Recognizing Excellence in Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Epidemiology: The National MCH Epidemiology Awards.

Purpose: Professionals in the field of maternal and child health (MCH) epidemiology are publicly recognized by the Coalition for Excellence in MCH Epidemiology representing 16 national MCH agencies and organizations. Description: During the CityMatCH Leadership and MCH Epidemiology Conference, the national awards are presented to public health professionals for improving the health of women, children, and families. The awards have evolved over the last two decades with focus on awardees that represent more types of MCH public health professionals. Assessment: Since 2000, the Coalition has presented 111 national awards in the areas of advancing knowledge, effective practice, outstanding leadership, excellence in teaching and mentoring, early career professional achievement, and lifetime achievement. Effective practice awards were most often presented at 45 awards, followed by early career professional achievement with 20. The awardees varied by place of employment with 37 employed at academic institutions, 33 in federal government positions, 32 in state or county government, seven in non-profit and two in clinical organizations. Awards were almost equally distributed by gender with 49 presented to women and 48 to men. Assessment of career advancement among previous awardees and acknowledging workforce challenges are gaps identified within the national awards process. Conclusion: Recognition of deserving MCH professionals sets the standard for those entering the field of MCH epidemiology and offers opportunity to recognize those who have built capacity and improved the health of women, children, and families.

Markers of periodontal disease and risk of stroke: INTERSTROKE case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Periodontal disease may be an important modifiable risk factor for stroke. AIMS: To determine the contribution of markers of periodontal disease to stroke risk globally, within subpopulations, and by stroke subtypes. METHODS: INTERSTROKE is the largest international case-control study of risk factors for first acute stroke. All participants were asked a standardised set of questions about the presence or absence of painful teeth, painful gums or lost teeth, as markers of periodontal disease, within the previous year. The total number of reported variables was calculated per participant. Multivariable conditional logistic regression examined the association of these variables with acute stroke. RESULTS: In 26901 participants, across 32 countries, there was a significant multivariable association between lost teeth and stroke (OR 1.11, 95 % CI 1.01 - 1.22), but not painful teeth (OR 1.00, 95 % CI 0.91-1.10) or painful gums (OR 1.01, 95 % CI 0.89 - 1.14). When these symptoms were considered together there was a graded increased odds of stroke, with the largest magnitude of association seen if a patient reported all three of painful teeth, painful gums and lost teeth (OR 1.34, 95 % CI 1.00 - 1.79). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that features of severe periodontal disease are a risk factor for acute stroke. Periodontal disease should be considered as a potentially modifiable risk factor for stroke.

Estimating Periodontitis Susceptibility Cases for Epidemiological Studies with Multiple Imputation.

KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT: Our proposed estimate of periodontitis susceptibility cases addresses the issue of missing teeth, offering an innovative solution through a generative missing data imputation model. The implications of our findings extend to fostering more robust investigations into the relationships between periodontal health and systemic diseases, thereby offering valuable insights to clinicians for informed decision-making. Moreover, the study's capacity to shape clinical practices and interventions in public health will further fortify health policy strategies.

Panorama clínico, epidemiológico e espacial da ocorrência de Leishmaniose visceral no estado do Pará, Amazônia brasileira / Clinical, epidemiological and spatial overview of visceral Leishmaniasis in the state of Pará, brazilian amazonia / Panorama clínico, epidemiológico y espacial de la Leishmaniasis visceral en el estado de Pará, amazonia brasileña

Objetivo: Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo determinar o perfil clínico, epidemiológico e espacial daLeishmaniose Visceral, bem como, sua associação com o desmatamento nos municípios pertencentesao 12º centro regional de saúde no Sudeste do Estado do Pará, Brasil de 2016 a 2020. Método: Trata-se de um estudo analítico ecológico, realizado com dados provenientes de 15 municípios do 12º Centro Regional de Saúde, obtidos por meio do banco de dados do Data-SUS-TABNET, através do SINAN. Resultados: Para o período do estudo foram notificados 415 casos de LV nos municípios analisados, o que correspondeu a uma média anual de 83 casos. O ano com maior número de notifi- cações foi 2017, apresentando 34,7%, sendo o município de Redenção com o maior número de casos.Conclusões: Portanto, há necessidade de ampliação das medidas de controle e vigilância da LV, comfoco na notificação de casos, a fim de realizar a obtenção do panorama fidedigno da LV e elaborar estratégias mais assertivas para seu controle e mitigação.

Objective: This research aimed to determine the clinical, epidemiological and spatial profile of Vis- ceral Leishmaniasis, as well as its association with deforestation in the municipalities belonging to the 12th regional health center in the Southeast of Pará State, Brazil from 2016 to 2020. Method: Thisis an ecological analytical study, conducted with data from 15 municipalities of the 12th Regional Health Center, obtained through the Data-SUS-TABNET database, through SINAN. Results: For thestudy period, 415 cases of VL were reported in the analyzed municipalities, corresponding to an an-nual average of 83 cases. The year with the highest number of notifications was 2017, present- ing 34.7%, being the municipality of Redenção with the highest number of cases. Conclu- sion: Therefore,there is a need to expand VL control and surveillance measures, focusing on the notification of casesin order to obtain a reliable picture of VL and develop more assertive strategies for its control and mitigation.

