Uncovering Metabolic Alterations in HCT-116 Colon Cancer Cells upon Exposure to Bamboo Leaf Extract Obtained from Guadua incana Londoño.

Metabolic alterations are increasingly recognized as important aspects of colorectal cancer (CRC), offering potential avenues for identifying therapeutic targets. Previous studies have demonstrated the cytotoxic potential of bamboo leaf extract obtained from Guadua incana (BLEGI) against HCT-116 colon cancer cells. However, the altered metabolic pathways in these tumor cells remain unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to employ an untargeted metabolomic approach to reveal the metabolic alterations of the endometabolome and exometabolome of HCT-116 cells upon exposure to BLEGI treatment. First, a chemical characterization of the BLEGI was conducted through liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Next, we assessed cell viability via MTT and morphological analysis using an immunofluorescence assay against colon cancer cells, and anti-inflammatory activity using an LPS-stimulated macrophage model. Subsequently, we employed LC-MS and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) to investigate intra- and extracellular changes. Chemical characterization primarily revealed the presence of compounds with a flavone glycoside scaffold. Immunofluorescence analysis showed condensed chromatin and subsequent formation of apoptotic bodies, suggesting cell death by apoptosis. The results of the metabolomic analysis showed 98 differential metabolites, involved in glutathione, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and lipoic acid metabolism, among others. Additionally, BLEGI demonstrated significant nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory capacity in macrophage cells. This study enhances our understanding of BLEGI's possible mechanism of action and provides fresh insights into therapeutic targets for treating this disease.

Diametric compression of rings to analyze Guadua bamboo creep on the transverse plane.

Guadua angustifolia is a bamboo species that has been used in construction since it is an excellent sustainable material. However, it creeps under sustained loading, modifying the structural behavior of culms and joints. Thus, this study was aimed at describing the creep behavior of Guadua on the transverse plane. To this end, 60 Guadua rings were submitted to a diametric compression load by means of steel blocks, while the diametric displacement was measured over time. In tests conducted for up to 90 days, the displacements did not reach a stationary value. A high degree of deformation over time was measured, which was about 2-3 times that reported for bamboo creep under axial bending. The data were successfully fitted to a generalized Maxwell model and a Burgers model. Model parameters were not significantly different when being fitted at 30, 50, 60, and 90 days, suggesting that parameters of viscoelastic models to represent bamboo creep on the transverse plane can be captured with tests lasting 30 days. Eleven rings failed at a stress level of 3.64 MPa (Coefficient of variation CV = 0.22) and a strain level of 0.0373 (CV = 0.20) which are 39% lower and 78% higher than the failure stress and strain, respectively, obtained in static control tests. The substantial creep on the transverse plane indicates that the stiffness and capacity of some types of bamboo joints may be drastically reduced over time. Fitted parameters may be used in theoretical models to assess the performance of bamboo elements and joints under transverse loading over time.

Guadua angustifolia Kunth leaves as a source for bioactive phenolic compounds: Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction using response surface methodology and antioxidant activities.

This study evaluated the ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Guadua angustifolia leaves, along with their optimization using response surface methodology. The effects of two sonication process conditions were determined using a central composite experimental design, with three levels (low, medium, and high) evaluated for time (10, 20, and 30 min) and temperature (20 °C, 35 °C, and 50 °C). A total of 12 experiments with four replicates were conducted at the central point, with the total phenol and flavonoid contents determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method and complexation with AlCl3, respectively. The optimized extract was analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), and the antioxidant capacity of the optimized extract was determined by DPPH• (2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS•+ (2,2'-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays. Extraction at 50 °C for 20 min was found to favor the extraction of phenol and total flavonoids. The experimental validation of the total phenol and flavonoid content produced values of 7.39 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry matter and 1.55 mg quercetin equivalents per gram of dry matter, respectively. These values suggest that the extraction process is reproducible, with a relative standard deviation of 22.9 % and 14.1 %, respectively. The chromatographic profile showed that optimization favored the visualization of phenolic compounds compared to the non-optimized extract. The optimized extract had higher antioxidant capacity than the non-optimized extract, with values of 209.23 and 144.76 µmol Trolox per gram extract for the DPPH• and ABTS•+ techniques, respectively. Thus, the conditions evaluated in the ultrasound-assisted extraction were an efficient technique capable of extracting the maximum amount of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity from the leaves of G. angustifolia, showing its potential application in various industries.

Untargeted metabolomics approach and molecular networking analysis reveal changes in chemical composition under the influence of altitudinal variation in bamboo species.

