Insecticidal Activities and Phenological Variations of Characteristic Component from Michelia yunnanensis.

Volatile secondary metabolites of plants interact with environments heavily. In this work, characteristic components of Michelia yunnanensis essential oils (EOs) were isolated, purified and identified by column chromatography, GC-MS and NMR. Leaves of M. yunnanensis were collected monthly and extracted for EOs to investigate chemical and insecticidal activity variations as well as potential influencing environments. Different organs were employed to reveal distribution strategies of characteristic components. Results of insecticidal activities showed that all EOs samples exerted stronger contact activity to Lasioderma serricorne, but repellent effect was more efficient on Tribolium castaneum. One oxygenated sesquiterpene was isolated from EOs, basically it could be confirmed as (+)-cyclocolorenone (1). It exerted contact toxicity to L. serricorne (LD 50 = 28.8 µg/adult). Chemical analysis showed that M. yunnanensis leaves in reproductive period would produce and accumulate more 1 than in vegetative period. Moreover, reproductive organs (flowers and fruits) contained more 1 than vegetative organs (leaves and twigs). Partial correlation analysis indicated that temperature-related elements positively correlated with the relative content of 1.

Evaluation of the Co-Go-Me angle as a predictor in Class II patients treated with Herbst appliance and skeletal anchorage: a retrospective cohort study.

Introduction: A condylion-gonion-menton (Co-Go-Me) angle threshold of 125.5° has been introduced as a predictive parameter of cephalometric mandibular response in the orthopedic treatment of growing Class II patients with functional appliances, despite some contradictions in the literature. Considering the lack of studies evaluating the role of skeletal anchorage, this study aims to reassess the threshold of 125.5° in the Co-Go-Me angle as a useful predictor in growing skeletal Class II patients treated with acrylic splint Herbst appliance and two mini-screws in the lower arch (STM2). Methods: Thirty-five consecutively treated patients (20 males, 15 females; mean age, 11.37 years) with mandibular retrusion were classified into two groups according to their Co-Go-Me baseline values (Group 1, <125.5°; Group 2, >125.5°). The STM2 protocol involved the use of the MTH Herbst appliance with an acrylic splint in the lower arch and two interradicular mini-screws as anchorage reinforcement. Cephalometric analysis was performed by the same operator for each patient at baseline (T0) and at the end of the Herbst phase (T1). The effects of time and group on the variables were assessed by a repeated-measures analysis of variance. The primary research outcome was the difference between the groups in terms of mandibular responsiveness to treatment referred to as the relative difference (T1-T0) in Co_Gn. Results: The mean duration of the treatment was 9.5 months. No statistically significant differences between groups were detected at baseline, except from the expected SN/GoMe° (p < 0.001) and Co-Go mm (p = 0.028). No statistically significant changes between groups, which were caused by the treatment, were found considering the mandibular sagittal and vertical skeletal parameters. Similarly, no statistically significant differences were found in the dental changes between the high-angle and low-angle patients, apart from the upper molar sagittal position (p = 0.013). Discussion and conclusions: The 125.5° threshold in the Co-Go-Me value was not a reliable predictive parameter for the mandibular response in growing patients treated with the MTH Herbst appliance and lower skeletal anchorage. Due to its effective control in the sagittal and vertical planes, the STM2 technique might be an appropriate protocol to use in treating skeletal Class II patients, regardless of the growth pattern.