Objetivo: Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar el perfil clínico, epidemiológico y espacial de la Leishmaniasis Visceral, así como su asociación con la deforestación en municipios pertenecientes al 12º Centro Regional de Salud del Sudeste del Estado de Pará, Brasil, de 2016 a 2020. Método: Trata-se de um estudo analítico ecológico, realizado com dados provenientes de 15 municípios do 12º Centro Regional de Saúde, obtidos por meio do banco de dados do Data-SUS-TABNET, através do SINAN. Resultados: Durante el período de estudio, fueron notificados 415 casos de LV en los municipios analizados, correspondiendo a una media anual de 83 casos. El año con mayor número de notificaciones fue 2017, 34,7%, y el municipio de Redenção presentó el mayor número de casos. Conclusiones: Por lo tanto, es necesario ampliar las medidas de control y vigilancia de la LV, centrándose en la notificación de casos con el fin de obtener una imagen fiable de la LV y desarrollar estrategias más asertivas para su control y mitigación.

Social-environmental phenotypes of rapid cystic fibrosis lung disease progression in adolescents and young adults living in the United States.

Background: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease but is greatly impacted by non-genetic (social/environmental and stochastic) influences. Some people with CF experience rapid decline, a precipitous drop in lung function relative to patient- and/or center-level norms. Those who experience rapid decline in early adulthood, compared to adolescence, typically exhibit less severe clinical disease but greater loss of lung function. The extent to which timing and degree of rapid decline are informed by social and environmental determinants of health (geomarkers) is unknown. Methods: A longitudinal cohort study was performed (24,228 patients, aged 6-21 years) using the U.S. CF Foundation Patient Registry. Geomarkers at the ZIP Code Tabulation Area level measured air pollution/respiratory hazards, greenspace, crime, and socioeconomic deprivation. A composite score quantifying social-environmental adversity was created and used in covariate-adjusted functional principal component analysis, which was applied to cluster longitudinal lung function trajectories. Results: Social-environmental phenotyping yielded three primary phenotypes that corresponded to early, middle, and late timing of peak decline in lung function over age. Geographic differences were related to distinct cultural and socioeconomic regions. Extent of peak decline, estimated as forced expiratory volume in 1 s of % predicted/year, ranged from 2.8 to 4.1 % predicted/year depending on social-environmental adversity. Middle decliners with increased social-environmental adversity experienced rapid decline 14.2 months earlier than their counterparts with lower social-environmental adversity, while timing was similar within other phenotypes. Early and middle decliners experienced mortality peaks during early adolescence and adulthood, respectively. Conclusion: While early decliners had the most severe CF lung disease, middle and late decliners lost more lung function. Higher social-environmental adversity associated with increased risk of rapid decline and mortality during young adulthood among middle decliners. This sub-phenotype may benefit from enhanced lung-function monitoring and personalized secondary environmental health interventions to mitigate chemical and non-chemical stressors.

The feasibility of using of a comprehensive unit-based safety program (CUSP) for improving antimicrobial stewardship at a tertiary care hospital in national capital region of India: A prospective quasi experimental study.

PURPOSE: To examine the feasibility of Comprehensive Unit-based Safety Program (CUSP) as a strategy tool to improve antibiotic stewardship in low and middle income countries (LMIC) in resource limited setting. The primary outcome measure is identification of inappropriate prescriptions. The secondary outcome parameters are App adoption trends and antimicrobial prescription pattern and practices. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective quasi-experimental design was used to operationalizing the CUSP intervention. The project considered the data of 482 patients from two mixed Medical ICUs admitted during June 2019 to April 2020. The information was collected on antimicrobials prescription pattern and practices for identification of inappropriate use as well as app adoption trend with respect to Electronic Medical Record (EMR) Orders Placed, Clinical Notes and Checklist Filled. The intervention in the study comprised of development of an antibiotic monitoring stewardship (AMS) data collection app for ease of use and for Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) to identify the cases of inappropriate use of antibiotics. RESULTS: Data of patients was reviewed to create algorithms for empirical and directed antibiotic therapy as well as to create a CDSS app. Out of 793 prescriptions initially during July-September 2019, 19 (2.4%) were inappropriate antimicrobial prescription. The continuous monitoring of antimicrobial prescription helped in reducing the irrational use and bring it to level zero at the end. CONCLUSION: It requires commitment from the management, and seamless communication within Clinical, Microbiology, Pharmacology and data management teams to create and run a successful CUSP program towards Antimicrobial Resistance. Tools such as the CDSS can smoothen the process.

