Effects of Prenatal Breastfeeding Education on Breastfeeding Duration Beyond 12 Weeks: A Systematic Review.

The proportion of infants in the United States who are breastfed at 1 year remains well below the Healthy People 2030 target. The health implications of suboptimal breastfeeding durations are significant, including increased risk of childhood leukemia and maternal Type 2 diabetes. Prenatal breastfeeding education provides an opportunity to improve breastfeeding self-efficacy among pregnant individuals and to establish their coping skills in case future breastfeeding problems arise. Although prenatal breastfeeding education is known to improve breastfeeding self-efficacy, characteristics of prenatal breastfeeding education interventions that are successful at increasing breastfeeding duration have not been well defined. Using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and the Health Action Process Approach, we conducted a systematic review of the literature examining the impact of prenatal breastfeeding education interventions on breastfeeding duration measured at least 12 weeks postpartum. Twenty-one studies were identified. Prenatal breastfeeding education was most likely to increase breastfeeding duration when education interventions integrated psychological components (Health Action Process Approach coping planning) or were paired with in-person postpartum breastfeeding support. Additional research is needed to examine the role of psychological components in breastfeeding education interventions in diverse populations and to determine the specific psychological intervention components with the greatest impact on breastfeeding duration.

Short-Term Effects of Manual Therapy on Balance: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze short-term changes in dynamic and static balance after a manual therapy protocol in healthy participants and analyze any repercussions on mood and perception of change after applying articulatory techniques. METHODS: A single-blind, randomized, multicenter clinical trial was conducted. Participants were allocated to either a manual therapy group (MTG) (n = 101) or a control group (CG) without intervention (n = 99), and measures were taken before treatment, after the intervention, and 1 week after treatment. Assessments included the Star Excursion Balance Test, Unipedal Stance Test (UPST), Profile of Mood States (POMS), and Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) scale. RESULTS: Two hundred healthy participants completed the study (mean age, 22 [SD = 2.67]). There was a statistically significant interaction between groups and time measurements in the right leg for anterior (P = .003), posteromedial (P < .001), and posterolateral (P = .001) directions in favor of the MTG, as well as in the left leg for anterior (P < .001), posteromedial (P < .001), and posterolateral (P = .012) directions. The analysis failed to show statistically significant interactions between any of the factors for the UPST and POMS (P > .05). The MTG showed a significant improvement compared to the CG after treatment (P = .003) and at 1-week follow-up (P < .001) on the PGIC scale. CONCLUSION: The results suggest the MT intervention was effective on dynamic balance in post-intervention in healthy participants, and some of the directions maintained the results at 1-week follow-up. Perception of change in post-treatment and 1-week follow-up also significantly improved. The protocol did not seem to produce changes in static balance and mood states. Positive changes after manual therapy were maintained in the short term.

Universal health information is essential for universal health coverage.

Universal access to health information is a human right and essential to achieving universal health coverage and the other health-related targets of the sustainable development goals. The COVID-19 pandemic has further highlighted the importance of trustworthy sources of health information that are accessible to all people, easily understood and acted on. WHO has developed Your life, your health: Tips and information for health and wellbeing, as a new digital resource for the general public which makes trustworthy health information understandable, accessible and actionable. It provides basic information on important topics, skills and rights related to health and well-being. For those who want to learn more, in-depth information can be accessed through links to WHO videos, infographics and fact sheets. Towards ensuring access to universal health information, this resource was developed using a structured method to: (1) synthesise evidence-based guidance, prioritising public-oriented content, including related rights and skills; (2) develop messages and graphics to be accessible, understandable and actionable for all people based on health literacy principles; (3) engage with experts and other stakeholders to refine messages and message delivery; (4) build a digital resource and test content to obtain feedback from a range of potential users and (5) adapt and co-develop the resource based on feedback and new evidence going forward. As with all WHO global information resources, Your life, your health can be adapted to different contexts. We invite feedback on how the resource can be used, refined and further co-developed to meet people's health information needs.

Social Determinants of Health in People Living with Psychiatric Disorders: The Role of Pharmacists.

