A inclusão (tácita) do município à competência legislativa para proteção e defesa da saúde: análise sob o binômio urgência e popularização / The (tacit) inclusion of the municipality in the legislative competence for the protection and defense of health: analysis under the binomial urgency and popularization / La inclusión (tácita) del municipio en la competencia legislativa para la protección y defensa de la salud: análisis bajo el binomio urgencia y divulgación

Objetivo: o presente estudo analisa a descentralização federalista materializada por decisões do Supremo Tribunal Federal proferidas durante a pandemia do vírus Sars-CoV-2. Com isso, objetiva-se considerar a possibilidade da inclusão tácita do município à competência concorrente legislativa na área da saúde, a partir dos elementos de popularização e urgência. Metodologia: o estudo pautou-se em pesquisa bibliográfica ­ doutrina jurídica e sanitária ­ e legislativa, além da pesquisa ex post facto, com a análise das causas e dos efeitos da Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade 6.341, da Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental 672 e da Ação Cível Originária 3.451, todas fundamentadas no federalismo cooperativo. Resultados: o reconhecimento do dever do município em legislar em defesa da saúde, especialmente na inércia dos demais entes e limitado apenas por agências reguladoras, e a existência do embate protelatório entre incompetência legislativa, urgência e popularização do sistema de saúde. Conclusão: concluiu-se pela inclusão tácita do município à competência legislativa na área da saúde pelas decisões do STF.

Objective: this study analyzes the federalist decentralization materialized by decisions of the Brazilian Supreme Federal Court rendered during the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic. In this context, the aim is to consider the possibility of tacitly including municipalities within the concurrent legislative competence in the area of health, based on the elements of popularization and urgency. Methods: the study is based on bibliographic research ­ legal and public health doctrine ­ and legislative research, as well as ex post facto research, analyzing the causes and effects of Direct Action of Unconstitutionality 6.341, Allegation of Violation of Fundamental Precept 672, and Original Civil Action 3.451, all grounded in cooperative federalism. Results: as a result, the recognition of the municipality's duty to legislate in defense of health, especially in the inertia of other entities and limited only by regulatory agencies, and the existence of a delaying clash between legislative incompetence, urgency and popularization of the health system. Conclusion: it was concluded that the municipality was tacitly included in the legislative competence in the area of health by the decisions of the STF.

Objetivo: el presente estudio analiza la descentralización federalista materializada por decisiones del Supremo Tribunal Federal pronunciadas durante la pandemia del virus Sars-CoV-2. Con esto, se busca considerar la posibilidad de la inclusión tácita del municipio en la competencia legislativa concurrente en el área de la salud, a partir de los elementos de popularización y urgencia. Metodología: el estudio se basó en investigación bibliográfica ­ doctrina jurídica y sanitaria ­ y legislativa, además de la investigación ex post facto, con el análisis de las causas y efectos de la Acción Directa de Inconstitucionalidad 6.341, la Alegación de Incumplimiento de Precepto Fundamental 672 y la Acción Civil Originaria 3.451, todas fundamentadas en el federalismo cooperativo. Resultados: en consecuencia, el reconocimiento del deber del municipio de legislar en defensa de la salud, especialmente en la inercia de otras entidades y limitada solo por las agencias reguladoras, y la existencia del choque dilatorio entre la incompetencia legislativa, urgencia y popularización del sistema de salud. Conclusíon: se concluye que el municipio está tácitamente incluido en la competencia legislativa en materia de salud por las decisiones del STF.

Effectiveness of alcohol warning labels for at-risk groups and the general public: A policy-informing randomized experiment in Chile.

OBJECTIVE: The World Health Organization recommends using health-risk warnings on alcoholic beverages. This study examines the impact of separate or combined warning labels for at-risk groups and the general population on alcohol purchase decisions. METHODS: In 2022, 7758 adults who consumed alcohol or were pregnant/lactating women (54.0 % female, mean age = 40.6 years) were presented with an online store's beverage section and randomly assigned to one of six warning labels in a between-subjects experimental design: no-warning, pregnant/lactating, drinking-driving, general cancer risk, combined warnings, and assorted warnings across bottles. The main outcome, the intention to purchase an alcoholic vs. non-alcoholic beverage, was examined with adjusted risk differences using logistic regressions. RESULTS: Participants exposed to the general cancer risk warning decreased their alcoholic choices by 10.4 percentage points (pp.) (95 % CI [-0.139, -0.069], p < 0.001, OR = 0.561), while those in the pregnancy/lactation warning condition did it by 3.8 pp. (95 % CI [-0.071, -0.005], p = 0.025, OR = 0.806). The driving-drinking warning had no significant effect. Participants exposed to the combined warnings label, or the assorted warnings reduced alcohol purchase decisions by 6.1 pp. (95 % CI [-0.095, -0.028], p < 0.001, OR = 0.708) and 4.3 pp. (95 % CI [-0.076, -0.010], p = 0.011, OR = 0.782), respectively. Cancer warning outperformed other labels and was effective for subgroups such as pregnant/lactating women, young adults, and low-income individuals. CONCLUSIONS: General cancer risk warnings are more effective at reducing alcohol purchase decisions compared to warning labels for specific groups or labels using multiple warnings. In addition to warning labels, other policies should be considered for addressing well-known alcohol-related risks (e.g., drinking and driving).