Autoavaliação negativa do estado de saúde entre adultos no Brasil / Negative self-assessment of health status among adults in Brazil / Autoevaluación negativa del estado de salud entre adultos en Brasil

Objetivo: Descrever a autoavaliação negativa do estado de saúde entre adultos no Brasil no período de 2011 a 2020. Método: Estudo ecológico descritivo de série temporal realizado com dados secundários oriundos da Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (VIGITEL). As variáveis consideradas foram: ano, região de residência, capitais, sexo, idade e escolaridade. Resultados: No período ocorreu uma redução das taxas de adultos brasileiros com autoavaliação negativa do estado de saúde. A região Norte apresentou o maior percentual de autoavaliação negativa de saúde (3,9%). A frequência de autoavaliação negativa do estado de saúde foi maior nas mulheres (4,9%), entre as pessoas na faixa etária de 65 anos ou mais e em adultos com menor escolaridade (7,5%). Conclusão: As mulheres, adultos com mais idade e com menor grau de escolaridade tem uma maior autoavaliação negativa de saúde.

Objective: To describe the negative self-assessment of health status among adults in Brazil from 2011 to 2020. Method: Descriptive ecological study of time series conducted with secondary data from the Surveillance of Risk and Protection Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (VIGITEL). The variables considered were: year, region of residence, capital, sex, age, and education. Results: In the period there was a reduction in the rates of Brazilian adults with negative self-assessment of health status. The North region presented the highest percentage of negative self-rated health (3.9%). The frequency of negative self-assessment of health status was higher in women (4.9%), among people aged 65 years or more and in adults with lower education (7.5%). Conclusion: Women, adults with older age and lower level of education have a higher negative self-rated health.

Objetivo: Describir la autoevaluación negativa del estado de salud entre adultos en Brasil de 2011 a 2020. Método: Estudio descriptivo de serie temporal ecológica realizado con datos secundarios de la Vigilancia de Factores de Riesgo y Protección para Enfermedades Crónicas por Encuesta Telefónica (VIGITEL). Las variables consideradas fueron: año, región de residencia, capitales, sexo, edad y escolaridad. Resultados: Durante el período, hubo una reducción en las tasas de adultos brasileños con estado de salud autopercibido negativo. La región Norte presentó el mayor porcentaje de salud autoevaluada negativa (3,9%). La frecuencia de autoevaluación negativa del estado de salud fue mayor entre las mujeres (4,9%), entre las personas de 65 años o más y entre los adultos con menor escolaridad (7,5%). Conclusión: Las mujeres, los adultos mayores y los adultos con menor nivel educativo tienen una mayor autopercepción negativa de salud.

The influence of urban trees and total vegetation on asthma development in children.

Objective: We aimed to assess whether the influence of urban vegetation on asthma development in children (<13 years) varies by type (e.g., total vegetation, tree type, and grass) and season. Methods: We used a cohort of all children born in Montreal, Canada, between 2000 and 2015. Children and cases were identified from linked medico-administrative databases. Exposure to residential vegetation was estimated using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for total vegetation and using the total area covered by deciduous and evergreen crowns for trees in 250 m buffers centered on residential postal codes. Seasonal variations in vegetation were modeled by setting values to zero on days outside of pollen and leaf-on seasons. Cox models with vegetation exposures, age as a time axis, and adjusted for sex, material deprivation, and health region were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for asthma development. Results: We followed 352,946 children for a total of 1,732,064 person-years and identified 30,816 incident cases of asthma. While annual vegetation (total and trees) measures did not appear to be associated with asthma development, models for pollen and leaf-on seasons yielded significant nonlinear associations. The risk of developing asthma was lower in children exposed to high levels (>33,300 m2) of deciduous crown area for the leaf-on season (HR = 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.67, 0.72) and increased for the pollen season (HR = 1.07; 95% CI =1.02, 1.12), compared with unexposed children. Similar results were found with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. Conclusion: The relationship between urban vegetation and childhood asthma development is nonlinear and influenced by vegetation characteristics, from protective during the leaf-on season to harmful during the pollen season.

Distanciamento social na covid-19: análise dos casos de violência sexual em um municipio de triplice fronteira durante a pandemia / Social distancing in covid-19: analysis of sexual violence in a municipality of triplice border during the pandemic / Distancia social en covid-19: análisis de casos de violencia sexual en un municipio triplical transfronterizo durante pandemia