Bamboo species have traditionally been used as building material and potential source of bioactive substances, as they produce a wide variety of phenolic compounds, including flavonoids and cinnamic acid derivatives that are considered biologically active. However, the effects of growth conditions such as location, altitude, climate, and soil on the metabolome of these species still need to be fully understood. This study aimed to evaluate variations in chemical composition induced by altitudinal gradient (0-3000 m) by utilizing an untargeted metabolomics approach and mapping chemical space using molecular networking analysis. We analyzed 111 samples from 12 bamboo species collected from different altitudinal ranges using liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). We used multivariate and univariate statistical analyses to identify the metabolites that showed significant differences in the altitude environments. Additionally, we used the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) web platform to perform chemical mapping by comparing the metabolome among the studied species and the reference spectra from its database. The results showed 89 differential metabolites between the altitudinal ranges investigated, wherein high altitude environments significantly increased the profile of flavonoids. While, low altitude environments significantly boosted the profile of cinnamic acid derivatives, particularly caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs). MolNetEnhancer networks confirmed the same differential molecular families already found, revealing metabolic diversity. Overall, this study provides the first report of variations induced by altitude in the chemical profile of bamboo species. The findings may possess fascinating active biological properties, thus offering an alternative use for bamboo.

Composição química e atividades biológicas de extratos e frações de Guadua chacoensis (Rojas) Londoño & P.M. Peterson / Chemical composition and biological activities of extracts and fractions of Guadua chacoensis (Rojas) Londoño & P.M. Peterson

O Brasil é o país que possui a maior diversidade de bambus em todo o continente americano, com mais de 200 espécies catalogadas. Devido à alta resistência e durabilidade, essas espécies são muito utilizadas na construção civil e confecção de móveis e utensílios. No entanto, faltam estudos que investiguem a composição química e as atividades biológicas. Neste projeto foram avaliados extratos etanólicos de folhas e colmos de Guadua chacoensis (Rojas) Londoño & P.M. Peterson e frações em hexano, clorofórmio, acetato de etila e n-butanol. Também se obteve o óleo volátil, mas com um rendimento extremamente baixo (0,00079%). As frações dos extratos apresentaram teores de compostos fenólicos variando entre 1,92 e 15,80 µg EAG/mg. Esses compostos mostraram-se mais abundantes nas amostras de colmos. Em relação ao teor de flavonoides, as folhas apresentaram maior quantidade, variando entre 0,39 e 1,18 µg EQ/mg contra 0,17 a 0,34 µg EQ/mg nos colmos. Investigou-se a atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos, frações e óleo volátil frente cinco microrganismos: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans e Aspergillus brasiliensis. As amostras demonstraram potencial inibitório moderado a bom contra S. aureus e C. albicans, porém fraca para as demais espécies. Testou-se a capacidade antioxidante frente o radical DPPH e os resultados indicaram atividade antioxidante significativa, especialmente as frações acetato e butanol de colmos. As folhas apresentaram EC50 variando entre 67,5 e 124,0 µg/mL e os colmos entre 40,2 e 124 µg/mL. A inibição da enzima tirosinase, que está associada à produção de melanina, também se mostrou boa a uma concentração de 1 mg/mL, com o extrato bruto de colmos apresentando 43% de inibição, seguido pelas frações acetato (36%) e n-butanol (38%) de folhas. As análises por CG-MS detectaram pelo menos 44 compostos diferentes no óleo volátil, com vários terpenos e sesquiterpenos, e com ß-ionona sendo o componente majoritário (8,75%). As amostras de colmos e folhas apontaram grande diversidade de compostos, cerca de 20 para cada fração, onde os ácidos graxos como ácido palmítico e linoleico e seus ésteres derivados foram os mais abundantes. A análise dos perfis cromatográficos por CCD e CLAE revelaram a presença de ácido p-cumárico nos colmos de G. chacoensis. Esse composto tem relevante atividade antioxidante e de inibição da tirosinase. Também foi possível identificar a quercetagetina-7-O-glicosídeo, uma flavona glicosilada, com propriedades anti-inflamatorias e antidiabéticas. Desta forma, constatou-se que G. chacoensis apresenta grande diversidade de metabólitos secundários com atividades biológicas relevantes, como atividade antioxidante e clareadora, abrindo caminho para investigações mais profundas de suas aplicações, especialmente no segmento de cosméticos e produtos naturais

Brazil is the country with the greatest diversity of bamboo in the entire American continent, with more than 200 species catalogued. Due to their high resistance and durability, they are widely used in home construction and manufacture of furniture and utensils. However, studies investigating chemical composition and biological activities are absent. In this project, ethanol extracts from leaves and stems of Guadua chacoensis (Rojas) Londoño & P.M. Peterson and fractions in hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol were evaluated. Volatile oil was also obtained, but with an extremely low yield (0.00079%). The fractions of the extracts presented contents of phenolic compounds varying between 1.92 and 15.80 µg GAE/mg. These compounds were more abundant in culm samples. In relation to the flavonoid content, leaves showed a greater amount, varying between 0.39 and 1.18 µg QE/mg against 0.17 to 0.34 µg QE/mg in culms. The antimicrobial activity of extracts, fractions and volatile oil were investigated against five microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Aspergillus brasiliensis. The samples showed moderate to good inhibitory potential against S. aureus and C. albicans, but weak for the other species. The antioxidant capacity was tested against the DPPH radical and the results indicated significant antioxidant activity, especially acetate and butanol culm fractions. The leaves presented EC50 varying between 67.5 and 124.0 µg/mL and culms between 40.2 and 124 µg/mL. The inhibition of the enzyme tyrosinase, which is associated with the production of melanin, was also shown to be good at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, with the raw culm extract showing 43% inhibition, followed by acetate (36%) and n-butanol (38%) fractions of leaves. CG-MS analysis detected at least 44 different compounds in volatile oil, with several terpenes and sesquiterpenes, and with ß-ionone being the major component (8.75%). Culm and leaf samples showed great diversity of compounds, about 20 for each fraction, where fatty acids such as palmitic and linoleic acid and their derivative esters were the most abundant. The analysis of the chromatographic profiles by TLC and HPLC revealed the presence of p-coumaric acid in culms of G. chacoensis. This compound has relevant antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibiting activity. It was also possible to identify quercetagetine-7-O-glucoside, a glycosylated flavone, with anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties. Thus, it was found that G. chacoensis presents a great diversity of secondary metabolites with relevant biological activities, such as antioxidant and whitening activity, opening ways for deeper investigations of its applications, especially in the segment of cosmetics and natural products