Introduction: Social determinants of health (SDOH) affect outcomes of people living with psychiatric disorders, including substance use disorders. As experts in medication optimization, pharmacists play a vital role in identifying and addressing medication-related problems associated with SDOH. However, there is a paucity of literature on how pharmacists can be part of the solution. Objective: The purpose of this article is to provide a narrative review and commentary on the intersection between SDOH, medication-related outcomes in people living with psychiatric disorders, and the role of pharmacists in addressing them. Method: The American Association of Psychiatric Pharmacists appointed an expert panel to research the issue, identify barriers, and develop a framework for including pharmacists in addressing medication therapy problems associated with SDOH in people with psychiatric disorders. The panel used Healthy People 2030 as the framework and sought input from public health officials to propose solutions for their commentary. Results: We identified potential connections between SDOH and their impact on medication use in people with psychiatric disorders. We provide examples of how comprehensive medication management can afford opportunities for pharmacists to mitigate medication-related problems associated with SDOH. Conclusion: Public health officials should be aware of the vital role that pharmacists play in addressing medication therapy problems associated with SDOH to improve health outcomes and to incorporate them in health promotion programs.

Effects of Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Training on Muscle Strength and Hypertrophy Compared with Traditional Resistance Training in Healthy Adults Older Than 60 Years: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: There is clinical interest in determining the effects of low-load blood flow restriction (LL-BFR) resistance training on muscle strength and hypertrophy compared with traditional high- and low-load (HL and LL) resistance training in healthy older adults and the influence of LL-BFR training cuff-pressure on these outcomes. METHODS: A search was performed on the MEDLINE, PEDro, CINHAL, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, and CENTRAL databases. RESULTS: The analysis included 14 studies. HL resistance training produces a small increase in muscle strength (eight studies; SMD, -0.23 [-0.41; -0.05]) but not in muscle hypertrophy (six studies; (SMD, 0.08 [-0.22; 0.38]) when compared with LL-BFR resistance training. Compared with traditional LL resistance training, LL-BFR resistance training produces small-moderate increases in muscle strength (seven studies; SMD, 0.44 [0.28; 0.60]) and hypertrophy (two studies; SMD, 0.51 [0.06; 0.96]). There were greater improvements in muscle strength when higher cuff pressures were applied versus traditional LL resistance training but not versus HL resistance training. CONCLUSIONS: LL-BFR resistance training results in lower muscle strength gains than HL resistance training and greater than traditional LL resistance training in healthy adults older than 60 years. LL-BFR resistance training promotes a similar muscle hypertrophy to HL resistance training but is greater than that of traditional LL resistance training. Applying cuff pressures above the limb occlusion pressure could enhance the increases in muscle strength compared with traditional LL resistance training.

Healthy People and Interested Students: Medical and Pharmacy Students' Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Public Health.

Little is known about health professions students' awareness and attitudes regarding public health in the United States. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess medical and pharmacy students' knowledge and interest in the Healthy People initiative as well as perceptions of public health content in their curricula. An electronic survey was distributed in March 2021 in seven schools across Ohio; participation was incentivized through a USD 5 donation to the Ohio Association of Foodbanks to aid in COVID-19 relief efforts (maximum USD 1000) for each completed survey. A total of 182 medical students and 233 pharmacy students participated (12% response rate). Less than one-third of respondents reported familiarity with Healthy People and correctly identified the latest edition. However, nearly all respondents agreed public health initiatives are valuable to the American healthcare system. Almost all students expressed a desire to practice interprofessionally to attain public health goals. Both medical and pharmacy students recognized core public health topics in their curricula, and nearly 90% wanted more information. These findings indicate that the majority of medical and pharmacy students in Ohio believe public health initiatives to be important, yet knowledge gaps exist regarding Healthy People. This information can guide curricular efforts and inform future studies of health professions students.

A Systematic Review to Examine the Evidence in Developing Social Prescribing Interventions That Apply a Co-Productive, Co-Designed Approach to Improve Well-Being Outcomes in a Community Setting.