Durante a pandemia da COVID-19, o distanciamento social e a quarentena tiveram um impacto significativo no aumento do número de casos de violência sexual. Embora essas medidas tenham sido essenciais para conter a propagação do vírus, elas também criaram um ambiente propício para o aumento da violência doméstica e sexual. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar o perfil dos casos de violência sexual notificados no município de Foz do Iguaçu durante o período da pandemia da Covid-19 (2020 a 2022). Trata-se de uma pesquisa transversal, descritiva e exploratória de caráter quantitativo, realizado com as fichas de notificação compulsória dos casos de violência sexual, da vigilância epidemiológica do município de Foz do Iguaçu-PR, durante os anos de 2020 a 2022. Identificou-se predomínio de violência sexual no sexo feminino, com idade entre 1 a 15 anos. O primeiro trimestre de 2020 e 2021 tiveram maiores números de registros. Os agressores em sua maioria foram conhecidos, padrastos e o pai. A maioria dos casos ocorreram na própria residência. O distanciamento social e a quarentena criaram condições propícias para o aumento desses casos, colocando as vítimas em situações de maior vulnerabilidade e limitando seu acesso a recursos de apoio.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing and quarantine have had a significant impact on the increase in the number of cases of sexual violence. While these measures have been essential to contain the spread of the virus, they have also created an environment conducive to increased domestic and sexual violence. This study aimed to identify the profile of cases of sexual violence reported in the municipality of Foz do Iguaçu during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020 to 2022). This is a cross- sectional, descriptive and exploratory survey of a quantitative nature, carried out with the compulsory notification sheets of cases of sexual violence, the epidemiological surveillance of the municipality of Foz do Iguaçu-PR, during the years 2020 to 2022. A predominance of sexual violence was identified in the female sex, aged between 1 and 15 years. The first quarter of 2020 and 2021 had higher numbers of registrations. The aggressors were mostly known, stepfathers and father. Most of the cases occurred at home. Social distancing and quarantine have created favorable conditions for the increase in such cases, placing victims in situations of greater vulnerability and limiting their access to support resources.

Durante la pandemia COVID-19, el distanciamiento social y la cuarentena tuvieron un impacto significativo en el aumento del número de casos de violencia sexual. Aunque estas medidas eran esenciales para contener la propagación del virus, también creaban un entorno favorable para el aumento de la violencia doméstica y sexual. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar el perfil de violencia sexual reportada en el municipio de Foz do Iguaçu durante el periodo de pandemia Covid-19 (2020-2022). Se trata de un estudio transversal, descriptivo y exploratorio de carácter cuantitativo, realizado con las fichas obligatorias de notificación de violencia sexual, la vigilancia epidemiológica del municipio de Foz do Iguaçu-PR durante los años 2020-22. El predominio de la violencia sexual se identificó en el sexo femenino, de edades comprendidas entre 1 y 15 años. El primer trimestre de 2020 y 2021 tuvo un mayor número de registros. Los agresores en su mayoría eran conocidos, padrastro y padre. La mayoría de los casos ocurrieron en casa. El distanciamiento social y la cuarentena han creado las condiciones para aumentar esos casos, situando a las víctimas en situaciones de mayor vulnerabilidad y limitando su acceso a los recursos de apoyo.

Trampoline injuries in children: A prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Trampolining is popular and widely practiced among children. A literature review has shown a rise in the incidence of trampoline injuries with a concomitant increase in paediatric emergency department visits. The primary objective of this study was to describe the severity of trampoline injuries in children. The secondary objectives were to assess the epidemiology of the study population and injuries and to describe the treatments. HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesized that over 10% of trampoline injuries were severe. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We prospectively evaluated consecutive patients seen for surgical conditions at our paediatric emergency department over a 10-month period. Among them, 103 (1.2% of visits) aged 4 months to 16 years (mean, 8 years) had trampoline injuries. We classified trampoline injuries as severe if they required general anaesthesia. RESULTS: Severe injuries accounted for 16.5% of all trampoline injuries. The upper limb was predominantly affected (70.6% of cases). Overall, 66.7% of fractures were at the upper limb and 76% of contusions at the lower limb. The predominant fracture sites were the supra-condylar humerus (15.3%) and distal radius (15.3%). Among patients with non-severe injuries, four-fifths left the emergency department with a temporary immobilisation system. DISCUSSION: The proportion of severe injuries was slightly higher in our study than in earlier reports. Trampoline injuries remain uncommon but can be severe. Thus, in our study over one-sixth of patients required surgery under general anaesthesia. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, prospective descriptive epidemiological study.

Generalized anxiety disorder during COVID-19 in Canada: Gender-specific association of COVID-19 misinformation exposure, precarious employment, and health behavior change.

BACKGROUND: Growing evidence has demonstrated the mental health sequelae of the COVID-19 pandemic. Few studies have examined how pandemic-related stressors and resilience factors of anxiety affect women and men differently in Canada. METHODS: Population-based data from the Canadian Perspective Survey Series (CPSS-4: July 20 to 26, 2020) were analyzed to examine the relationship between Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale (GAD-7) with COVID-19 misinformation exposure, precarious employment, and health behavior changes, after adjusting for socio-demographic variables. Stratified by gender, two multinomial logistic regression were conducted to calculate the likelihood of having minimal-mild anxiety (1≤ GAD score <10) and moderate-severe anxiety (GAD score ≥10), compared to no anxiety symptoms (GAD=0). RESULTS: Overall, respondents (n = 3,779) were mainly Canadian-born (76.3%), aged >25 years (85.4%) and high school graduate (87.9%). The population prevalence of moderate-severe GAD was 13.6%, with women significantly higher than men (17.2% vs. 9.9%, p<0.001). For women (n = 2,016), GAD was associated with being absent from work due to COVID-19 reasons (OR=3.52, 99% CI:1.12-11.04), younger age (ORs range from 2.19 to 11.01, p's<0.01), being single/widowed (OR=2.26, 99% CI 1.18-4.33), no past-week contacts outside household (OR=2.81, 99% CI:1.24-6.37), no outdoor exercise (OR=1.86, 99% CI:1.13-3.07). For men (n = 1,753), GAD was associated with frequent fake news exposure (dose-response relations: ORs range from 3.14 to 6.55, p's<0.01), increased time of watching TV (OR=2.62, 99% CI: 1.31 - 5.27), no indoor exercise (OR=1.91, 99% CI:1.07-3.42). For both genders, GAD was associated with increased intake of alcohol, cannabis, and junk/sweet food (p's<0.01). LIMITATIONS: Cross-sectional data prohibits causal inferences; self-reporting biases of GAD symptoms requires confirmation with diagnostic records. CONCLUSION: The gendered impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was observed in the associations between clinically significant anxiety with COVID-19 misinformation exposure, job precarity, and addictive behaviors in Canada. Mental health interventions need to be gender responsive and should tackle upstream social determinants of health in this public health emergency.