Analysis of public records of lobbying practices of the ultra-processed sugary food and drink industries in Chile: a qualitative study.

Background: Given the role of commercial determinants on sugar consumption and health, this study aimed to describe lobbying practices of the ultra-processed sugary food and drinks industries in Chile between 2014 and 2022. Methods: Official meetings between ultra-processed sugary food and drinks industries and related commercial actors and Chilean government officials were obtained from the Chilean Lobby Registry. Relevant commercial names were initially identified based on their market share and expanded iteratively based on information from relevant meetings. Qualitative analysis followed a deductive-inductive approach using the Corporate Political Activity Model to identify and classify objectives, framing and action strategies. Findings: From 237 records identified, the Ministries of Health, Social Development, and Economy were the most frequently lobbied. Industry representatives sought to achieve their short- and long-term objectives by targeting a diverse range of authorities, including Ministers and Under-secretaries, using different strategies. Framing strategies focused on presenting sugary food and drinks industries as socially responsible and legitimate policy actors and criticised public health initiatives as 'bad solutions'. Action strategies aimed to influence policymaking and nurture corporate reputations. Interpretation: Extensive lobbying took place by the sugary food and drinks industries between 2014 and 2022, a period when major public health policies were being discussed in Chile. Lobbying strategies varied to meet industry objectives and targeted a diverse range of government institutions including high-ranking officials. Tighter regulations to stop inappropriate industry influence in public health policymaking are urgently required. Funding: Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (Chile)-PhD Scholarship. University College London-Open Access fees.

Rates of adverse events of antiretroviral therapy in women living with HIV/AIDS: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: There is limited information regarding the incidence of treatment-related adverse events (AE) following antiretroviral therapy (ART) in women. So, this review aimed to describe the incidence of AE of ART in women living with HIV/AIDS. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Epistemonikos, Lilacs and Who Index, from inception to 9 April 2023. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials with at least 12 weeks of follow-up and evaluated AE of ART in women at any age living with HIV/AIDS, without restrictions on status, year or language of publication. We excluded post hoc or secondary analyses and open-label extensions without comparator, and trials involving pregnant or breastfeeding women or with a focus on coinfection with tuberculosis, hepatitis B or C. The primary outcomes were the incidence rate of participants with any clinical and/or laboratory AE related or not to ART and treatment discontinuation. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the risk of bias using Cochrane's risk of bias tool 2. We used Bayesian random-effects meta-analysis to summarise event rates. Results were presented as event rates per 1000 person-years (95% credibility intervals, 95% CrI). The pooled incidence rate per 1000 person-years adjusted for duration and loss to follow-up was estimated. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation. RESULTS: A total of 24 339 studies were identified for screening, of which 10 studies (2871 women) met the eligibility criteria, with 11 different antiretrovirals (ARVs) regimens. Seven studies included exclusively women, while in the remaining three, the proportion of women ranged from 11% to 46%. Nine studies received industry funding. The pooled analysis showed a mean incidence rate of ART-related clinical and laboratory AE of 341.60 events per 1000 person-years (95% CrI 133.60-862.70), treatment discontinuation of 20.78 events per 1000 person-years (95% CrI 5.58-57.31) and ART-related discontinuation of 4.31 per 1000 person-years (95% CrI 0.13-54.72). Summary estimates were subject to significant uncertainty due to the limited number of studies and sparse data. The certainty of the evidence was graded as very low for all outcomes assessed. CONCLUSION: Existing randomised trials do not provide sufficient evidence on the incidence rates of safety outcomes from antiretroviral treatment in women living with HIV/AIDS. Large comparative studies in well-characterised populations are needed to provide a more comprehensive landscape of the safety profile of these ARV therapies in women with HIV/AIDS. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42021251051.

Analyzing One Health governance and implementation challenges in Mexico.