Chemical Characterization and Antiradical Properties of Pyroligneous Acid from a Preserved Bamboo, Guadua angustifolia Kunth

Abstract Pyroligneous acid (PA) was obtained by condensation of the vapors produced in the thermal decomposition of culms residues from Guadua angustifolia Kunth (G. angustifolia) cultivated in Colombia, with and without previous preservation treatment with borax salts. Chemical characterization by GC-MS showed that PA extracts has high content of phenolic compounds. Mequinol, isocreosol, 4-ethylphenol, 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol, 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxytoluene and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol were the most abundant substances, identified. The total phenolic content (TPC) and DPPH free radical scavenging activity, were investigated. TPC showed a concentration of 1.959 mg GA g-1±0.010 and 3.844 mg GA g-1±0.027 to PAC and PAS samples. These samples also exhibited high DPPH activity of 70.975%±0.921 and, 16.667%±0.298, respectively. The chemical composition, TPC and DPPH results indicate that the PA extracts obtained from G. angustifolia may be used as a raw material in the food industry as natural preservative, in medicine as alternative to antibiotics and in agriculture as insect repellent and foliar fertilizer.

Culm cell-wall compositions of tribes Bambuseae and Olyreae from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: Quantitative data from monosaccharide and oligosaccharide profiling and pectin/hemicellulose ratio.

Bamboos are known for their economical, ecological, and cultural importance. The plants can be annual or perennial and can be herbs, shrubs or trees and can also show different growth habits. The cell wall is the main component of the mechanical properties of the tissues. Data set presented here contains the results of cell walls fractioning of culms from six neotropical bamboo species: Apoclada simplex, Chusquea capituliflora, Filgueirasia arenicola, Filgueirasia cannavieira, Guadua tagoara, Merostachys riedeliana and Parodiolyra micrantha. The cell walls were fractionated with oxalate and increasing NaOH concentrations sequentially. The yield and the monosaccharide compositions showed a small amount of pectin as expected for Poaceae and arabinoxylan as the main hemicellulose. The digestion of the hemicellulose fraction with xylanase produced an oligosaccharide profile that could be used to compare the similarity of the arabinoxylan from different species without identifying each individual oligosaccharide. Our data showed that the differences in cell wall composition do not vary according to the growth habit, but are in close association with the phylogenetic relations within the family. The differences in load capacity in plants with different habits (trees and herbs, for example) are more associated with the amount of support tissues than with different cell wall compositions. The importance of evaluate the cell wall of tropical bamboo species aimed at improving resources for biotechnology was discussed by Tine et al. 2020 [1].

Bamboo, climate change and forest use: A critical combination for southwestern Amazonian forests?

About 160 000 km2 of forests in the border zone between Brazil and Peru are dominated by semi-scandent bamboos (Guadua spp.). We argue that both predicted decreased precipitation during the dry season and widespread anthropogenic disturbances will significantly increase the distribution and biomass of bamboos in the area. Seasonal dryness favours the growth of evergreen bamboos in relation to trees that shed their leaves during the dry season. Disturbance can be beneficial for the bamboo because, as a clonal plant, it is often able to recover more rapidly than trees. It also withstands dry season better than many trees. The bamboo life cycle ends in a mass mortality event every 28 years, producing potential fuel for a forest fire. Presently, natural forest fires hardly exist in the area. However, in the projected future climate with more pronounced dry season and with increased fuel load after bamboo die-off events the forests may start to catch fire that has escaped from inhabited areas or even started naturally. Fires can kill trees, thus further increasing the fuel load of the forest. As a result, the landscape may start to convert to a savanna ecosystem.

Anatomy, nutritional value and cell wall chemical analysis of foliage leaves of Guadua chacoensis (Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Bambuseae), a promising source of forage.