Early Childhood Caries in Victorian Preschoolers: A Cross-Sectional Study.

AIM: The objective of this work was to determine the prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) in children attending preschools that are enrolled in the Smiles 4 Miles health promotion program in Victoria and determine the sociodemographic variables associated with ECC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional sample of 1,845 3- to 5-year-old children attending 61 preschools was selected by stratified cluster sampling. Dental caries was classified as non-cavitated/early lesions (d1-2), cavitated (d3-6) lesions, and cavitated/non-cavitated (d1-6) lesions using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System. A self-administered parental questionnaire captured sociodemographic and behavioural data. Multivariate logistic regression and Poisson mixed model analysis was used to examine associations amongst sociodemographic variables, child oral health behaviours, and decayed tooth surfaces. RESULTS: In all, 56.6% (n = 1,044) of the children had ECC; more than one-third (36.6%) presented exclusively non-cavitated/early lesions, 5.7% solely cavitated lesions, and 14.2% both. Children from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds had higher levels of dental caries. Parental pensioner/health care card status (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.76, 95% CI, 1.57-1.97), non-English-speaking background (IRR = 2.09, 95% CI, 1.80-2.43), and Indigenous status (IRR = 1.91, 95% CI, 1.50-2.43) were associated with higher rates of cavitated lesions. Children who consumed soft drinks once or more per week had 1.66 times more cavitated lesions (95% CI, 1.48-1.86) compared to children who never/rarely consumed soft drinks. Soft drink consumption of once or more per week was associated with parental health care/pensioner card status (odds ratio [OR] = 1.73, 95% CI, 1.36-2.18), non-English-speaking background (OR = 1.58, 95% CI, 1.11-2.27), and Indigenous status (OR = 1.92, 95% CI, 1.04-3.52). CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of more severe caries rates in children from socioeconomically disadvantaged background highlight an opportunity for early preventive interventions targeting these groups.

Future Risk of Bovine Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) Breakdown in Cattle Herds 2013-2018: A Dominance Analysis Approach.

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) remains a significant endemic pathogen of cattle herds, despite multi-decadal control programmes being in place in several countries. Understanding the risks of future bTB breakdown (BD) and the associated characteristics of herds and index breakdowns could help inform risk categorisation. Such risk categories could then contribute to tailored management and policies. Here, we estimated the future risk of herd BD for the cohort of herds that were derestricted during 2013 in Ireland using multivariable logit regression models, with a dominance analysis approach. One third of herds that were derestricted in 2013 experienced a breakdown during the follow-up five year period (1469/4459; 33%). BD length was a significant predictor of future risk, primarily driven by long BDs > 230 days relative to short BDs < 130 days (OR 95%CI: 1.157-1.851), as was having had a previous BD (OR 95%CI: 1.012-1.366). Herd-size was the dominant predictor of future risk (accounted for 46% of predicted variance), suggesting significant increase in risk of future breakdown with increasing (log) herd-size (OR 95%CI: 1.378-1.609). There was significant spatial variation in future risk across counties, and it was the second most dominant predictor of future risk (25% of predicted variance). The size of index breakdowns was not a strong predictor of future risk over a 5-year period. These findings can inform a risk-based policy development.

Mental health following an initial period of COVID-19 restrictions: findings from a cross-sectional survey in the Republic of Ireland.