Establishing a robust One Health (OH) governance is essential for ensuring effective coordination and collaboration among human, animal, and environmental health sectors to prevent and address complex health challenges like zoonoses or antimicrobial resistance. This study conducted a mixed-methods environmental scan to assess to what extent Mexico displays a OH governance and identify opportunities for improvement. Through documentary analysis, the study mapped OH national-level governance elements: infrastructure, multi-level regulations, leadership, multi-coordination mechanisms (MCMs), and financial and OH-trained human resources. Key informant interviews provided insights into enablers, barriers, and recommendations to enhance a OH governance. Findings reveal that Mexico has sector-specific governance elements: institutions, surveillance systems and laboratories, laws, and policies. However, the absence of a OH governmental body poses a challenge. Identified barriers include implementation challenges, non-harmonised legal frameworks, and limited intersectoral information exchange. Enablers include formal and ad hoc MCMs, OH-oriented policies, and educational initiatives. Like other middle-income countries in the region, institutionalising a OH governance in Mexico, may require a OH-specific framework and governing body, infrastructure rearrangements, and policy harmonisation. Strengthening coordination mechanisms, training OH professionals, and ensuring data-sharing surveillance systems are essential steps toward successful implementation, with adequate funding being a relevant factor.

Making the case for a new typology of dental care systems.

BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE: Dental care systems have the potential to influence population oral health and patterns of socioeconomic inequalities. Therefore, understanding the impact of the ways in which countries fund, provide, and organize their dental care services is key in the analysis of determinants of oral health. In this commentary we offer a synopsis of recent typologies of healthcare systems, based on a rapid review, and highlight that none of them fit dental care services given the separation of dental care from general healthcare provision in many countries. The paper also summarizes evidence on dental care systems as determinants of population oral health and argues why a new typology of dental care systems is needed. CHALLENGES AND WAYS FORWARD: We argue that a typology must consider institutional arrangements, structures, and processes behind the provision of dental care, and that specific dimensions/variables that inform the typology should result from a process of discussion and consensus. Some methodological considerations for developing typologies are also discussed, including the challenges in the collection and analysis of data followed by an advanced cluster analysis. Despite their limitations, typologies have evolved into an essential tool for comparing the similarities and differences of healthcare systems across countries. Therefore, a dental specific typology for health systems will be useful for researchers, policymakers, and dental professionals to characterize the provision of dentalcare services in different countries. This will also enable examining their potential role as determinants of population oral health and inequalities.

The role of nurses in implementation of public policy on adolescent health in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

BACKGROUND: In Latin America, interventions aimed at adolescents' health suffer from a shortfall of investment and lack of sustainability. Nurses, as an integral part of health services and systems, can lead the implementation and development of public health policies to improve adolescent health. OBJECTIVE: To identify and analyze the role of nurses in the development and implementation of public policies and in the provision of health care to adolescents in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. METHODS: The research was carried out in three phases: a documentary analysis, an online survey, and semi-structured focus groups. A total of 48 documents were analyzed, 288 nurses participated in the survey, and 29 nurses participated in the focus groups. RESULTS: State policies aim to guarantee rights, with special protection for children and adolescents. It is an incremental process, with greater involvement of civil society and governments. Participants reported a lack of synergy between law and practice, as well as differences in regulatory compliance in rural areas and in populations of different ethnicities and cultures. Their perception was that the protection of adolescents is not specifically enshrined in the legal bases and regulatory structures of the countries, meaning that there are both protective factors and tensions in the regulatory framework. While nurses are highly committed to different actions aimed at adolescents, their participation in policy development and implementation is low, with barriers related to a lack of specialized training and working conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Given nurses' involvement in different actions aimed at adolescents, they could play a fundamental role in the development of policies for adolescents and ensure their effective implementation. Policymakers should consider revising the budget to make compliance viable, incorporating and using monitoring indicators, and increasing the involvement of educational institutions and the community.

The Perfect Storm: Applying the Multiple Streams Framework to Understand the Adoption of a WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control-Based Policy in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to document how Mexico adopted a WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)-based national tobacco control law. METHODS: We analyzed publicly available documents and interviewed 14 key stakeholders. We applied the Multiple Streams Framework (MSF) to analyze these findings. RESULTS: Previous attempts to approve comprehensive FCTC-based initiatives failed due to a lack of political will, the tobacco industry's close connections to policymakers, and a lack of health advocacy coordination. Applying the MSF reveals increased attention towards collecting and sharing data to frame the severity of the problem (problem stream). The expansion of a coordinated health advocacy coalition and activities led to increased support for desired FCTC policy solutions (policy stream). The election of President López Obrador and legislative changes led to a deep renewed focus on tobacco control (politics stream). These three streams converged to create a policy window to secure a strong FCTC-based initiative on the political agenda that was ultimately passed. CONCLUSIONS: The Mexican experience illustrates the importance of continued health advocacy and political will in adopting FCTC-based policies. Other countries should follow Mexico's lead by collecting and sharing data through coordinating efforts in order to be prepared to seize political opportunity windows when strong political will is present.

