Prevalencia e intensidad de la infección por geohelmintos y prevalencia de la malaria en escolares de El Salvador / Prevalence and intensity of infection by soil-transmitted helminths and prevalence of malaria among schoolchildren in El Salvador

Introducción. El Salvador no cuenta con datos actualizados de prevalencia en menores de 15 años de la infección por helmintos transmitidos por contacto con el suelo. Además, al ser uno de los países en las Américas que reporta un número bajo de casos de malaria, se considera que su eliminación allí es factible. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia y la intensidad de la infección por geohelmintos y la prevalencia de Plasmodium spp. en escolares de 8 a 10 años de El Salvador. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de corte transversal en las cinco zonas eco-epidemiológicas del país (planicie costera, depresión central, cadena volcánica, cadena costera y zona montañosa). La presencia de geohelmintiasis se estudió en 1.325 estudiantes y, la de malaria, en 152. Se utilizó la técnica de Kato-Katz para la detección de geohelmintos, y para el diagnóstico de la malaria, una prueba rápida, el estudio mediante microscopía y la prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa. Resultados. La prevalencia total de geohelmintiasis fue de 7,9 % (IC 95% 6,6-9,5). En la planicie costera fue de 14,9 % (IC 95% 10,9-19,7); en la depresión central, de 9,4 % (IC 95% 6,5-13,3); en la cadena volcánica, de 6,6 % (IC 95% 4,2-10,5); en la cadena costera, de 5,9 % (IC 95% 3,8-9,4), y en la cadena montañosa, de 2,6 % (IC 95% 1,4-5,7). La proporción de infección de gran intensidad debida a cualquiera de las especies de geohelmintos fue de 0,3 %. No se encontraron escolares infectados con Plasmodium spp. Conclusión. La prevalencia de geohelmintos fue baja y la especie más prevalente fue Trichuris trichiura . La intensidad de la infección debida a cualquiera de las especies de geohelmintos fue leve (<1 %). Los factores de riesgo asociados a la infección por geohelmintos fueron la defecación al aire libre, no usar calzado y vivir en la planicie costera.

Introduction: El Salvador does not have recent data on the prevalence of infection with soil-transmitted helminths among children aged under 15 years of age. As one of the countries in the Americas that reports few malaria cases, eradication of this disease from El Salvador is considered to be feasible. Objective: To determine the prevalence and intensity of infection by soil-transmitted helminths, as well as the prevalence of Plasmodium spp. in schoolchildren aged 8-10. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in each of the five eco-epidemiological zones of the country (coastal plain, central basin, volcanic range, coastal range and mountain zone). In all 1,325 students we studied the presence of geohelminthiasis, with 152 of them also being tested for malaria. The Kato-Katz technique was used to detect geohelminths while diagnosis of malaria was performed using the rapid diagnostic test, microscopy and polymerase chain reaction. Results: The overall prevalence of geohelminthiasis was 7.9% (95%CI 6.6-9.5%). Values for the five eco-epidemiological zones were as follows: coastal plain, 14.9% (95%CI 10.9-19.7%); central plateau, 9.4% (95%CI 6.5-13.3%); volcanic range, 6.6% (95%CI 4.2-10.5%); coastal range, 5.9% (95%CI 3.8-9.4%), and mountain zone, 2.6% (95%CI 1.4-5.7%). The overall rate of high intensity infection with any of the geohelminth species was 0.3%. No schoolchildren were found infected with Plasmodium spp. by any of the three diagnostic techniques used. Conclusion: Prevalence of geohelminths was low and Trichuris trichiura was the predominant species. Intensity of infection with any of the species of geohelminths was light (<1%). The risk factors associated with infection by soil-transmitted helminths were defecation in the open air, being barefoot and living in coastal areas.

Avaliação microbiológica e parasitológica de carne moída comercializada em São Luís, MA / Evaluation microbiological and parasitological of ground beef sold in São Luis, MA

