Neither heat pulse, nor multigenerational exposure to a modest increase in water temperature, alters the susceptibility of Guadeloupean Biomphalaria glabrata to Schistosoma mansoni infection.

There are increasing concerns regarding the role global climate change will have on many vector-borne diseases. Both mathematical models and laboratory experiments suggest that schistosomiasis risk may change as a result of the effects of increasing temperatures on the planorbid snails that host schistosomes. Heat pulse/heat shock of the BS90 strain of Biomphalaria glabrata was shown to increase the rate of infection by Schistosoma mansoni, but the result was not replicable in a follow up experiment by a different lab. We characterised the susceptibility and cercarial shedding of Guadeloupean B. glabrata after infection with S. mansoni under two temperature regimes: multigenerational exposure to small increases in temperature, and extreme heat pulse events. Neither long-term, multigenerational rearing at elevated temperatures, nor transient heat pulse modified the susceptibility of Guadeloupean B. glabrata to infection (prevalence) or shedding of schistosome cercaria (intensity of infection). These findings suggest that heat pulse-induced susceptibility in snail hosts may be dependent on the strain of the snail and/or schistosome, or on some as-yet unidentified environmental co-factor.

Foggy days and dry nights determine crown-level water balance in a seasonal tropical Montane cloud forest.

The ecophysiology of tropical montane cloud forest (TMCF) trees is influenced by crown-level microclimate factors including regular mist/fog water inputs, and large variations in evaporative demand, which in turn can significantly impact water balance. We investigated the effect of such microclimatic factors on canopy ecophysiology and branch-level water balance in the dry season of a seasonal TMCF in Veracruz, Mexico, by quantifying both water inputs (via foliar uptake, FU) and outputs (day- and night-time transpiration, NT). Measurements of sap flow, stomatal conductance, leaf water potential and pressure-volume relations were obtained in Quercus lanceifolia, a canopy-dominant tree species. Our results indicate that FU occurred 34% of the time and led to the recovery of 9% (24 ± 9.1 L) of all the dry-season water transpired from individual branches. Capacity for FU was independently verified for seven additional common tree species. NT accounted for approximately 17% (46 L) of dry-season water loss. There was a strong correlation between FU and the duration of leaf wetness events (fog and/or rain), as well as between NT and the night-time vapour pressure deficit. Our results show the clear importance of fog and NT for the canopy water relations of Q. lanceifolia.

Calibrated heat-pulse method for the assessment of maize water uptake

Plant water requirements are important aspects of crop production to be determined in the field, in order to judiciously manage crop water usage. Water uptake by field grown maize (Zea mays L.), under well-watered conditions was verified with the heat-pulse system. The temperature difference between two radially inserted thermocouples, one 9 mm above and the other 4 mm below a heater piercing the maize stem, was measured every 0.3 seconds following emission of a heat-pulse. Comparisons of the heat-pulse system outputs, lysimetric measurement and transpiration model estimates were monitored on an hourly and daily basis. At normal and low atmospheric demand daily and hourly values of heat-pulse outputs and lysimetric measurement showed good agreement. Hourly agreement of a modified Penman-Monteith energy balance equation estimate and heat-pulse outputs showed accordance between measurement of sap flow and the plant water-loss theory. Study of the relationship between maize canopy water loss rate and heat velocity in the stem showed that these two parameters were proportional and a calibration factor of 1.51 for full soil foliage coverage was verified.

A determinação a campo das necessidades hídricas de plantas é um aspecto importante da produção agrícola, para o manejo correto do uso da água pelos cultivos. A absorção de água por uma cultura de milho (Zea mays L.), cultivado a campo, em condições de não limitação hídrica, foi verificada através da técnica do pulso de calor. Após a emissão de um pulso, procedeu-se a medições, a cada 0,3 segundos, do diferencial de temperatura entre dois termopares, inseridos radialmente no caule da planta. O primeiro foi colocado 9 mm acima e o segundo 4 mm abaixo de uma fonte de calor ("heater"). Foram feitas comparações entre as medições feitas pela técnica do pulso de calor, lisímetro e estimativas da transpiração computadas em modelo, numa base horária e diária. Comparações entre medições horárias feitas pelo pulso de calor e as estimativas da transpiração, feitas pelo modelo, mostraram concordância entre a determinação da transpiração através da medição do fluxo de seiva e, estimativa, baseada em desenvolvimento teórico. A taxa da perda dágua pelo dossel e a velocidade de propagação de energia térmica no caule do milho mostraram-se fenômenos proporcionais e um fator de calibração de 1,51 foi encontrado, para condição de cobertura total do solo pela folhagem do milho.

Calibrated heat-pulse method for the assessment of maize water uptake

Plant water requirements are important aspects of crop production to be determined in the field, in order to judiciously manage crop water usage. Water uptake by field grown maize (Zea mays L.), under well-watered conditions was verified with the heat-pulse system. The temperature difference between two radially inserted thermocouples, one 9 mm above and the other 4 mm below a heater piercing the maize stem, was measured every 0.3 seconds following emission of a heat-pulse. Comparisons of the heat-pulse system outputs, lysimetric measurement and transpiration model estimates were monitored on an hourly and daily basis. At normal and low atmospheric demand daily and hourly values of heat-pulse outputs and lysimetric measurement showed good agreement. Hourly agreement of a modified Penman-Monteith energy balance equation estimate and heat-pulse outputs showed accordance between measurement of sap flow and the plant water-loss theory. Study of the relationship between maize canopy water loss rate and heat velocity in the stem showed that these two parameters were proportional and a calibration factor of 1.51 for full soil foliage coverage was verified.

A determinação a campo das necessidades hídricas de plantas é um aspecto importante da produção agrícola, para o manejo correto do uso da água pelos cultivos. A absorção de água por uma cultura de milho (Zea mays L.), cultivado a campo, em condições de não limitação hídrica, foi verificada através da técnica do pulso de calor. Após a emissão de um pulso, procedeu-se a medições, a cada 0,3 segundos, do diferencial de temperatura entre dois termopares, inseridos radialmente no caule da planta. O primeiro foi colocado 9 mm acima e o segundo 4 mm abaixo de uma fonte de calor ("heater"). Foram feitas comparações entre as medições feitas pela técnica do pulso de calor, lisímetro e estimativas da transpiração computadas em modelo, numa base horária e diária. Comparações entre medições horárias feitas pelo pulso de calor e as estimativas da transpiração, feitas pelo modelo, mostraram concordância entre a determinação da transpiração através da medição do fluxo de seiva e, estimativa, baseada em desenvolvimento teórico. A taxa da perda d’água pelo dossel e a velocidade de propagação de energia térmica no caule do milho mostraram-se fenômenos proporcionais e um fator de calibração de 1,51 foi encontrado, para condição de cobertura total do solo pela folhagem do milho.