Os Determinantes Sociais da Saúde no planejamento da testagem à covid-19 no Amazonas, Brasil / The Social Determinants of Health in the planning of COVID-19 testing in Amazonas, Brazil

RESUMO A sindemia da covid-19 afetou desproporcionalmente populações mais vulneráveis do ponto de vista social, como pessoas de baixa renda, populações indígenas e ribeirinhas. No estado do Amazonas, onde a geografia única e as disparidades sociais apresentam desafios significativos para o acesso e a equidade em saúde, os Determinantes Sociais da Saúde (DSS) desempenham um papel crucial. Este artigo analisa se e como os DSS foram considerados durante o planejamento de testes para a covid-19 no Amazonas. Para tal análise, realizou-se um estudo de caso qualitativo por meio de análise documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas com atores-chave envolvidos no planejamento e na implementação da testagem. Os documentos oficiais foram sistematizados usando TIDieR-PHP. Os dados foram analisados empregando a ferramenta REFLEX-ISS. Os DSS não foram considerados no planejamento de testes no Amazonas. Não houve consenso entre os entrevistados sobre a importância de considerar os DSS no planejamento da intervenção. Os testes foram restritos a pacientes com sintomas graves e a algumas categorias de trabalhadores em serviços considerados essenciais. Faz-se necessário, aos gestores de políticas de saúde, conhecimento sobre a importância de considerar os DSS no planejamento em intervenções populacionais para realizar uma política equânime.

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 syndemic has disproportionately affected socially vulnerable populations, such as low-income individuals, Indigenous peoples, and riverine communities. Social Determinants of Health (SDH) have played a crucial role in the state of Amazonas, where unique geography and social disparities pose significant challenges to health access and equity. This article examines whether and how SDH were considered during COVID-19 testing planning in Amazonas. For this analysis, we conducted a qualitative case study through document analysis and semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders involved in testing planning and implementation. Official documents were systematized using TIDieR-PHP, and data were analyzed using the REFLEX-ISS tool. SDH were not considered in testing planning in Amazonas. The respondents could not all agree on the importance of considering SDH in intervention planning. Testing was limited to patients with severe symptoms and specific categories of essential workers. Health policymakers need to understand the relevance of considering SDH in planning population interventions to ensure equitable policy implementation.

Financiamento da saúde mental pública: estudo do caso do Rio de Janeiro (2019 a 2022) / Financing public mental health: a case study of Rio de Janeiro (2019 to 2022)

RESUMO A saúde mental no Sistema Único de Saúde vive uma disputa entre o cuidado centrado na doença e os determinantes socioambientais. O estudo do cofinanciamento estadual da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial no Rio de Janeiro (2019 a 2022) visou observar como elementos teórico-conceituais sobre saúde mental foram relevantes nas decisões de financiamento interfederativo nesse período. Realizou-se revisão de normativas federais e estaduais das Comissões Intergestores (Bipartite e Tripartite), notas técnicas e consultas ao Fala.BR. Os documentos demonstraram a ruptura interfederativa com relação ao cuidado da saúde mental de base territorial e comunitária. Nesse período, enquanto o Ministério da Saúde direcionava sua agenda para o cuidado ambulatorial e especializado, o Rio de Janeiro ampliou o recurso financeiro estadual à saúde mental em R$ 175 milhões para fortalecer Centros de Atenção Psicossocial e Serviços Residenciais Terapêuticos habilitados ou elegíveis para habilitação. A desinstitucionalização de sobreviventes dos manicômios e a expansão da rede de cuidados de atenção às situações de crise são resultados encontrados. A conclusão do estudo sugere a construção de metodologia de monitoramento interfederativo do financiamento da saúde mental pública para que a entrega do cuidado esteja cada vez mais próxima das necessidades dos munícipes e das vulnerabilidades territoriais.

ABSTRACT Mental health in the Unified Health System has experienced a dispute between disease-centered care and socio-environmental determinants. The study of state co-financing of the Psychosocial Care Network in Rio de Janeiro (2019 to 2022) aimed to explain how theoretical-conceptual elements about mental health were relevant in interfederative financing decisions in this period. A review of federal and state regulations of the Intermanagement Committees (Bipartite and Tripartite), technical notes and Fala.BR site was carried out. The documents demonstrated the interfederative rupture in relation to territorial and community-based mental health care. During this period, while the Ministry of Health directed its agenda towards outpatient and specialized care, Rio de Janeiro increased the state's financial resource for mental health by R$ 175 million to strengthen Psychosocial Care Centers and Therapeutic Residential Services qualified or eligible for qualification. The deinstitutionalization of asylum survivors and the expansion of the care network for crisis situations are results found in Rio de Janeiro. The conclusion of the study suggests the construction of an interfederative monitoring methodology for public mental health financing so that the delivery of care is increasingly closer to the needs of citizens and territorial vulnerabilities.