This systematic review aims to investigate the evidence in applying a co-design, co-productive approach to develop social prescribing interventions. A growing body of evidence suggests that co-production and co-design are methods that can be applied to engage service users as knowledgeable assets who can contribute to developing sustainable health services. Applying the Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted. Peer-reviewed articles were sought using electronic databases, experts and grey literature. The review search concluded with eight observational studies. Quality appraisal methods were influenced by the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Framework approach. A narrative thematic synthesis of the results was conducted. The evidence suggests that a co-design and co-productive social prescribing can lead to positive well-being outcomes among communities. Barriers and facilitators of co-production and co-design approach were also highlighted within the evidence. The evidence within this review confirms that a co-production and co-design would be an effective approach to engage stakeholders in the development and implementation of a SP intervention within a community setting. The evidence also implies that SP initiatives can be enhanced from the outset, by drawing on stakeholder knowledge to design a service that improves health and well-being outcomes for community members.

Higher fatty liver index is associated with increased risk of new onset heart failure in healthy adults: a nationwide population-based study in Korea.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) is relatively common cardiovascular disease with high mortality and morbidity. Although it is associated with many cardiovascular risk factors, the association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disease, and HF has not been evaluated in a large-scale cohort study. Thus, we evaluated the ability of the fatty liver Index (FLI), a surrogate marker of NAFLD, to predict the development of HF in healthy individuals. METHODS: We analyzed the association between the FLI and new-onset HF with multivariate Cox proportional-hazards models in 308,578 healthy persons without comorbidities who underwent the National Health check-ups in the republic of Korea from 2009 to 2014. RESULTS: A total of 2532 subjects (0.8%) were newly diagnosed with HF during the study period (a median of 5.4 years). We categorized our subjects into quartile groups according to FLI (Q1, 0-4.9; Q2, 5.0-12.5; Q3, 12.6-31.0; and Q4, > 31.0). The cumulative incidence of HF was significantly higher in the highest FLI group than in the lowest FLI group (Q1, 307 [0.4%] and Q4, 890 [1.2%]; P < 0.001). Adjusted hazard ratio (HRs) indicated that the highest FLI group was independently associated with an increased risk for HF (HR between Q4 and Q1, 2.709; 95% confidence interval = 2.380-3.085; P < 0.001). FLI was significantly associated with an increased risk of new-onset HF regardless of their baseline characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Higher FLI was independently associated with increased risk of HF in a healthy Korean population.

A Close Relationship between Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Marker and New-Onset Hypertension in Healthy Korean Adults.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an excessive accumulation of fat into the liver as a result of increased inflammation and insulin resistance. Although there can be common pathogenic mechanisms for NAFLD and hypertension associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases, little data are showing the association between NAFLD and hypertension in a large-scale cohort study. Thus, we evaluated the ability of the fatty liver index (FLI), a surrogate marker of NAFLD, to predict the development of hypertension in healthy individuals. METHODS: We included 334,280 healthy individuals without known comorbidities who underwent the National Health check-ups in South Korea from 2009 to 2014. The association between the FLI and hypertension was analyzed using multivariate Cox proportional-hazards models. RESULTS: During a median of 5.2 years' follow-up, 24,678 subjects (7.4%) had new-onset hypertension. We categorized total subjects into quartile groups according to FLI (range: Q1, 0-4.9; Q2, 5.0-12.5; Q3, 12.6-31.0; and Q4, >31.0). The incidence of hypertension was higher in subjects with the highest FLI than in those with the lowest FLI (Q4, 9,968 [11.9%] vs. Q1, 2,277 [2.7%]; p<0.001). There was a significant correlation between the highest FLI and an increased risk of new-onset hypertension (adjusted hazard ratio between Q4 and Q1, 2.330; 95% confidence interval, 2.218-2.448; p<0.001). FLI was significantly associated with an increased risk of new-onset hypertension regardless of baseline characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Higher FLI was independently associated with increased risk of hypertension in a healthy Korean population.

Healthy People 2030: Roadmap for Public Health for the Next Decade.

Pharmacists play key roles in public health activities. The Healthy People initiative is a future-oriented approach to promote health and prevent disease, and serves as a framework for priority areas of intervention. The latest iteration, Healthy People 2030, was released in August 2020. Healthy People 2030 contains 355 specific objectives and raises awareness about gaps between actual and optimal health status. Pharmacists and student pharmacists can directly impact the majority of the objectives to improve the nation's health. Pharmacy educators should utilize resources including the Clinical Prevention and Population Health Curriculum Framework to ensure they are adequately preparing their students to affect clinical prevention and population health.