Background: We assessed the mental health of individuals in the general population, during an initial period of easing of COVID-19 restrictions in the Republic of Ireland (RoI). Methods: Data were collected through a nationally representative cross-sectional telephone survey, during the first period of easing of restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic between May and July 2020. Mental health was examined using the Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety Depression Scale. Poisson regression analyses were conducted to estimate risk ratios with robust variance estimation of the association between selected demographic factors and the risk of having depression and anxiety symptoms. Results: Of the 1,983 participants, 27.7% (n = 549; 95% CI: 0.26 - 0.30) reported depression and anxiety symptoms, while 74 (3.8%; 95% CI: 0.03 - 0.05) disclosed self-harm and/or suicidal thoughts. Females (RR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.37 - 1.87, p < 0.0005), employed individuals who experienced a change in work status (RR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.24 - 1.82, p < 0.0005), participants cocooning due to a health condition (RR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.08 - 1.66, p< 0.01), participants who were self-isolating (RR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.03 - 1.51, p=0.025) and moderate-heavy drinkers (RR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.09 - 1.47, p<0.01) were at increased risk of depression and anxiety. Young people aged 18-29 years and those in the two lowest income categories were most likely to report self-harm and/or suicidal thoughts. Conclusion: As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, with further waves and associated restrictions, the impact on mental health in the population as a whole and in specific subgroups must be considered. Study protocol registration: doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.13103.2.

Poor School-Related Well-Being among Adolescents with Disabilities or ADHD.

Poor school-related well-being may influence adolescents' school performance and lifestyle. Adolescents having disabilities or ADHD are in a vulnerable situation for having poor school-related well-being, compared to adolescents not having disabilities. We used cross-sectional data from a school-based survey among 15-18-year-olds (N = 4071) in Sörmland, Sweden, to analyse the association between poor school-related well-being and disabilities or ADHD. The analyses were carried out by logistic regression models, adjusting for background factors, school-related factors, and health-compromising behaviours. Adolescents having disabilities (n = 827) or ADHD (n = 146) reported that their disability had a negative influence on school. Compared to peers without disability, those having disabilities had an increased chance (OR = 1.40 95% CI: 1.17-1.68) of poor school-related well-being. The corresponding OR was doubled for adolescents reporting ADHD (2.23 95% CI: 1.56-3.18). For the ADHD group, the adjOR for poor school-related well-being remained significant (1.67 95% CI: 1.13-2.50) after adjustments for school-related factors and health-compromising behaviours, but not for the disability group. In conclusion, adolescents having ADHD are a particularly vulnerable group at school, having a greater risk of poor school-related well-being. Schools should actively work to achieve school satisfaction for adolescents having disabilities, to ensure that all students have similar opportunities for favourable development, health and achievement of their academic goals.

Tendência temporal de internações por sífilis congênita entre 2008 e 2018, em Minas Gerais / Temporal trend of congenital syphilis hospitalizations between 2008 and 2018 in Minas Gerais

Objetivou-se analisar a tendência temporal de internações por sífilis congênita entre 2008 e 2018 em Minas Gerais. Método: estudo ecológico de série temporal. Para a análise de tendência, realizou-se modelo de Prais-Winsten. Calculou-se a Variação Percentual Anual para apresentar a intensidade da tendência. Resultados: foi observada tendência ascendente de internações por sífilis congênita em 12 macrorregiões de Minas Gerais. As maiores Variações Percentuais Anuais foram observadas nas regiões: Leste do Sul, Oeste e Leste. A macrorregião Leste do Sul apresentou a maior variação do estado (84,34%; IC95% 50,30; 126,09) e a Triângulo Norte apresentou menor variação percentual anual (19,62; IC95% 6,48; 34,38). Conclusão: a tendência de aumento de internações por sífilis congênita, observada em 12 das 13 macrorregiões de saúde, caracteriza uma tendência ascendente no estado e reforça a necessidade de formulação ou revisão de ações que priorizem a prevenção desse agravo.

The objective was to analyze the temporal trend of congenital syphilis hospitalizations between 2008 and 2018 in Minas Gerais. Method: ecological time-series study. Prais-Winsten estimation was used for trend analysis. The Annual Percentage Variation was calculated to show the trend intensity. Results: an ascending trend of congenital syphilis hospitalizations was observed in 12 macro-regions of Minas Gerais. The greater Annual Percentage Variations were observed in the Leste do Sul, West and East regions. The Leste do Sul macro-region showed the highest variation in the state (84.34%; CI95% 50.30; 126.09) while Triângulo Norte showed the lowest annual percentage variation (19.62; CI95% 6.48; 34.38). Conclusion: the ascending trend of congenital syphilis hospitalizations observed in 12 out of the 13 health macro-regions characterizes an ascending trend in the state and reinforces the need to develop or review actions that prioritize the prevention of this disease

Exposure to the Danish Mandatory Vitamin D Fortification Policy in Prenatal Life and the Risk of Developing Coeliac Disease-The Importance of Season: A Semi Ecological Study.

Few studies have examined the role of maternal diet in relation to development of coeliac disease (CD). In Denmark, cancellation of mandatory vitamin D fortification of margarine in June 1985 provided this opportunity. This study examined if season of birth or prenatal exposure to extra vitamin D from food fortification were associated with developing CD later in life. A strength of this study is the distinctly longer follow-up of patients (30 years). This register-based study has a semi-ecological design. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios and to calculate 95% confidence intervals. The odds ratio for developing CD was 0.81 (95% CI 0.66; 1.00 p = 0.054), comparing those with fetal exposure to mandatory vitamin D fortification policy of margarine to those without after adjusting for gender and season of birth. There was a statistically significant season effect particularly for children born in autumn (OR 1.6 95% CI 1.16; 2.21) and born in summer (OR 1.5 95% CI 1.1; 2.1) when compared to children born in winter. Although this study did not find evidence to support the premise that prenatal exposure to small extra amounts of vitamin D from a mandatory food fortification policy lowered risk of developing CD, the small number of CD cases and observed association between season of birth and CD suggest that environmental exposure ought to be further explored.