As carnes são excelentes fontes de proteínas de alta qualidade, vitaminas do complexo B (tiamina, riboflavina, niacina, biotina, ácido pantotênico, vitaminas B6 e B 12), minerais (fósforo, sódio, magnésio, potássio, ferro e zinco) e ácidos graxos essenciais. Carne moída é o produto cárneo obtido a partir da moagem de massas musculares de carcaças de bovinos ou búfalos, seguido de imediato resfriamento ou congelamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica e parasitológica da carne moída comercializada nos principais açougues de feiras e supermercados de São Luís-Maranhão. Foram obtidas 17 amostras de carne bovina de primeira, previamente moídas e mantidas em bandeja de inox e balcões refrigerados, no período de janeiro a abril de 2011 em estabelecimentos comerciais varejistas, localizados em diferentes regiões da cidade de São Luís- MA. As amostras foram submetidas à quantificação de coliformes totais e coliformes termotolerantes (técnica dos tubos múltiplos), pesquisa deSalmonella spp., Staphylococcus coagulasepositivo, bolores e leveduras e parasitas (helmintos e protozoários) pelo método de Hoffman com alterações. As análises microbiológicas revelaram, nas amostras de carne moída comercializadas em açougues de feiras, NMP/g de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, variando entre 240 e acima de 2.400 e para as amostras de carne moída comercializadas em açougues de supermercados, NMP/g de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, variando entre 240 e 1.100. Tais achados podem sugerir a existência de condições inadequadas de manipulação e de refrigeração, bem como da limpeza e sanitização dos utensílios, superfícies e demais equipamentos que entram em contato com o produto, sobretudo no momento do seu processamento. (AU)

Meats are excellent sources of high quality proteins, complex B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, biotin, pantothenic acid, B6 and B12 vitamins), minerals (phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, potassium, iron and zinc), as well as essential acid fats. Ground meat is the meat product obtained from grinding the muscle masses of the bovine or buffalo carcasses, immediately followed by chilling or freezing. The aim of this work was to evaluate the microbiologic and parasitologic quality of commercialised groundmeat in the main butcher shops at the free markets and supermarkets of São Luís, Maranhão State. Eachpurchase contained 17 (seventeen) first grade, previously ground meat samples which were maintained on inox trays in chilled store counters of commercial retail establishments, in the period from January to April, 2011, localized in different areas of São Luís City, Maranhão State. Quantification of total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms (multiple tube technique) were performed, as well as researchof Salmonella spp., positive Staphylococcus coagulase, molds and yeasts and parasites (helminths and protozoans) through the method of Hoffman with alterations. The microbiologic analysis revealed in the samples of commercialised ground meat from butcher shops at free markets, NMP/g of total and thermotolerant coliforms, varying between 240 and above of 2,400, and in the samples of commercialisedground meat from butcher shops in supermarkets, NMP/g of total and thermotolerant coliforms, varying between 240 and 1,100. These findings may suggest the existence of inadequate conditions of manipulation and refrigeration, as well as cleaning and sanitizing of the utensils, surfaces and all other equipments that enter into contact with the product, especially at the moment of its preparation. (AU)

Sistema de cama profunda en la producción porcina a pequeña escala / Deep bedding system in the swine production at small scale

Con el objetivo de evaluar el sistema de cama profunda para la crianza porcina a pequeña escala en Cuba, se realizó un experimento en el que se utilizaron 72 cerdos (machos castrados y hembras) de la raza YL (Camborough) de aproximadamente 21 kg de peso vivo y 75 días de edad distribuidos en un diseño de experimentos en bloques al azar en dos tratamientos (T1, cama profunda basada en heno de gramíneas y T2, piso de concreto) con cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento. Los animales de ambos tratamientos consumieron un alimento balanceado de mediana calidad basado en harina de soya y maíz y un 30 por ciento del subproducto cubano del trigo (subproducto de la molinería del trigo en la industria alimenticia cubana), con miel enriquecida de caña de azúcar. Se midieron los rasgos de comportamiento animal hasta el peso de sacrificio (100 kg). Hubo diferencias significativas en el consumo y la conversión alimentaria (P<0,05) entre los cerdos alojados en cama profunda y piso de concreto: 2,53; 2,74; 3,42 y 3,63, respectivamente. Se observaron diferencias significativas (P<0,01) para el nitrógeno y fósforo en el material de la cama al final de la experiencia en comparación al inicio: 1,79 y 0,58, respectivamente. No hubo presencia de Salmonella spp ni huevos de helmintos, por lo que la calidad sanitaria de la cama al final del estudio permitió continuar con el segundo ciclo de crianza. Se ahorraron 177 m³ de agua con este sistema. Se concluye que el sistema de crianza porcina en cama profunda evaluado genera un impacto económico y ambiental importante con respecto al sistema de crianza convencional que sienta las bases para la generalización de esta tecnología a pequeña y mediana escala en Cuba.