Evangélicos, 'agenda neoconservadora' e política de saúde das mulheres: uma revisão narrativa (2016-2021) / Evangelicals, 'neoconservative agenda' and women's health policy: a narrative review (2016-2021)

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a literatura sobre o crescimento demográfico e a atuação política dos evangélicos, especialmente no âmbito do Congresso Nacional, em particular, com relação à política de saúde das mulheres e dos Direitos Sexuais e Reprodutivos (DSR). Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa da produção científica nacional registrada no portal de periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento do Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes), no período 2016-2021, usando os descritores "evangélico", "agenda neoconservadora" e "saúde das mulheres". Foram selecionados 80 artigos que tratam da relação entre o crescimento do número de igrejas evangélicas e de fiéis vinculados a essas organizações religiosas no Brasil. Do conjunto do artigos analisados, 42,5% analisam a agenda defendida pelos setores religiosos do campo conservador, incluindo um conjunto de temas, tais como política, sexualidade e reprodução, 'ideologia de gênero', direitos humanos da população LGBTQIA+, DSR, aborto, educação sexual nas escolas, casamento entre pessoas do mesmo sexo, estatuto da família, estatuto do nascituro, violência sexual, frentes em defesa da vida e da família, religiões de matriz africana, racismo religioso e intolerância religiosa. Assim, enfatiza-se a importância desse tema nas pesquisas em saúde coletiva, principalmente na área de política, planejamento e gestão em saúde.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to analyze the literature on the demographic growth and political action of evangelicals, especially in the context of the National Congress, in particular, with regard to women's health policy and Sexual and Reproductive Rights (DSR). This is a narrative review of the national scientific production registered in the journal portal of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), in the period 2016-2022, using the descriptors "evangelical", "neoconservative agenda" and "women's health". We selected 80 articles that deal with the relationship between the growth of the number of evangelical churches and faithful linked to these churches in Brazil. Of the articles analyzed, 42.5% examine the agenda defended by religious sectors of the conservative field, including a set of themes, such as politics, sexuality and reproduction, 'gender ideology', human rights of the LGBTQIA+ population, DSR, abortion, sex education in schools, same-sex marriage, family status, status of the unborn child, sexual violence, fronts in defense of life and family, religions of African origin, religious racism and religious intolerance. Thus, the importance of this theme in public health research is emphasized, especially in the area of health policy, planning and management.

Planejamento no SUS: a agenda das Práticas Corporais e Atividades Físicas de 2004 a 2023 / Planning at the SUS: the agenda of Body Practices and Physical Activities from 2004 to 2023

RESUMO As Práticas Corporais e Atividades Físicas (PCAF) têm sido incorporadas no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), tendo o Programa Academia da Saúde como principal expoente. Contudo, ainda não foi investigado o planejamento, que expressa as responsabilidades dos gestores quanto à saúde da população, para efetivação dessas práticas como políticas públicas de saúde. Assim, o presente artigo teve o objetivo de analisar a formulação e o desenvolvimento da agenda de promoção das PCAF a partir dos instrumentos de planejamento do âmbito federal do SUS - Plano Nacional de Saúde, Programação Anual de Saúde e Relatório Anual de Gestão, de 2004 a 2023. Por meio de estudo de caráter analítico-descritivo, pautado em pesquisa documental, foi realizada a busca de termos como: (in)atividade física; fisicamente ativo; exercício físico; práticas corporais; entre outros. A formulação e o desenvolvimento da referida agenda estiveram principalmente relacionados com o enfrentamento das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, e houve importante disparidade entre o que foi planejado e o executado, em desfavor da expansão do Academia da Saúde. Com o resgate histórico da agenda das PCAF no SUS apresentado, são permitidos debates e iniciativas com vistas a efetivá-las enquanto política pública de saúde.

ABSTRACT Body Practices and Physical Activities (BPPA) have been incorporated into the Unified Health System (SUS), with the Health Academy Program as its main exponent. However, planning, which expresses the responsibilities of managers regarding the population's health, has not yet been investigated to make these practices effective as public health policies. Thus, the aim of this article was to analyze the formulation and development of the agenda for BPPA promotion from the planning instruments of the federal level of the SUS - National Health Plan, Annual Health Programming, and Annual Management Report, from 2004 to 2023. Through an analytical-descriptive study based on documentary research, a search was carried out for terms such as: physical (in)activity; physically active; physical exercise; body practices; among others. The formulation and development of the BPPA promotion agenda were mainly related to facing chronic noncommunicable diseases, and there was an important disparity between what was planned and what was executed, to the detriment of the expansion of Health Academy. With the historic rescue of the BPPA agenda presented in the SUS, debates and initiatives are allowed with a view to making them effective as a public health policy.