Achieving the SDGs: Evaluating indicators to be used to benchmark and monitor progress towards creating healthy and sustainable cities.

In 2016, the World Health Organization declared that 'Health is one of the most effective markers of any city's successful sustainable development' (World Health Organisation, 2016). With estimates that around 6.7 billion people will live in cities by 2050, 21st century city planning decisions will play a critical role in achieving the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). They will determine the city structure and access to health-enhancing (or health-damaging) urban environments, and ultimately lifestyle choices that impact both individual and planetary health. Benchmarking, monitoring and evaluating city planning policies and interventions is therefore critical to optimise urban outcomes. In 2017, the UN adopted a global SDG indicator framework, calling for complementary national and regional indicators to be collected by member countries. UN Habitat has also developed an indicator action framework specifically for cities. This paper examined the extent to which the UN indicators will help cities evaluate their efforts to deliver sustainability and health outcomes. It identified inconsistencies between the two UN indicator frameworks. Many of the SDG indicators assess outcomes, rather than the comprehensive and integrated 'upstream' policies and interventions required to deliver outcomes on-the-ground. Conversely, the UN Habitat framework incorporates intervention indicators, but excludes health outcome indicators. A more comprehensive approach to benchmarking, monitoring and evaluating policies designed to achieve healthy and sustainable cities and assessing spatial inequities is proposed.

PRECEDE-PROCEED model based questionnaire and saliva tests for oral health checkup in adult.

Screening is a fundamental strategy for early detection, treatment, and prevention of progression of oral disease and those at high risk for oral disease. While numerous screening tools exist, questionnaires, and saliva tests are often suitable for screening. The questionnaire based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model was developed, validated, and elucidated on the structural interrelationship between these two methods. In the current investigation, 311 adults had this questionnaire and saliva testing administered simultaneously during an occupational health checkup. The questionnaire was validated by classical test theory, item response theory, and path analysis. Through structural equation modeling, it was found that self-care guidance may be an important role of the family dentist. In addition, self-awareness of oral symptoms was significantly related to saliva test results. However, self-administered questionnaires and saliva tests together may provide more information than either of them alone for the detection, treatment, and prevention of progression of oral disease. Thus, simultaneous application of self-administered questionnaires and saliva tests is recommended during oral health checkups for adults.

Online Health Information Seeking Among US Adults: Measuring Progress Toward a Healthy People 2020 Objective.

OBJECTIVE: During the past decade, the availability of health information online has increased dramatically. We assessed progress toward the Healthy People 2020 (HP2020) health communication and health information technology objective of increasing the proportion of health information seekers who easily access health information online. METHODS: We used data from 4 administrations of the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 2008-2017) (N = 18 103). We conducted multivariable logistic regression analysis to evaluate trends over time in experiences with accessing health information and to examine differences by sociodemographic variables (sex, age, race/ethnicity, education, income, metropolitan status) separately for those who used the internet (vs other information sources) during their most recent search for health information. RESULTS: Among US adults who looked for health information and used the internet for their most recent search, the percentage who reported accessing health information without frustration was stable during the study period (from 37.2% in 2008 to 38.5% in 2017). Accessing information online without frustration was significantly and independently associated with age 35-49 (vs age 18-34) (odds ratio [OR] = 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03 -1.73), non-Hispanic black (vs non-Hispanic white) race/ethnicity (OR = 2.15; 95% CI, 1.55-2.97), and annual household income <$20 000 (vs >$75 000) (OR = 0.66; 95% CI, 0.47-0.93). The percentage of adults who used an information source other than the internet and reported accessing health information online without frustration ranged from 31.3% in 2008 to 42.7% in 2017. Survey year 2017 (vs 2008) (OR = 1.61; 95% CI, 1.09-2.35) and high school graduate education (vs college graduate) (OR = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.49-0.97) were significantly and independently associated with accessing health information without frustration from sources other than the internet. CONCLUSIONS: The percentage of online health information seekers reporting easily accessing health information did not meet the HP2020 objective. Continued efforts are needed to enable easy access to online health information among diverse populations.

