Microbioma oral: variabilidad entre regiones y poblaciones / Oral Microbiome: Variability Between Regions and Populations

Resumen De acuerdo con la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), 3.58 billones de personas son afectadas por desórdenes orales, donde la caries, seguida de la enfermedad periodontal son las más frecuentes y las principales causas de daño al tejido pulpar y pérdida de órganos dentales. En México, el Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Patologías Bucales (SIVEPAB) reportó que el 53% de la población se ve afectada por algún grado de enfermedad periodontal, mientras que en promedio la caries afecta al 93.3% de la población de entre 20 a 85 años y más, así como a alrededor del 50.0% de niños y adolescentes, por lo que ambos padecimientos son considerados un problema de salud pública importante en este país. Adicionalmente, se sabe que el microbioma oral humano está asociado con la salud y la enfermedad bucodental. Entre los géneros bacterianos que comúnmente habitan la cavidad oral humana destacan Streptococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp. y Porphyromonas spp. que, a través del desequilibrio del microbioma oral (disbiosis), se asocian con la caries o la enfermedad periodontal. En vista de que estamos constantemente expuestos a este tipo de infecciones crónicas inflamatorias, se sabe que las bacterias orales se trasladan a otras partes del cuerpo contribuyendo al desarrollo y exacerbación de la inflamación sistémica y otras enfermedades. Ya que existen factores como la ubicación geográfica, además de la disbiosis, la edad, la dieta y la genética, que influyen en la variabilidad del microbioma humano. Es importante analizar la diversidad del microbioma oral desde esta perspectiva, ya que el conocimiento que se tiene hasta el momento aún es escaso; por lo anterior se realizó una búsqueda de artículos publicados entre 2010 y 2020 en poblaciones de Asia, África, América y Europa, con el fin de responder la siguiente pregunta: ¿el factor geográfico tiene un impacto en la composición de la variabilidad del microbioma oral humano?

Abstract According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 3.58 billion people were affected by oral disorders, where caries, followed by periodontal disease are the most frequent and the main causes of damage to pulp tissue and loss of dental organs. In Mexico, the Epidemiological Surveillance System for Oral Pathologies (SIVEPAB) reported that 53% of the population is affected by some degree of periodontal disease, while on average caries affects 93.3% of the population between 20 and 85 years old and older, as well as about 50.0% of children and adolescents, so both conditions are considered an important public health problem in this country. Additionally, the human oral microbiome is known to be associated with oral health and disease. An imbalance in the oral microbiome (dysbiosis) can result in the proliferation of Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, linked to caries and periodontal disease. The latter two conditions, the most prevalent oral diseases worldwide, are the main causes of damage to pulp tissue and loss of dental organs. In the presence of these pathologies, constant exposure to the corresponding inflammatory chronic infection could lead to the translocation of oral bacteria to other parts of the body, where they may contribute to the development and/or exacerbation of systemic inflammation and trigger disease. Since age, diet, genetics, and geographical location are known to influence the variability of the human microbiome, it is important to analyze differences in the oral microbiome between distinct populations. Up to now, little attention has been given to this task. The current review carried out for articles published between 2010 and 2020 and describes the human oral microbiome in populations of Asia, Africa, America and Europa, to explore whether geographical differences have an impact on the variability of the human oral microbiome.

Avicenna's Approach to Health: A Reciprocal Interaction Between Medicine and Islamic Philosophy.

This paper elucidates how Islamic philosophy is associated with health and illness. Avicenna (980-1037) as the most important physician and philosopher in the Islamic world has undoubtedly affected various fields of thought and science in Islamic civilization. The basis and infrastructure of his understanding of medicine derive from his philosophical and religious views. According to Avicenna, the soul and body are two intertwined substances from which all human beings are composed. This reciprocal interaction between soul and body is essential in analyzing his medical concepts related to "health" and "sickness." Other than soul, he believes in spirit which is originally a religious concept that he interprets. Avicenna distinguishes between soul and spirit (≈ ruh) and poses that, as an ethereal volatile substance, the spirit is a mediator between soul and body. He also proposes a hierarchical system of spirit through which he illustrates a special type which is called "Ruh Bukhari" (= RB). Faculties of the soul firstly penetrate into this type of spirit and then enter the body's organs. Consequently, health and sickness are interpreted through the terms and conditions of RB.

O cuidado na saúde e na doença: uma perspectiva gestáltica / Caring. Health and sickness: a gestalt approach

Este artigo apresenta relações entre a Gestalt-Terapia, cuidado, cura e processos de saúde e doença. O cuidado passa a ser significativo para as pessoas sempre que um encontro genuíno acontece. Considerando que o profissional da saúde é um cuidador, sua relação com o cliente pode ser facilitadora para a instauração de novos sentidos, descobertas existenciais e, eventualmente, um caminho para a cura. Entende-se cura como o processo de retorno ao saudável e ao reconhecimento das potencialidades e possibilidades humanas.(AU)

This article presents the relationship of Gestalt therapy, caring, healing, and the process of health and sickness. Caring turns out to be meaningful to people as the genuine encounter happens. Considering that any healthcare professional is a caretaker, the relationship with the client helps the disclosure of meanings, existential findings and a way to cure. We understand cure as the return to heal and to the recognition of potentialities and possibilities of the human being.(AU)

O cuidado na saúde e na doença: uma perspectiva gestáltica / Caring. Health and sickness: a gestalt approach

Este artigo apresenta relações entre a Gestalt-Terapia, cuidado, cura e processos de saúde e doença. O cuidado passa a ser significativo para as pessoas sempre que um encontro genuíno acontece. Considerando que o profissional da saúde é um cuidador, sua relação com o cliente pode ser facilitadora para a instauração de novos sentidos, descobertas existenciais e, eventualmente, um caminho para a cura. Entende-se cura como o processo de retorno ao saudável e ao reconhecimento das potencialidades e possibilidades humanas. (AU)

This article presents the relationship of Gestalt therapy, caring, healing, and the process of health and sickness. Caring turns out to be meaningful to people as the genuine encounter happens. Considering that any healthcare professional is a caretaker, the relationship with the client helps the disclosure of meanings, existential findings and a way to cure. We understand cure as the return to heal and to the recognition of potentialities and possibilities of the human being. (AU)