandry, since these nutrients act positively in the homeostatic equilibrium. The morphohistological results showed that the height of the intestinal villi cecum increased with the inclusion of dietary grape pomace , showing a positive correlation. The inclusion of grape pomace in diets for rabbits in the growth phase alters their performance, increasing the total feed intake and weight gain. It also showed that increasing this co-product improves the morphology of the cecum intestinal villi.

Bagaço de uva como ingrediente alternativo no arraçoamento de coelhos em crescimento

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of inclusion of grape pomace as a replacement for alfalfa hay on performance, carcass yield and morpho hitological parameters of the gastrointestinal tract of rabbits during the growth phase. A total of 30 rabbits of New Zealand White equally divided into three treatments: experimental compounds by standard diet (without inclusion of grape pomace), and the diets with 25% and 50% replacement of alfalfa by grape pomace in the respective experimental diets. The inclusion of grape pomace caused a linear increase in total feed intake and weight gain. The presence in a greater proportion of essential fatty acids in treatment with Omega3 and omega6 T25BU and T50BU best responses promoted husbandry, since these nutrients act positively in the homeostatic equilibrium. The morphohistological results showed that the height of the intestinal villi cecum increased with the inclusion of dietary grape pomace , showing a positive correlation. The inclusion of grape pomace in diets for rabbits in the growth phase alters their performance, increasing the total feed intake and weight gain. It also showed that increasing this co-product improves the morphology of the cecum intestinal villi.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar efeitos da inclusão do bagaço de uva em substituição ao feno de alfafa sobre desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e parâmetros morfohistológicos do trato gastrointestinal de coelhos em fase de crescimento. Foram utilizados 30 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia Branca divididos igualmente em três tratamentos, compostos pela dieta experimental padrão (sem inclusão de bagaço de uva); e pelas dietas com 25% e 50% de substituição de alfafa por bagaço de uva nas respectivas rações experimentais. A inclusão de bagaço de uva causou aumento linear no consumo total de ração e no ganho de peso. A presença em maior proporção dos ácidos graxos essenciais ômega3 e ômega6 nos tratamentos T25BU e T50BU promoveu melhores respostas zootécnicas, uma vez que esses nutrientes agem positivamente no equilíbrio homeostático. Os resultados morfohistológicos demonstraram que a altura das vilosidades intestinais do ceco aumentou com a inclusão de bagaço de uva na dieta, possuindo correlação positiva. A inclusão de bagaço de uva em dietas para coelhos na fase de crescimento altera o desempenho dos animais, aumentando o consumo total de ração e o ganho de peso. Evidenciou-se também que o aumento desse co-produto melhora as características morfológicas das vilosidades intestinais referentes ao ceco.

Bagaço de uva como ingrediente alternativo no arraçoamento de coelhos em crescimento

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of inclusion of grape pomace as a replacement for alfalfa hay on performance, carcass yield and morpho hitological parameters of the gastrointestinal tract of rabbits during the growth phase. A total of 30 rabbits of New Zealand White equally divided into three treatments: experimental compounds by standard diet (without inclusion of grape pomace), and the diets with 25% and 50% replacement of alfalfa by grape pomace in the respective experimental diets. The inclusion of grape pomace caused a linear increase in total feed intake and weight gain. The presence in a greater proportion of essential fatty acids in treatment with Omega3 and omega6 T25BU and T50BU best responses promoted husbandry, since these nutrients act positively in the homeostatic equilibrium. The morphohistological results showed that the height of the intestinal villi cecum increased with the inclusion of dietary grape pomace , showing a positive correlation. The inclusion of grape pomace in diets for rabbits in the growth phase alters their performance, increasing the total feed intake and weight gain. It also showed that increasing this co-product improves the morphology of the cecum intestinal villi.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar efeitos da inclusão do bagaço de uva em substituição ao feno de alfafa sobre desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e parâmetros morfohistológicos do trato gastrointestinal de coelhos em fase de crescimento. Foram utilizados 30 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia Branca divididos igualmente em três tratamentos, compostos pela dieta experimental padrão (sem inclusão de bagaço de uva); e pelas dietas com 25% e 50% de substituição de alfafa por bagaço de uva nas respectivas rações experimentais. A inclusão de bagaço de uva causou aumento linear no consumo total de ração e no ganho de peso. A presença em maior proporção dos ácidos graxos essenciais ômega3 e ômega6 nos tratamentos T25BU e T50BU promoveu melhores respostas zootécnicas, uma vez que esses nutrientes agem positivamente no equilíbrio homeostático. Os resultados morfohistológicos demonstraram que a altura das vilosidades intestinais do ceco aumentou com a inclusão de bagaço de uva na dieta, possuindo correlação positiva. A inclusão de bagaço de uva em dietas para coelhos na fase de crescimento altera o desempenho dos animais, aumentando o consumo total de ração e o ganho de peso. Evidenciou-se também que o aumento desse co-produto melhora as características morfológicas das vilosidades intestinais referentes ao ceco.