Opportunistic immunising in the paediatric emergency department: Are patients due vaccines?

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to identify if patients presenting to a paediatric emergency department were due National Immunisation Program recommended vaccines in order to determine missed opportunities for vaccination or vaccination referral. METHOD: A hospital chart audit assessed the documentation of an immunisation history, in comparison to the immunisation histories available from national and state immunisation databases to determine accuracy; to identify if patients were due vaccines as determined by the National Immunisation Program; and to identify factors associated with those due vaccines. RESULTS: Potential opportunities to vaccinate children due vaccines were missed (10/114, 8.8%); with less than half (4/10, 40%) correctly documented as due vaccines. Despite identification of due vaccines, no vaccines were administered. Almost one third of patients (34/114, 30%) had no immunisation history documented in the chart. 'Medically at risk' children (Odds Ratio [OR] 29.7, 95% CI 4.5-196, p<0.001) were statistically more likely to be due vaccines. Likelihood of being due vaccines was higher, but not statistically significant, for those with no identified general practitioner (OR 4.5, 95% CI 0.96-20.6, p=0.08), and for those presenting with injury rather than illness (OR 2.0, 95%CI 0.51-8.1, p=0.48). CONCLUSION: Opportunities to vaccinate children presenting to the emergency department are currently being missed. A particular focus is needed for 'medically at risk' children and those with no identified general practitioner. Larger studies may confirm other risk factors. Further research is required into the attainment of an immunisation history during the hospital admission process and the accuracy of these methods.

[Design and assessment of a outpatient living with PICC-line support program: A pilot study]. / Étude pilote d'évaluation d'un programme d'accompagnement pour les patients quittant l'hôpital avec un PICC-line.

The peripheral insertion central catheter (PICC-Line) is indicated for long term intravenous medication administration. Some adverse events (AE) might occur, especially for patients after hospital discharge. Therefore, patient empowerment about the side effects and precaution for use is essential to prevent potential patient harm. A multidisciplinary working group met and designed support program for outpatient living with PICC-line. Pharmacy consultations (PC) were proposed to patient before and after PICC-line insertion. A strip cartoon and card game were created to facilitate patient education. The aim of the study was to assess the comprehension of patient then secondarily to follow up AE awareness. During 10 months, 30 patients of mean age 65.9±14 years were included. Thirty-sixPICC-Line were installed and followed on 1659days of catheterization. 4, 9 and 13patients received respectively no, at least one and two PCs before discharge from the hospital. Although the differences were not statistically significant, comprehension tends to improve when patients benefit from both PCs especially when it concerns complications. Twenty-fiveambulatory AEs were recorded including 9infections or suspicion of infection, 2 thrombosis and 2 displacements of PICC-line. Among the patients who had no PC, four experienced delayed care. In comparison, it occurred in only one patient in the group who received at least one PC after PICC-line insertion. Further studies are warranted to confirm this trend.

Employee characteristics and health belief variables related to smoking cessation engagement attitudes.

BACKGROUND: Workplace smoking cessation programs can effectively assist employees to quit smoking. However, little is known about employees' attitudes towards engagement in workplace smoking cessation programs. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to address the limited understanding of the interaction between employee characteristics and their health beliefs toward engaging in a workplace smoking cessation program. METHODS: Self-report data was collected from 897 employees of a mining company operating in two remote towns in Australia. The majority of participants were male (73%), the mean age was 36.9 years (SD = 11.5). Chi square tests of independence were used to analyze relationships between employee characteristics and smoking cessation engagement attitudes. Engagement attitudes included: A desire to cease smoking; desire for assistance with the smoking cessation process; and intention to participate in a workplace smoking intervention. RESULTS: The findings from this study indicated that attitudes towards engagement in smoking cessation programs varied for mining employees according to gender, age, perceived severity, perceived self-efficacy, and stage of readiness to change. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide insights that health promotion practitioners may apply to inform the design and marketing of effective workplace smoking cessation programs for similar employees.