BACKGROUND: The present study combines morphological and anatomical studies, cell wall chemical composition analysis, as well as assessment of the nutritional value of Guadua chacoensis foliage leaves. RESULTS: Foliage leaves of G. chacoensis are a promising source of forage because: (a) as a native woody bamboo, it is adapted to and helps maintain environmental conditions in America; (b) leaf anatomical studies exhibit discontinuous sclerenchyma, scarcely developed, while pilose indumentum, silica cells, prickles and hooks are also scarce; (c) it has a high protein content, similar to that of Medicago sativa, while other nutritional parameters are similar to those of common forages; and (d) glucuronoarabinoxylan, the major extracted polysaccharide, has one-third of the 4-linked ß-d-xylopyranosyl units of the backbone substituted mainly with α-l-arabinofuranose as single stubs or non-reducing end of short chains, but also 5-linked α-l-arabinofuranose units, terminal ß-d-xylopyranose and d-galactopyranose units, as well as α-d-glucuronic acid residues and small amounts of its 4-O-methylated derivative. CONCLUSION: These results constitute the first report on this species, and as culms are utilized in constructions and crafts, the remaining leaves, when used as forage, constitute a byproduct that allows an additional income opportunity. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

The foraging behavior of the Large-headed Flatbill, Ramphotrigon megacephalum and the Dusky-tailed Flatbill, Ramphotrigon fuscicauda (Aves: Tyrannidae)

Southwestern Amazonia has great bird diversity which includes birds specialized in bamboo forests. In this region, bamboo is considered a key element of the landscape. The objective of this study was to investigate and describe the foraging behavior of the Large-headed Flatbill, Ramphotrigon megacephalum (Swainson, 1835) and the Dusky-tailed Flatbill, Ramphotrigon fuscicauda Chapman, 1925, which occur sympatrically in the region and are considered bamboo specialists. This study was conducted between November 2013 and September 2014, within two fragments in the eastern portion of the state of Acre: Fazenda Experimental Catuaba, in the municipality of Senador Guiomard; and Reserva Florestal Humaitá, in Porto Acre. A total of 109 and 97 foraging events were registered, for the Large-headed Flatbill and the Dusky-tailed Flatbill, respectively. The two species frequently used bamboos for searching and capturing their prey. However, the large-headed Flatbill was more specialized in bamboo substrates. Both species use similar foraging techniques and the differences found between the two are minor, but when taken together, these differences may explain their ability to co-exist.(AU)

The foraging behavior of the Large-headed Flatbill, Ramphotrigon megacephalum and the Dusky-tailed Flatbill, Ramphotrigon fuscicauda (Aves: Tyrannidae)

Southwestern Amazonia has great bird diversity which includes birds specialized in bamboo forests. In this region, bamboo is considered a key element of the landscape. The objective of this study was to investigate and describe the foraging behavior of the Large-headed Flatbill, Ramphotrigon megacephalum (Swainson, 1835) and the Dusky-tailed Flatbill, Ramphotrigon fuscicauda Chapman, 1925, which occur sympatrically in the region and are considered bamboo specialists. This study was conducted between November 2013 and September 2014, within two fragments in the eastern portion of the state of Acre: Fazenda Experimental Catuaba, in the municipality of Senador Guiomard; and Reserva Florestal Humaitá, in Porto Acre. A total of 109 and 97 foraging events were registered, for the Large-headed Flatbill and the Dusky-tailed Flatbill, respectively. The two species frequently used bamboos for searching and capturing their prey. However, the large-headed Flatbill was more specialized in bamboo substrates. Both species use similar foraging techniques and the differences found between the two are minor, but when taken together, these differences may explain their ability to co-exist.

Estudios para el aprovechamiento potencial de hojas de Guadua angustifolia Kunth (Poaceae), para el sector cosmético / Studies for the potential utilization of Guadua angustifolia Kunth (Poaceae) leaves for the cosmetic sector

Introducción: el aprovechamiento de residuos agroindustriales es una práctica que se trata de implementar por el impacto ambiental que representa. Objetivo: realizar un análisis bromatológico y fitoquimico de las hojas de Guadua y evaluar el efecto de algunas variables implicadas en el proceso de obtención del materia vegetal que puedan afectar el rendimiento y la actividad antioxidante del extracto hidroalcohólico. Métodos: se identificó cualitativamente los metabolitos secundarios presentes en las hojas y se complementó con un estudio bromatológico según normas AOAC. Mediante diseños de comparación simple y diseño factorial 22, se determinó la influencia del proceso de secado (natural y controlado), el tamaño de partícula (120 µm y 64 µm), edad de los cultivos (3-4 años) y el tiempo de almacenamiento de las hojas secas y molidas (1 y 6 meses) sobre el rendimiento de extracción y la actividad antioxidante ( Folin Ciocalteu y DPPH) del extracto hidroalcohólico. Resultados: las hojas secas revelan presencia de compuestos con actividad antioxidante (flavonoides y fenoles) y un 2,4 por ciento de nitrógeno menor al reportado para otros bambús. A partir de las hojas se puede obtener un extracto hidroalcohólico con un rendimiento hasta del 10,6 por ciento y con actividad antioxidante hasta de 9,2 mg ácido gálico/100g y 14,5 mg Trolox /100g. Se observó que la propiedad antioxidante del extracto hidroalcohólico y el rendimiento de extracción no varían con la edad de los cultivos (3-4 años) de donde provienen las hojas, ni con el método de secado, ni con el tiempo de almacenamiento de las hojas, mientras que si cambian con el tamaño de partícula. Conclusión: las hojas de Guadua por su actividad antioxidante son una materia prima potencial para ser usada en la industria cosmética(AU)