To evaluate the deep bedding system for the swine production in Cuba at small scale, it was carried out this experiment. Seventy two pigs (castrated males and females), YL (Camborough) cross, of approximately 21 Kg live weight and 75 days average age were used. The pigs were distributed into a random block design with two treatments (T1, deep bedding based on gramineous hay and T2, concrete floor). The animal performance traits (up to approximately 100 kg live weight) were studied. The animals of both treatments consumed a balanced feed based on soybean and corn meal and 30 percent of the wheat Cuban byproduct (byproduct of the wheat milling in the Cuban feeding industry), with enriched sugar cane molasses. There were significant differences for the consumption and the alimentary conversion (P<0.05) to the pigs housed in deep bedding system respecting to the pigs housed in concrete floor: 2.53, 2.74; 3.42 and 3.63, respectively. Significant differences were obtained (P<0.01) for the nitrogen and the phosphorous in the bedding material at the end of the experience: 1.79 and 0.58, respectively. There was not presence of Salmonella spp. neither helmints eggs. The sanitary quality of the bedding material, at the end of the study guaranteed to continue with a second production cycle. It was saved 177 m³ of water with this system. It was conclude that the evaluated deep bedding system for the swine production generates an important economic and environmental impact respecting to the conventional housing system and offers the main aspects to generalize this technology to the small and medium scale in Cuba.

Biodigestão anaeróbia de dejetos de bovinos leiteiros submetidos a diferentes tempos de retenção hidráulica

Continuous biodigestors filled with dairy cattle manure and operated at different hydraulic retention times, were used to determine the number of coliforms and the presence of helmints eggs and parasite larvae of ruminants and to analyze the total and volatile solid contents and the production and quality of the biogas produced. Twenty days of the retention time were sufficient to reduce the number of coliforms and eggs of ruminant parasites. Analysis of total and volatile solids and biogas production showed that the Chinese biodigester was more efficient at a hydraulic retention time of twenty days. It should be pointed out, however, that twenty days of hydraulic retention time were not sufficient to prevent the survival of larvae of ruminant parasites.

Utilizando-se biodigestores contínuos, abastecidos com dejetos de bovinos leiteiros e operados sob três tempos de retenção hidráulica, avaliou-se o efeito do processo de digestão anaeróbia sobre o número de microrganismos indicadores de poluição fecal, sobre a ocorrência de ovos e larvas de helmintos parasitas de ruminantes, analisando-se também os teores de sólidos totais e voláteis do afluente e dos efluentes, bem como a produção e a qualidade do biogás produzido. Verificou-se que vinte dias de retenção hidráulica foram suficientes para reduzir significativamente o número de microorganismos indicadores de poluição fecal e a quantidade de ovos de helmintos parasitas de ruminantes. Os resultados obtidos nas análises de sólidos totais e voláteis, bem como a produção de biogás (m³/dia), permitem concluir que o biodigestor modelo Chinês operado com 20 dias de tempo de retenção hidráulica, apresentou mais eficiência. Vale ressaltar que vinte dias de retenção foram insuficientes para impedir a sobrevivência de larvas de helmintos parasitas de ruminantes.

Biodigestão anaeróbia de dejetos de bovinos leiteiros submetidos a diferentes tempos de retenção hidráulica

Continuous biodigestors filled with dairy cattle manure and operated at different hydraulic retention times, were used to determine the number of coliforms and the presence of helmints eggs and parasite larvae of ruminants and to analyze the total and volatile solid contents and the production and quality of the biogas produced. Twenty days of the retention time were sufficient to reduce the number of coliforms and eggs of ruminant parasites. Analysis of total and volatile solids and biogas production showed that the Chinese biodigester was more efficient at a hydraulic retention time of twenty days. It should be pointed out, however, that twenty days of hydraulic retention time were not sufficient to prevent the survival of larvae of ruminant parasites.

Utilizando-se biodigestores contínuos, abastecidos com dejetos de bovinos leiteiros e operados sob três tempos de retenção hidráulica, avaliou-se o efeito do processo de digestão anaeróbia sobre o número de microrganismos indicadores de poluição fecal, sobre a ocorrência de ovos e larvas de helmintos parasitas de ruminantes, analisando-se também os teores de sólidos totais e voláteis do afluente e dos efluentes, bem como a produção e a qualidade do biogás produzido. Verificou-se que vinte dias de retenção hidráulica foram suficientes para reduzir significativamente o número de microorganismos indicadores de poluição fecal e a quantidade de ovos de helmintos parasitas de ruminantes. Os resultados obtidos nas análises de sólidos totais e voláteis, bem como a produção de biogás (m³/dia), permitem concluir que o biodigestor modelo Chinês operado com 20 dias de tempo de retenção hidráulica, apresentou mais eficiência. Vale ressaltar que vinte dias de retenção foram insuficientes para impedir a sobrevivência de larvas de helmintos parasitas de ruminantes.

Fauna Parasitológica Paranaense: IV. Lista Prévia da Ocorrência de Helmintos em Animais Domésticos

The authors present a list of helmints found in 161 necropsis, performed in the Instituto de Biologia e Pesquisas Tecnológicas, employing animals relieved from other services. In a table, are assembled the data in groups, used to call the attention of the technicians from the Animal Sanitary Defense for their observation.