Electrocardiographic Findings in Brazilian Adults without Heart Disease: ELSA-Brasil / Medidas Eletrocardiográficas de Adultos Brasileiros sem Cardiopatia Estabelecida: ELSA-Brasil

Abstract Background: The electrocardiogram (ECG) is widely used in population-based studies. However, there are few studies on electrocardiographic findings in Latin America and in Brazil. The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) comprised 15,105 participants (35-74 years) from six Brazilian capitals. Objectives: To describe electrocardiographic findings in Brazilian adults without heart disease, stratified by sex, age and race/skin color. Methods: Cross-sectional study with baseline data of 11,094 adults (44.5% men) without heart disease from ELSA-Brasil. The ECGs were recorded with the Burdick Atria 6100 machine and stored at the Pyramis System. ECG analysis was automatically performed using the Glasgow University software. A descriptive analysis of heart rate (HR), P, QRS and T waves' duration, PR and QT intervals, and P, R and T axes was performed. After stratification by sex, race/color and age, the groups were compared by the Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis test at a significance level of 5%. Linear regression models were used to evaluate the behavior of electrocardiographic parameters over age. Major electrocardiographic abnormalities defined by the Minnesota code were manually revised. Results: Medians values of the electrocardiographic parameters were different between men and women: HR 63 vs. 66 bpm, PR 164 vs.158 ms, QT corrected 410 vs. 421 ms, QRS duration 92 vs. 86 ms, P-wave duration 112 vs. 108 ms, P-wave axis 54 vs. 57 degrees, R-wave axis 35 vs. 39 degrees, T-wave axis 39 vs. 45 degrees (p < 0.001 for all). The 2nd and the 98th percentiles of each variable were also obtained, and graphs were constructed to illustrate the behavior of the electrocardiographic findings over age of participants stratified by sex and race/skin color. Conclusions: The values for the electrocardiographic measurements herein described can be used as reference for Brazilian adults free of heart disease, stratified by sex. Our results suggest that self-reported race/skin color have no significant influence on electrocardiographic parameters.

Resumo Fundamento: O eletrocardiograma (ECG) é amplamente utilizado em estudos de base populacional. Porém, poucos desses estudos descrevem achados eletrocardiográficos na América Latina e particularmente no Brasil. O Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) incluiu 15105 participantes (35-74 anos) de seis capitais brasileiras. Objetivos: Descrever as medidas eletrocardiográficas em adultos brasileiros não cardiopatas, estratificados por sexo, raça/cor e idade. Métodos: Estudo transversal com dados da linha de base do ELSA-Brasil (n=11094, 44,5% homens) de participantes sem doença cardiopatia prevalente. Os ECGs foram obtidos no aparelho Burdick Atria 6100 e armazenados pelo Sistema Pyramis. A análise dos ECGs foi realizada automaticamente utilizando-se o software da Universidade de Glasgow. Realizou-se análise descritiva da frequência cardíaca, da duração das ondas P, QRS e T, dos intervalos (i) PR e QT, e dos eixos de P, R e T. A comparação dos grupos estratificados por sexo, raça/cor e idade, foi feita pelos testes de Wilcoxon e Kruskal-Wallis com nível de significância definido em 5%. O comportamento das medidas eletrocardiográficas ao longo da idade foi avaliado por modelos de regressão linear. Alterações eletrocardiográficas definidas como maiores pelo código de Minnesota foram revisadas manualmente. Resultados: As medianas das mensurações foram diferentes entre homens e mulheres: FC 63 vs 66 bpm, iPR 164 vs 158 ms, iQT corrigido 410 vs. 421 ms, QRS 92 vs 86 ms, onda P 112 vs 108 ms, eixo da onda P 54 vs 58, eixo da onda R 35 vs 39 e eixo da onda T 39 vs 45 (p < 0,001 para todas). Os percentis 02 e 98 foram obtidos para cada variável analisada, assim como gráficos demonstrando o comportamento dos parâmetros eletrocardiográficos ao longo da idade dos participantes estratificados por sexo e raça/cor. Conclusões: Os valores descritos para as medidas eletrocardiográficas analisadas poderão ser utilizados como referência para adultos brasileiros sem cardiopatia prevalente, estratificados por sexo. Os resultados sugerem que não existe grande influência da raça/cor autodeclarada nas mensurações eletrocardiográficas realizadas.