Inovações produzidas na Atenção Primária à Saúde durante a pandemia do COVID-19: uma revisão integrativa da literatura / Innovations produced in Primary Health Care during the COVID-19 pandemic: an integrative literature review

Resumo A Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) demonstrou ser parte importante das medidas de prevenção, controle e tratamento do COVID-19, ao mesmo tempo em que foi desafiada a manter a oferta dos serviços regulares. O objetivo deste artigo é identificar os principais arranjos desenvolvidos para ofertar cuidados na APS na pandemia do COVID-19. A revisão integrativa foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO e LILACS por meio dos descritores "Atenção Primária à Saúde" e "COVID-19". Os resultados foram analisados por meio de três questões: Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC), Organizações dos Processos de Trabalho e Doenças Crônicas Não-COVID. Ganha grande destaque o uso das TIC no cuidado ofertado na APS, tanto para pacientes com sintomas respiratórios quanto para pacientes crônicos. Alterações na composição das equipes, fluxos de atendimento, espaços físicos e horários de atendimento também foram implantadas. Ainda que estratégias que visaram o monitoramento dos pacientes crônicos e o atendimento remoto podem ter contribuído para minimizar os agravos à saúde desses usuários, a diminuição dos atendimentos realizados neste período poderá resultar em uma grande demanda para a APS nos anos pós-pandemia.

Abstract Primary Health Care (PHC) proved to be an important part of the prevention, control and treatment measures against COVID-19, a situation in which it was challenged to keep up its provision of regular services as well. This article identifies the main arrangements made to provide PHC care in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. An integrative literature review of articles found in PubMed, SciELO and LILACS databases was performed using the descriptors "Primary Health Care" and "COVID-19". Findings were analyzed considering three questions: Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), Organizations of Work Processes and Non-COVID Chronic Diseases. The use of different forms of ICT to provide PHC is highlighted regarding patients with respiratory symptoms and chronic patients. Changes in team composition, service flows, physical spaces and working hours were also introduced. Although strategies aimed at monitoring chronic patients and at remote care may have helped minimize deterioration of their health, the decrease in the number of visits performed during this period could have resulted in an increased demand for PHC in post-pandemic years.

Childhood obesity and sugar-sweetened beverages in Río Negro: Burden of disease and expected impact of Law no. 27642 on the Promotion of Healthy Eating. / Obesidad infantil y bebidas azucaradas en Río Negro: carga de enfermedad e impacto esperado de la Ley 27642 de Promoción de la Alimentación Saludable.

Introduction. The highest levels of childhood overweight and obesity in Latin America correspond to Argentina; this condition increases the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and other conditions in adulthood. More than 25% of childhood and adolescent obesity are attributable to the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). Our objective was to assess the disease and financial burden of SSB consumption among children and adolescents in Río Negro, the morbidity and mortality in adulthood, and the impact of reducing sugar consumption via the implementation of Law no. 27642 on the Promotion of Healthy Eating. Population and methods. We used a mathematical simulation model with a comparative risk assessment approach in the Río Negro population aged 0 to 17 years. The burden of obesity attributable to SSB consumption in the short and long term and direct medical costs were assessed. Results. The average consumption of SSBs was 348 mL/day; the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 16.6% and 11.6%, respectively. There were over 6600 cases of overweight in children and adolescents; while in adulthood, there were over 17 500 cases of overweight, 34 deaths attributable to SSBs, 3200 cases of diabetes, and over 4230 other health events. Direct medical costs were estimated at ARS 250 000 000 attributable to SSB consumption. Conclusion. The implementation of a comprehensive policy as established by Law no. 27642 on the Promotion of Healthy Eating in Río Negro would decrease 24% of overweight cases, morbidity, mortality, and associated medical costs.

Introducción. Los mayores valores de sobrepeso y obesidad infantil de Latinoamérica corresponden a Argentina, condición que incrementa el riesgo de obesidad en la adultez, diabetes tipo 2, enfermedades cardiovasculares, cerebrovasculares y otras. Más del 25 % de los casos de obesidad infantojuvenil pueden atribuirse al consumo de bebidas azucaradas (BA). El objetivo fue evaluar la carga de enfermedad y la económica del consumo de BA en niños y adolescentes rionegrinos; morbimortalidad en la adultez e impacto de lograr una reducción del consumo de azúcares con la implementación de la Ley 27642 de Promoción de la Alimentación Saludable. Población y métodos. Se utilizó un modelo de simulación matemática con enfoque de evaluación de riesgo comparativo en la población rionegrina de 0 a 17 años. Se evaluó la carga de obesidad atribuible al consumo de BA a corto y largo plazo, y los costos médicos directos. Resultados. El consumo promedio de BA fue de 348 ml/día y la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad fueron del 16,6 % y el 11,6 %, respectivamente. Se estimaron más de 6600 casos de exceso de peso en niños y adolescentes; y, en la adultez, más de 17 500 casos de exceso de peso, 34 muertes atribuibles a BA, 3200 casos de diabetes y más de 4230 en otros eventos de salud. Se calcularon costos médicos directos por $ 250 000 000 atribuibles al consumo de BA. Conclusión. La implementación de una política integral como establece la Ley 27642 de Promoción de la Alimentación Saludable en Río Negro disminuiría el 24 % de los casos de exceso de peso, la morbimortalidad y los costos médicos asociados.