Introduction: the use of agro-industrial wastes is a practice that has been implemented by the environmental impact it represents. Objective: to perform a bromatological and phytochemical analysis of Guadua leaves and to evaluate the effect of some variables involved in the process of obtaining plant material that may affect the yield and the antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract. Methods: secondary metabolites in the leaves were qualitatively identified and then supplemented with bromatologic study according to AOAC standards. Through a simple comparison designs and factorial design 22, there was determined the influence of the drying process (natural and controlled), the particle size (120 and 64 µm), crop age (3-4 years) and storage time of the dried and ground leaves (1 and 6 months) on the extraction yield and antioxidant activity (DPPH Folin and Ciocalteu) of hydroalcoholic extract. Results: dried leaves revealed the presence of compounds with antioxidant activity (flavonoids and phenols) and 2,4 percent nitrogen less than reported for other bamboo trees. From the leaves, one can obtain a hydroalcoholic extract with yield up to 10,6 percent and antioxidant activity up to 9,2 mg gallic acid / 100g and Trolox 14,5 mg / 100g. It was observed that neither age of the cultures (3-4 years) from leaves, the drying method, nor the time storage of leaves affect antioxidant properties and the extraction yield of hydroalcoholic extract, whereas these properties did change with the particle size. Conclusions: Guadua leaves, for their antioxidant activity, are a potential raw material for use in the cosmetics industry(AU)

A new species and a new record of Diatrypaceae from Panama.

Based on opportunistic collections of fungi in Panama, two species of Diatrypaceae (Xylariales) are described and illustrated. One of them, Eutypella semicircularis, found twice on branches probably belonging to Alnus acuminata, is new to science. It differs from known species of Eutypella and Peroneutypa with strongly allantoid or semicircular ascospores, such as E. crustata and P. curvispora, in having larger ascospores that sometimes almost form a circle and broader stromata, among other differences. Molecular data of the ITS rDNA region show that the new species is a sister taxon of Eutypella cerviculata, the type species of the genus Eutypella. Diatrype bermudensis on stems of Guadua angustifolia is reported from Panama for the first time, being known up to now apparently only from Bermuda.

Determinación del potencial antioxidante en extractos de vinagre Guadua angustifolia Kunth para aplicaciones alimenticias / Determination of the antioxidant potential in Guadua angustifolia Kunth vinegar extracts for food applications

Introducción: los vinagres producidos durante la pirolisis de Guadua angustifolia Kunth, son una fuente de compuestos fenólicos con alta actividad antioxidante; en la literatura se reporta que se han logrado extraer cerca de 400 compuestos de interés de especies similares, con aplicación farmacéutica, cosmética y alimentaria. Debido a este potencial, la guadua representa una importante alternativa de desarrollo científico, tecnológico y económico. Objetivos: identificar los compuestos fenólicos del vinagre de guadua, investigar su capacidad antioxidante y medir la eficiencia del proceso de refinación para incorporar el vinagre refinado en una formulación alimenticia. Métodos: el vinagre se guadua se caracterizó por cromatografía de gases y luego se sometió a un proceso de destilación fraccionado y a un proceso enzimático para eliminar compuestos tóxicos. Posteriormente se usaron diferentes concentraciones de vinagre refinado y de maltodextrina para la elaboración de las diferentes formulaciones. La actividad antioxidante en las formulaciones se determinó por los métodos ABTS y DPPH, y la concentración de siringol se cuantificó por HPLC. Resultados: los procesos de refinación lograron eliminar los compuestos tóxicos casi en su totalidad. Las formulaciones alimenticias preparadas sobre la base de vinagre de guadua presentan una actividad antioxidante hasta de 940,16 µmol/L. La concentración de siringol en las formulaciones oscila entre 20 y 100 ppm. Conclusiones: se logró incorporar el vinagre de guadua en el desarrollo de una bebida alimenticia con propiedades antioxidantes. La actividad antioxidante resultó 10 veces mayor que las bebidas comerciales.

Introduction: the vinegars produced during the pyrolysis of Guadua angustifolia Kunth, are a source of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity. There are reports in the international literature about the extraction of nearly 400 compounds from other similar species with pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food applications. Because of this potential, Guadua is an important alternative for scientific, technological and economic development. Objectives: to identify the phenolic compounds from guadua vinegar, to further investigate their antioxidant capacity and to measure the efficiency of the refining process to incorporate the refined vinegar into the food formulation. Methods: guadua vinegar was characterized through the gas chromatography technique and then was subjected to a fractional distillation process and to an enzymatic process for removing toxic compounds. Afterwards, different concentrations of maltodextrin and refined vinegar were used to make the formulations. Antioxidant activity in the formulations was determined by the ABTS and DPPH methods and the concentration of syringol was measured by HPLC. Results: the refining process managed to eliminate almost all the toxic compounds. The food formulations with guadua vinegar had antioxidant activity of up 940.16 µmol/L. The syringol concentration in the formulations ranged 20 to 100 ppm. Conclusions: it was possible to incorporate guadua vinegar in the preparation of a food beverage with antioxidant properties. The antioxidant activity of this beverage was 10 times greater than that of the commercial ones.