Productos de tabaco calentado. Concepciones e Implicaciones para la Salud Pública / Products of heated tobacco. Conceptions and Implications for Public Health / Produits de tabac chauffé. Conceptions et Implications pour la santé publique / Produtos de tabaco aquecido. Conceções e Implicações para a Saúde Pública

Resumen: Objetivo: Explorar necesidades de conocimiento y posibles líneas futuras de investigación sobre los Productos de Tabaco Calentado, PTC (Heat-not-bum tobacco products), desde la literatura científica publicada y las fuentes en internet para el público. Métodos: Estudio mixto cualitativo/cuantitativo paralelo bajo tipología de revisiones de literatura por Grant & Booth y Pinto, y diseño de estudios de mapeo según Cooper. Exploración de bases de datos en motores de búsqueda, cotejo de títulos/resúmenes en cuatro idiomas de 2016-12-01 a 2017-12-31. Textos guardados en formatos MHT y PDF, acopiados en Dropbox y gestionados con Endnote X8. Definición de categorías agrupadas en cuatro dimensiones. Información analizada con Microsoft® Excel 2016 y Epi-INFO ® 7.2.2. Resultados: Cotejadas 46 páginas web, 63 referencias científicas, 99% en inglés; dos manuscritos con nota de retirada. En D1 (sumario): presentación del producto vs. aspectos toxicológicos o evaluativos de PTC. 48 artículos (76,2%) en digital o impreso (2017); por país: EUA: páginas web 23 (50%), 20 artículos (32%); Suiza: 22 artículos (35%), tres páginas web (7%). D2 (comercial): financiación por Phillip Morris International (PMI, 22; 33%) o universidades con fondos propios/gubernamentales (19, 30%); en páginas web predominaron PMI (60%), British American Tobacco y Japan Tobacco International (40%); relación con PMI ausente en 41 manuscritos (65%) y 36 páginas web (80%). D3 (metodológica): nivel de evidencia "experimental", laboratorial (26; 41,2%) o en humanos (4; 6,3%); investigación independiente en 36 (57%). D4 (interpretativa): principal interrogante en páginas web fue el carácter dañino o no de los PTC; en artículos científicos, los efectos de micro/nanopartículas de los PTC a mediano/largo plazo. Conclusiones: Se precisa que la comunidad científica complete los respectivos estudios de toxicidad y reducción del daño (harm reduction) relativos a los PTC y resuelva junto con el público y las autoridades, preguntas relativas a su seguridad a mediano y largo plazo.

Summary: Object: To explore knowledge gaps and possible future research line on Heat-not-burn tobacco products (HBT) from the published scientific literature and internet sources available to the population. Methods: Mixed methods qualitative/quantitative study under typology of literature reviews by Grant & Booth and Pinto, and mapping review study design by Cooper. Database search and check-in of titles/abstracts in 4 languages from 2016-12-01 to 2017-12-31. Texts saved in MHT and PDF formats, located in Dropbox and managed with Endnote X8. Category definitions grouped in 4 dimensions. Information analyzed with Microsoft® Excel 2016 and Epi-INFO® 7.2.2 Results: 46 webpages and 63 papers located, 99% in English; 2 manuscripts had withdrawal notes. In D1 (summary): product advertisement vs toxicological or evaluative aspects of the HBT. 48 papers (76,2%) in digital or printed (2017); by country, USA: webpages 23 (50%), 20 papers (32%); Switzertland: 22 papers (35%), 3 webpages (7%). D2 (commercial): financing by Phillip Morris International (PMI, 22, 33%) or universities with own or government funds (19, 30%); on webpages PMI (60%), British American Tobacco and Japan Tobacco International (40%); relation with PMI absent in 41 papers (65%) and 36 webpages (80%). D3 (methodological): evidence level "experimental", laboratory (26; 41,2%) or humans (4, 6,3%); independent research in 36 (57%). D4 (interpretative): main question on webpages was whether HBT products were harmful or not; on papers, the effects of HBT micro/nanoparticles at medium/long term. Conclusion: It is required from scientific community to finish their respective toxicity and harm reduction studies on HBT and to guide and solve questions related to HBT safety in medium/long term alongside population and authorities.