Work overload and associated factors in healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic changed the work routine of professionals at the family healthcare center (Núcleo de Atenção à Saúde da Família - NASF-AB), providing new conditions and work overload. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to explore factors associated with work overload in NASF-AB professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with NASF-AB workers in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, from May to August 2021. Working conditions and overload were assessed using the National Program for Improving Access and the Quality of Primary Care questionnaire (Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica - PMAQ) and the scale measuring burden of professionals in mental health services (Escala de Avaliação da Sobrecarga de Profissionais em Serviços de Saúde Mental - IMPACTO-BR), respectively. A multivariate linear regression model was used. A total of 68 health professionals participated in the study, including 19 physiotherapists, 13 occupational therapists, 10 social workers, 10 nutritionists, 9 psychologists and 7 physical education professionals. RESULTS: There was a significant association between overall overload and being female (p=<0.005), having spaces for reflection on the work process (p=0.027), and having difficulty moving around to conduct activities in the territory (p=0.002) for increasing the chance of work overload. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings encourage workers' health policies and closer ties and negotiation with local management, as well as the return of the institutional support figure for the effectiveness and resolution of actions in primary healthcare units.

Maternal smoking prevalence in Brazil in 2013 and 2019: not what we expected when they were expecting!

INTRODUCTION: Monitoring tobacco use during pregnancy is critical for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. We examined changes between 2013 and 2019 in the relative differences in smoking prevalence rates between pregnant and non-pregnant women aged 18-49 years. METHODS: We used data from a nationally representative health survey conducted in Brazil in 2013 and 2019. A generalized linear model with binomial family and logarithmic link function was used to estimate, for each year of analysis, the crude and adjusted (by age-group, educational attainment, place of residence, and status of protection from passive smoking at home) relative differences. RESULTS: In 2013,the proportion point estimate of tobacco use among pregnant women was lower than that observed among non-pregnant women (4.7% vs. 9.6%). However, in 2019 proportion point estimates were virtually the same (8.5% vs. 8.4%). After adjustment for selected variables, in 2013, smoking prevalence among pregnant women was 42% (p-value≤0.05) lower than that observed among non-pregnant women. On the other hand, in 2019, maternal smoking prevalence was 13% (p-value>0.05) higher than that found among non-pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS: Ongoing tobacco industry interference and the marketing of tobacco products to vulnerable populations pose serious threats to public health and likely contributed to increasing maternal smoking prevalence. The fact that women smoke in such an important phase of their and their unborn children's lives reinforces the need to strengthen the implementation of concurrent tobacco control actions, including tobacco excise tax policy and pre-natal tobacco prevention and cessation interventions as part of health professionals' routine consultation. IMPLICATIONS: The decline in smoking prevalence among non-pregnant women between 2013 and 2019 was accompanied by an increase in maternal smoking prevalence. Monitoring tobacco use during pregnancy is critical for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Ongoing tobacco industry interference and the marketing of tobacco products to vulnerable populations in Brazil pose serious threats to public health. The fact that women smoke in such an important phase of their and their unborn children's lives reinforces the need to strengthen the implementation of concurrent tobacco control actions, including tobacco excise tax policy and primary healthcare professionals´ tobacco-related assistance during interaction with their patients.

Methodological guidelines and publications of benefit-risk assessment for health technology assessment: a scoping review.

OBJECTIVES: To map the available methodological guidelines and documents for conducting and reporting benefit-risk assessment (BRA) during health technologies' life cycle; and to identify methodological guidelines for BRA that could serve as the basis for the development of a BRA guideline for the context of health technology assessment (HTA) in Brazil. DESIGN: Scoping review. METHODS: Searches were conducted in three main sources up to March 2023: (1) electronic databases; (2) grey literature (48 HTA and regulatory organisations) and (3) manual search and contacting experts. We included methodological guidelines or publications presenting methods for conducting or reporting BRA of any type of health technologies in any context of the technology's life cycle. Selection process and data charting were conducted by independent reviewers. We provided a structured narrative synthesis of the findings. RESULTS: From the 83 eligible documents, six were produced in the HTA context, 30 in the regulatory and 35 involved guidance for BRA throughout the technology's life cycle. We identified 129 methodological approaches for BRA in the documents. The most commonly referred to descriptive frameworks were the Problem, Objectives, Alternatives, Consequences, Trade-offs, Uncertainty, Risk and Linked decisions and the Benefit-Risk Action Team. Multicriteria decision analysis was the most commonly cited quantitative framework. We also identified the most cited metric indices, estimation and utility survey techniques that could be used for BRA. CONCLUSIONS: Methods for BRA in HTA are less established. The findings of this review, however, will support and inform the elaboration of the Brazilian methodological guideline on BRA for HTA. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/69T3V.