Extracción de fracciones con actividad antioxidante en hojas de Guadua angustifolia Kunth / Extraction of fractions with anti-oxidant activity in Guadua angustifolia Kunth leaves

Introducción: reportes científicos muestran que las hojas de bambú, principalmente provenientes de Phyllostachys nigra, contienen compuestos con actividad antioxidante aptos para uso alimentario. Dado que la Guadua angustofolia Kunt. es el género de bambú nativo más importante de Colombia y América tropical, se estudió si esta especie también contiene compuestos con actividad antioxidante. Objetivo: evaluar la influencia de la técnica, del solvente y del método de extracción para obtener fracciones con actividad antioxidante a partir de hojas de Guadua angustifolia Kunth (Poaceae). Métodos: se planteó un diseño experimental de bloques completamente aleatorizado, el factor de bloqueo principal fue la técnica de extracción (reflujo, soxhlet, ultrasonido), y como tratamiento el solvente (etanol 50 por ciento, acetato de etilo, éter dietílico). También se realizó un estudio de comparación múltiple para evaluar 2 métodos de extracción (directo y fraccionamiento sucesivo por polaridad). Las extracciones se hicieron sobre hojas secas, molidas y desengrasadas. La actividad antioxidante se midió como la capacidad de atrapamiento del radical formado a partir de DPPH (2-2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). Resultados: todos los extractos obtenidos mostraron actividad antioxidante. La aplicación de diferentes técnicas de extracción o de métodos no mostró diferencias significativas en los valores de actividad antioxidante. Sí se observó diferencia estadística con el tipo de solvente usado; la actividad antioxidante resultó menor en los extractos obtenidos con éter dietílico. Conclusiones: los extractos logrados muestran actividad antioxidante, que concuerda con la actividad presentada por otros bambús.

Introduction: scientific reports show that bamboo leaves, mainly from Phyllostachys nigra, contains compounds with antioxidant activity suitable for food. Since Guadua angustifolia Kunt is the most important native bamboo genus in Colombia and tropical America, this study analyzed whether this species had compounds with antioxidant activity. Objective: to assess the influence of the technique, the solvent and the method of extraction in obtaining fractions with antioxidant activity from Guadua angustifolia Kunth (Poaceae) leaves. Methods: a completely randomized experimental design of blocks, was presented where the main blocking factor was the extraction technique (reflux, soxhlet, ultrasound), and as treatment was the solvent (50 percent ethanol, ethyl acetate, diethyl ether). Additionally, a multiple comparison study was carried out to evaluate two extraction methods (direct and successive fractionning by polarity). The extractions were performed on dry, ground and grease-free leaves. The antioxidant activity was measured as the trapping capacity of radical derived from DPPH (2-2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). Results: all the extracts show antioxidant activity. The application of different extraction techniques or methods did not show significant differences in the antioxidant activity figures, but did show statistical significance with respect to the used solvent. The antioxidant activity was lower in extracts from diethyl ether. Conclusions: the resulting extracts show antioxidant activity, in agreement with previously reported results for other bamboos.

Actividad antiséptica de vinagre de Guadua angustifolia Kunth / Antiseptic activity of Guadua angustifolia Kunth vinegar

Introducción: los vinagres de bambú se utilizan en los países orientales en aplicaciones farmacéuticas, con la especie Guadua angustifolia Kunth no se han encontrado investigaciones similares. Evaluar la actividad antiséptica del vinagre de guadua permitiría avanzar en estos desarrollos. Objetivo: determinar la sensibilidad de las bacterias Pseudomona aeruginosa y Staphylococcus aureus frente al vinagre de guadua, los cambios con la concentración y el pH. Métodos: la actividad antimicrobiana se midió por difusión en agar en medio Muller Hinton. Se ensayaron vinagres a concentraciones entre 100, 80, 60, 40 y 20 por ciento a pH entre 3 y 6. Se estableció la concentración mínima inhibitoria. Resultados: el vinagre de guadua presenta actividad antiséptica a concentraciones superiores a 12 mg/mL en base seca, rango de pH 2 a 6, reduce en 4 log la concentración de microorganismos y muestra mayor actividad antiséptica contra S. aureus. Conclusiones: la actividad antiséptica del vinagre de bambú comparado con el de otra especie, obtenido en condiciones similares a las que se realizaron en este estudio, se obtiene una mayor actividad para el vinagre de G. angustifolia, lo cual permite demostrar el gran potencial de este para el desarrollo de formulaciones con actividad antiséptica.