Résumé: Objectif: Explorer les besoins en connaissances et les éventuelles futures lignes de recherche sur les Produits de Tabac Chauffé, PTC (Heat- not-burn tobacco products), á partir de la littérature scientifique publiée et de sources Internet destinées au public. Méthodes: Étude mixte, qualitative / quantitative en paralléle, selon le tipe de revue de littérature proposé par Grant & Booth et Pinto, et conception d'études de cartographie selon Cooper. Exploration de bases de données á partir de moteurs de recherche, révision de titres / résumés en quatre langues du 01-12-2016 au 31-12-2017. Textes enregistrés aux formats MHT et PDF, stockés dans Dropbox et gérés avec Endnote X8. Définition de catégories regroupées en quatre dimensions. Information analysée avec Microsoft® Excel 2016 et Epi-INFO ® 7.2.2. Résultats: 46 pages Web révisées, 63 références scientifiques dont 99% en anglais; deux manuscrits avec acte de retrait. En D1 (résumé): présentation du produit vs aspects toxicologiques ou évaluatifs des PTC. 48 articles (76,2%) en version numérique ou imprimée (2017); par pays: États-Unis: 23 pages Web (50%), 20 articles (32%); Suisse: 22 articles (35%), trois pages Web (7%). D2 (commercial): financement par Phillip Morris International (PMI, 22, 33%) ou par des universités disposant de fonds propres/publics (19, 30%); dans les pages Web, ont prédominé PMI (60%), British American Tobacco et Japan Tobacco International (40%); la relation avec PMI était absente dans 41 manuscrits (65%) et 36 pages Web (80%). D3 (méthodologique): niveau de preuve «expérimental¼, de laboratoire (26, 41,2%) ou avec des humains (4, 6,3%); 36 recherches indépendantes (57%). D4 (interprétative): le principal questionnement dans les pages Web portait sur la nocivité ou non des PTC; dans les articles scientifiques, il portait sur les effets des micro/nanoparticules des PTC á moyen/long terme Conclusions: II est nécessaire que la communauté scientifique compléte les études respectives sur la toxicité et al.

Resumo: Objetivo: Explorar as necessidades de conhecimento e possíveis futuras linhas de investigação sobre os produtos de tabaco aquecido, PTC (Heat-not-burn tabaco), a partir da literatura científica publicada e fontes da Internet para o público. Métodos: Estudo misto qualitativo/quantitativo baseado na tipologia de revisao da literatura de Grant & Booth e Pinto, e no desenho de estudos de mapeamento de Cooper. A exploração de bases de dados em motores de busca realizou-se pelos títulos/resumos em quatro idiomas de 2016-12-01 a 2017-12-31. Os textos foram guardados em formatos MHT e PDF, armazenados no Dropbox e geridos com o Endnote X8. As categorias foram agrupadas em quatro dimensões. A informação foi analisada com o Microsoft® Excel 2016 e Epi-INFO ® 7.2.2. Resultados: Foram agrupados em 46 páginas web, 63 referências científicas, 99% em inglês; dois manuscritos com notas. Em D1 (resumo): verifica-se a apresentação do produto versus aspetos toxicológicos ou avaliativos do PTC. 48 artigos (76,2%) em formato digital ou em suporte papel (2017); por país: EUA: páginas da Web 23 (50%), 20 artigos (32%); Suíça: 22 artigos (35%), três páginas da web (7%). D2 (comercial): financiamento pela Phillip Morris International (PMI, 22, 33%) ou universidades com fundos próprios/governamentais (19, 30%); nas páginas web predominaram as PMI (60%), British American Tobacco e Japan Tobacco International (40%); a relação com PMI está ausente em 41 manuscritos (65%) e 36 páginas na web (80%). D3 (metodológico): nível de evidência "experimental", laboratorial (26, 41,2%) ou em humanos (4, 6,3%); pesquisa independente em 36 (57%). D4 (interpretativa): a principal questão nas páginas web foi a natureza nociva ou não do PTC; em artigos científicos, os efeitos das micro/nanopartículas do PTC no médio / longo prazo. Conclusoes: É necessário que a comunidade científica complemente os respetivos estudos de toxicidade e redução de danos (harm reduction) relacionados com o PTC e resolva, em conjunto com o público e as autoridades, questões relativas à sua segurança a médio e longo prazo.

Leptospirosis in French Polynesia: 11 years of surveillance data, 2007-2017.

Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis with higher incidence in tropical areas and is a neglected disease in the Pacific region. French Polynesia (FP) is a French overseas territory located in the South Pacific. Data on the epidemiology in FP are scarce. In this study, we describe our understanding of leptospirosis epidemiology in FP and discuss the prospects concerning this disease and its surveillance to better address preventive actions. We report 11 years of surveillance data between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2017. Over the study period, 1356 confirmed and probable leptospirosis cases were reported. The mean annual incidence rate was 46.0 (95% confidence interval, 43.6-48.5) cases per 100 000 inhabitants. We registered 864 (63.7%) hospitalizations; of these, at least 270 (19.9%) were in the intensive care unit, and 24 patients (1.8%) died. Even if the incidence of leptospirosis is lower in FP compared to most of other Pacific countries and territories, our data confirm that the disease is highly endemic in FP. Despite all the preventive measures taken, leptospirosis remains a major public health concern in FP, thus highlighting the need to maintain intensive leptospirosis surveillance, medical staff training and provision of information to the general population.