Beating Obesity: Factors Associated with Interest in Workplace Weight Management Assistance in the Mining Industry.

BACKGROUND: Rates of overweight and obese Australians are high and continue to rise, putting a large proportion of the population at risk of chronic illness. Examining characteristics associated with preference for a work-based weight-loss program will enable employers to better target programs to increase enrolment and benefit employees' health and fitness for work. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was undertaken at two Australian mining sites. The survey collected information on employee demographics, health characteristics, work characteristics, stages of behavior change, and preference for workplace assistance with reaching a healthy weight. RESULTS: A total of 897 employees participated; 73.7% were male, and 68% had a body mass index in the overweight or obese range. Employees at risk of developing obesity-related chronic illnesses (based on high body mass index) were more likely to report preference for weight management assistance than lower risk employees. This indicates that, even in the absence of workplace promotion for weight management, some at risk employees want workplace assistance. Employees who were not aware of a need to change their current nutrition or physical activity behaviors were less likely to seek assistance. This indicates that practitioners need to communicate the negative effects of excess weight and promote the benefits of a healthy lifestyle to increase the likelihood of weight management. CONCLUSION: Weight management programs should provide information, motivation. and trouble-shooting assistance to meet the needs of at-risk mining employees, including those who are attempting to change and maintain behaviors to achieve a healthy weight and be suitably fit for work.

Beating Obesity: Factors Associated with Interest in Workplace Weight Management Assistance in the Mining Industry

BACKGROUND: Rates of overweight and obese Australians are high and continue to rise, putting a large proportion of the population at risk of chronic illness. Examining characteristics associated with preference for a work-based weight-loss program will enable employers to better target programs to increase enrolment and benefit employees' health and fitness for work. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was undertaken at two Australian mining sites. The survey collected information on employee demographics, health characteristics, work characteristics, stages of behavior change, and preference for workplace assistance with reaching a healthy weight. RESULTS: A total of 897 employees participated; 73.7% were male, and 68% had a body mass index in the overweight or obese range. Employees at risk of developing obesity-related chronic illnesses (based on high body mass index) were more likely to report preference for weight management assistance than lower risk employees. This indicates that, even in the absence of workplace promotion for weight management, some at risk employees want workplace assistance. Employees who were not aware of a need to change their current nutrition or physical activity behaviors were less likely to seek assistance. This indicates that practitioners need to communicate the negative effects of excess weight and promote the benefits of a healthy lifestyle to increase the likelihood of weight management. CONCLUSION: Weight management programs should provide information, motivation. and trouble-shooting assistance to meet the needs of at-risk mining employees, including those who are attempting to change and maintain behaviors to achieve a healthy weight and be suitably fit for work.

[Visualizing Research Lines in Public Health: An analysis Based on Bibliometric Maps Applied to the Revista Española de Salud Pública (2006-2015)]. / Visualización de las principales líneas de investigación en salud pública: un análisis basado en mapas bibliométricos aplicados a la Revista Española de Salud Pública (2006-2015).

OBJECTIVE: Identifying research lines is essential to understand the knowledge structure of a scientific domain. The aim of this study was to identify the main research topics of within the domain of public health, in the Revista Española de Saslud Pública during 2006-2015. METHODS: Original articles included in the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) database, available online through the Web of Science (WoS), were selected. The analysis units used were the keywords, KeyWords Plus (KW+), extracted automatically by SSCI. With KW+ obtained bibliometric, maps were created using a methodology based on the combination of co-word analysis, co-word analysis, clustering techniques and visualization techniques. RESULTS: We analyzed 512 documents, of which 176 KW+ were obtained with a frequency greater than or equal to 3. The results were bidimensional bibliometric maps with thematic groupings of KW+, representing the main research fronts: i) epidemiology, risk control programs disease and, in general, service organization and health policies; ii) infectious diseases, principally HIV; iii) a progressive increase in several lines interrelated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD); iv) a line multidimensional dedicated to different aspects associated to the quality of life related to health (HRQoL); and v) an emerging line linked to binge drinking. CONCLUSIONS: For the multidisciplinary and multidimensional nature of public health, the construction of bibliometric maps is an appropriate methodology to understand the knowledge structure of this scientific domain.