The S20 Brazilian Mental Health Report for Building a Just World and a Sustainable Planet: Part II.

This is the second part of the Brazilian S20 mental health report. The mental health working group is dedicated to leveraging scientific insights to foster innovation and propose actionable recommendations for implementation in Brazil and participating countries. In addressing the heightened mental health challenges in a post-pandemic world, strategies should encompass several key elements. This second part of the S20 Brazilian Mental Health Report will delve into some of these elements, including: the impact of climate change on mental health, the influence of environmental factors on neurodevelopmental disorders, the intersection of serious mental illness and precision psychiatry, the co-occurrence of physical and mental disorders, advancements in biomarkers for mental disorders, the utilization of digital health in mental healthcare, the implementation of interventional psychiatry, and the design of innovative mental health systems integrating principles of innovation and human rights. Reassessing the treatment settings for psychiatric patients within general hospitals, where their mental health and physical needs are addressed should be prioritized in mental health policy. As the S20 countries prepare for the future, we need principles that stand to advance innovation, uphold human rights, and strive for the highest standards in mental health care.

Opportunities and challenges in antimicrobial resistance policy including animal production systems and humans across stakeholders in Argentina: a context and qualitative analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Gaps in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance and control, including implementation of national action plans (NAPs), are evident internationally. Countries' capacity to translate political commitment into action is crucial to cope with AMR at the human-animal-environment interface. METHODS: We employed a two-stage process to understand opportunities and challenges related to AMR surveillance and control at the human-animal interface in Argentina. First, we compiled the central AMR policies locally and mapped vital stakeholders around the NAP and the national commission against bacterial resistance. Second, we conducted qualitative interviews using a semistructured questionnaire covering stakeholders' understanding and progress towards AMR and NAP. We employed a mixed deductive-inductive approach and used the constant comparative analysis method. We created categories and themes to cluster subthemes and determined crucial relationships among thematic groups. RESULTS: Crucial AMR policy developments have been made since 1969, including gradually banning colistin in food-producing animals. In 2023, a new government decree prioritised AMR following the 2015 NAP launch. Our qualitative analyses identified seven major themes for tackling AMR: (I) Cultural factors and sociopolitical country context hampering AMR progress, (II) Fragmented governance, (III) Antibiotic access and use, (IV) AMR knowledge and awareness throughout stakeholders, (V) AMR surveillance, (VI) NAP efforts and (VII) External drivers. We identified a fragmented structure of the food production chain, poor cross-coordination between stakeholders, limited surveillance and regulation among food-producing animals and geographical disparities over access, diagnosis and treatment. The country is moving to integrate animal and food production into its surveillance system, with most hospitals experienced in monitoring AMR through antimicrobial stewardship programmes. CONCLUSION: AMR accountability should involve underpinning collaboration at different NAP implementation levels and providing adequate resources to safeguard long-term sustainability. Incorporating a multisectoral context-specific approach relying on different One Health domains is crucial to strengthening local AMR surveillance.

Deciphering Trends in Cancer Mortality: A Comprehensive Analysis of Brazilian Data From 1979 to 2021 With Emphasis on Breast and Prostate Cancers.

Background: This study examined cancer mortality trends in Brazil from 1979 to 2021, emphasizing breast and prostate cancers. Methods: Utilizing data from the Brazilian Mortality Information System and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, it analyzed cancer deaths nationally and regionally, highlighting gender-specific and regional disparities. Results: The research finds that cancer death rates have been growing at an average of 12% per year, contrasting with the population growth rate of 2.2%. This trend is more pronounced in the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil. A comparison of cancer mortality rates between Brazil, the USA, and China reveals that while the Brazilian and Chinese rates exhibit slower growth, the US rate shows a continuous decline since the 1990s. Conclusions: The study adopts a novel approach by focusing on growth rates and employing polynomial interpolation, revealing a deceleration in cancer death growth over the last 15 years across all malignant neoplasms. The study also contextualizes these findings within Brazil's cancer control policies, tracing the evolution of preventive measures and treatment advancements. It highlights the significant role of the National Cancer Institute and the Unified Health System in implementing effective strategies. The decreasing trend in cancer mortality rates in Brazil, despite population growth, illustrates the effectiveness of comprehensive cancer control and prevention measures, underlining their importance in public health policy.