Introduction: bamboo vinegars are used in the Asian countries for pharmaceutical applications, but the Guadua angustifolia Kunth species has not been similarly researched in this field. The assessment of the antiseptic activity of guadua vinegar would allow moving forward in this direction. Objective: to determine the antiseptic action of guadua vinegar against Pseudomona aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, with several changes in concentration and the pH. Methods: the antimicrobial activity was measured through the agar diffusion in Muller Hinton medium. Guadua vinegars were tested at 100, 80, 60, 40, and 20 percent concentrations and the pH ranged 3 to 6. The minimum inhibitory concentration was set. Results: guadua vinegar showed antiseptic properties at concentrations over 12 mg/mL, on dry weight and pH range of 2 to 6; it reduced by 4 log the final microorganism concentration and exhibited greater antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Conclusions: comparing the antiseptic activity of bamboo vinegar with that of another species, under conditions similar to those in this study, results in greater activity for Guadua angustifolia vinegar, which can prove its great potential for the development of antiseptic formulations.

Identificación de compuestos volátiles del vinagre de Guadua angustifolia Kunth. (guadua) / Identification of volatile compounds in vinegar from Guadua angustifolia Kunth. (guadua)

Introducción: en el mundo se ha obtenido y estudiado la composición de vinagres de diferentes especies de bambúes, los cuales son ampliamente utilizados en los países orientales para elaborar diferentes productos farmacéuticos y alimentarios. La especie Guadua angustifolia Kunth (guadua) es autóctona de Colombia y otros países vecinos. Sin embargo, con esta especie no se conocen desarrollos similares. Es necesario obtener y caracterizar sus principales componentes y comparar si tienen una composición similar para definir su uso como materia prima en formulación de productos farmacéuticos y alimentarios de valor agregado, además de contribuir con el desarrollo de la cadena de la guadua en Colombia. Objetivos: obtener vinagre de guadua y conocer sus principales componentes. Métodos: el vinagre de guadua se obtiene durante las etapas preliminares de la producción de carbón a partir de residuos de guadua, a temperaturas alrededor de 200 °C. Estos vinagres se recogen, se filtran y se examinan sus características fisicoquímicas. Las fracciones ácida, básica y neutra se analizan por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. Resultados: el vinagre de guadua obtenido es un líquido ligeramente amarillo, con olor a humo. Los principales productos encontrados son el ácido acético, el p-guayacol, el fenol, el siringol. Conclusiones: los componentes son similares a los reportados por otros investigadores en otras especies de bambúes y permiten demostrar el potencial del vinagre de guadua para su aplicación en el desarrollo de productos farmacéuticos y alimentarios.

Introduction: the composition of vinegars from different species of bamboos, which are widely used in Asian countries to develop various pharmaceutical and food products, have been obatined and studied worldwide. The species Guadua angustifolia Kunth (Guadua) is native to Colombia and other neighboring countries. However, similar development of this species is unknown. It is necessary to obtain and characterize the main components of this species, and compare whether they have similar composition, in order to define their use as raw material in the formulation of pharmaceutical and food products of added value, and to contribute to the development of Guadua chain in Colombia. Objectives: to obtain guadua vinegar and know its main components. Methods: the guadua vinegar was obtained during the preliminary stages of the production of charcoal from guadua wastes at temperatures around 200 °C. These vinegars were collected and filtered and their physicochemical characteristics were also analyzed. Acidic, base and neutral fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography combined with mass spectometry. Results: the obtained guadua vinegar was smoke-smelled slightly yellow liquid. The main products found were acetic acid, p-guaiacol, phenol and syringol. Conclusions: these components are similar to those reported by other researchers in other bamboo species, which allowed demonstrating the potential of guadua vinegar for the production of pharmaceuticals and foodstuffs.

Densidad y estatus poblacional de monos aulladores rojos en un guadual, fragmento aislado, La Tebaida, Quindío, Colombia / Densidade e estado populacional de macacos guariba vermelho num bambusal, fragmento isolado, "La Tebaida, Quindío", Colômbia / Density and population status of red howler monkeys in an isolated bamboo forest fragment in La Tebaida, Quindío, Colombia

Gran parte de los remanentes boscosos alrededor de 1000 m de altitud en el eje cafetero Colombiano, son guaduales, bosques con predominio de bambú espinoso Guauda spp. Estos remanentes sostienen las últimas poblaciones de monos aulladores rojos en la franja entre 800 y 1300 m de altitud en la Cordillera Central Colombiana. Objetivo: Evaluar el estado poblacional de aulladores en un fragmento de guadua de 51,4 ha a 1100 m en el Quindío. Métodos y resultados: Se estimó por conteo directo una densidad ecológica de 163,4 individuos y 16,9 grupos/km2, la cual es superior a la normalmente reportada para la especie en bosques continuos, pero similar a la estimada en fragmentos aislados de bosques de montaña. A pesar de la alta densidad, los grupos presentaron un tamaño y composición similar a los registrados para la especie, con mayor número de individuos inmaduros que de hembras adultas (1,13:1) sugiriendo que la población se encuentra en condiciones estables. Se estimó una abundancia de solo 84 aulladores en el fragmento...

Density and population status of red howler monkeys in an isolated bamboo forest fragment in La Tebaida, Quindío, Colombia.The majority of forest remnants in the coffee growing region in Colombia are guaduales, forests with a predominance of thorny bamboos (Guadua spp.). These remnants support the last remaining populations of red howler monkeys found between 800 and 1,300 m of altitude in the Central Cordillera of Colombia. Objective: To assess the population status of howler monkeys in a 51.4 ha-bamboo forest fragmentat 1,100 m of altitude. Methods and results: The estimated howler population density in the fragment, based on direct counts, was of 163.4 individuals and 16.9 groups per km2, which is higher than that commonly reported for this species in continuous forests, although similar to the estimated density in isolated fragments of mountain forests. In spite of the high density, the group size and composition are similar to those usually reported for this species, with more immature individuals than female adults (1.13:1). This finding suggests that the population is under a stable condition. We estimated an abundance of just 84 howlers in the fragment. The guadual, narrow and elongated, is isolated by surrounding productive systems and has a low plant diversity. Nevertheless, guadua plants provide a suitable structure for the displacement and shelter of howlers. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate the tolerance of this species to the fragmentation and its plasticity in persisting in altered environments. However, the high density of individuals, low plant diversity, forest isolation, edge effect, and close contact with anthropic productive systems, are all possible threats to the persistence of this population...

Densidade e estado populacional de macacos guariba vermelho num bambusal, fragmento isolado, “La Tebaida, Quindío, Colômbia. Grande parte dos remanentes de floresta próximos a 1000m de altitude na região cafeteira da Colômbia são bambusais, florestas com predomínio de bambu espinhoso Guauda spp. Estes remanentes mantêm as últimas populações de macacos guariba vermelho entre 800 e 1300m de altitude na Cordilheira Central Colombiana. Objetivo: Avaliar o estado populacional de guaribas num fragmento de bambu de 51,4ha a 1100m em Quindío. Métodos e resultados: Estimou-se por contagem direta uma densidade populacional de 163,4 indivíduose 16,9 grupos/km2, a qual é superior à reportada normalmente para a espécie em florestas contínuas, mas semelhante à estimada em fragmentos isolados de floresta de montanha. Apesar da alta densidade, os grupos apresentaram tamanhos e composição similar a aquelesregistrados para a espécie, com maior número de indivíduos imaturos do que de fêmeas adultas (1,13:1) sugerindo que a população está em condições estáveis. Estimou-se a abundância em apenas 84 guaribas no fragmento. O bambusal, estreito e alongado, encontra-se isolado entre sistemas produtivos e é pouco diverso. No entanto, o bambu fornece a estrutura necessária para o deslocamento e refúgio para osguaribas. Conclusão: Estes resultados demonstram a tolerância desta espécie à fragmentação e à sua flexibilidade para persistir em ambientes perturbados. No entanto, a alta densidade de indivíduos, a baixa diversidade de plantas, o isolamento da floresta, o efeito de borda e o estreito contacto com sistemas produtivos antrópicos são possíveis ameaças para a persistência dessa população...

A new species of ant-tended soft scale of the genus Cryptostigma Ferris (Hemiptera: Coccidae) associated with bamboo in Peru / Uma nova espécie de coccídeo do gênero Cryptostigma Ferris (Hemiptera: Coccidae) associada a formigas de bambu no Peru

Soft scale insects of the genus Cryptostigma Ferris (Coccidae: Myzolecaniinae) occur only in the Neotropical region and usually live in the nests of ants, or rarely bees, inside plant stems, or feed on plant roots. Here we provide the first report of Cryptostigma from Peru. We describe Cryptostigma guadua sp.n. based on the adult female and the first-instar nymph. These coccids have been collected only from the nests of Camponotus (Myrmostenus) longipilis Emery, C. (Myrmostenus) mirabilis Emery and Camponotus (Pseudocolobopsis) sp. (Formicidae: Formicinae) from inside live bamboos of Guadua sp. (Poaceae) in lowland tropical forest in Parque Nacional del Manu, in southeast Peru. The adult female and the first-instar nymph (crawler) of C. guadua sp. n. are compared to closely related species.

Os coccídeos do gênero Cryptostigma Ferris (Coccidae: Myzolecaniinae) ocorrem somente na região Neotropical e normalmente vivem em ninhos de formigas, ou raramente de abelhas, dentro de troncos, ou raízes de plantas. Neste trabalho, descreve-se pela primeira vez uma espécie de Cryptostigma coletada no Peru. A descrição de Cryptostigma guadua sp.n. é baseada na fêmea adulta e em ninfas do primeiro ínstar. Foram coletados em ninhos de Camponotus (Myrmostenus) longipilis Emery, C. (Myrmostenus) mirabilis Emery e Camponotus (Pseudocolobopsis) sp. (Formicidae: Formicinae), encontrados dentro de bambus vivos do gênero Guadua (Poaceae) planície de mata tropical do Parque Nacional del Manu, no sudeste do Peru. A fêmea adulta e a ninfa do primeiro ínstar de C. guadua sp.n. são comparadas com outras espécies próximas na taxonomia do grupo.