Alveolar Bone and Gingival Changes in Mandibular Anterior Region Following Herbst Appliance Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Objective: To assess the alveolar bone changes and gingival recession following Herbst appliance therapy. Materials and methods: Electronic databases such as PubMed, Ovid, Cochrane Library, Lilacs, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase were searched until August 2022. Hand-searching of major orthodontic journals was performed to identify all peer-reviewed articles potentially relevant to the review. The quality of the selected studies was ranked using the revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for nonrandomized trials-Risk of Bias In Nonrandomized Studies (ROBINS) 1. Results: Five relevant articles (all nonrandomized studies) were considered for qualitative analysis. The risk of bias was low for four studies and moderate for one. The reduction in the vertical alveolar bone height was 0.13 ± 0.07 mm, with the Herbst appliance. The mean difference in the loss of buccal cortical thickness between the Herbst appliance and untreated control group was 0.22 mm [95% confidence interval (CI) of -0.62-0.18]. Subsequent to Herbst appliance therapy, in the mandibular anterior region 0.1 ± 0.5 mm of gingival recession was observed. Conclusion: Herbst appliance treatment produces a negligible reduction in the buccal cortical thickness, vertical alveolar bone height, and gingival recession. Clinical significance: Though the changes produced by the Herbst appliance were minimal, they are clinically important considering the young age of the patients warranting periodic periodontal assessment. How to cite this article: Kumar MV, Kannan A, Kailasam V. Alveolar Bone and Gingival Changes in Mandibular Anterior Region Following Herbst Appliance Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(1):114-120.

Assessment of the condylar response of two differently anchored fixed functional appliances in class II malocclusion in young adult orthodontic patients: A randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: Measuring the condylar volume changes after treatment with skeletally anchored type IV Herbst appliance vs. Twin Force Bite Corrector (TFBC) in class II malocclusion in young adult patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty class II malocclusion participants were randomly involved in our randomized clinical study. They are divided equally into two groups: group I (10 patients with an age range of 16 to 18 years and a mean age of (17.15 ± 0.62) (five males and five females) with a mean Angle formed between (A) point and (Nasion) point and (B) point, to determine anteroposterior relation between maxilla and mandible (ANB) of 6.20 (1.03) and a mean mandibular length of 106.1 (1.7), who were treated by a skeletally anchored type IV Herbst appliance, supported at the mandible by two mini-plates fixed bilaterally at the mandibular symphysis; group II (10 patients with an age range of 15 to 18 years and a mean age of (16.85 ± 0.33) (six males and four females) with a mean ANB of 6.80 (0.89) and a mean mandibular length of 107.3 (2.36), who were treated by a TFBC that was installed just mesial to the tube of the maxillary first permanent molar and distal to the bracket of the lower canine for 4 months. According to the Index of Orthognathic Functional Treatment Need (IOFTN) index, the participants in both groups have grade 4 (great need for treatment) as they have excessive overjet (6-9 mm). Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was taken just before installing fixed functional appliances and after the removal. The condylar volume was measured using Dolphin software. Parametric measurements were performed by the independent t-test, while non-parametric variables (percent change) were compared by the Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS: On the right side, the Herbst group recorded a percent increase (median = 1.23%), while TFBC recorded a median percent decrease (-7.85%). This change is statistically significant (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: The difference in the condylar volume was significantly higher with the mini-plate anchored Herbst appliance than with the dentally anchored TFBC group.

Is significant mandibular advancement possible after the peak of puberty? Dento-osseous palatal expansion and the STM4 technique (Skeletal Therapy Manni Telescopic Herbst 4 miniscrews): A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Treatment of skeletal class II growing patients often requires the use of functional appliances, aimed at promoting mandibular advancement. Among these, Herbst appliance is recommended for its effectiveness, efficiency, and reduced need for compliance. Despite its skeletal favourable effects, well-known dental compensations can occur, especially when the appliance is not used close to the pubertal peak: upper incisors retroclination, lower incisors proclination, upper molars distalization and lower molars mesialization could reduce the overjet needed for a proper mandibular advancement. To counteract these unfavourable effects skeletal anchorage could be crucial. AIM: The aim of this case report is to describe and evaluate the effects of using a skeletally anchored Herbst appliance in an 18-year-old (CVM5) male patient with skeletal Class II malocclusion and a convex profile. TREATMENT PROTOCOL: The treatment started with a tooth-bone-borne palatal expansion, then the upper arch was bonded with pre-adjusted ceramic brackets. After 2months, a Manni Telescopic Herbst (MTH) supported by 4 miniscrews (two in the maxilla and two in the mandible) was applied. To avoid anchorage loss, TADs were connected with elastic chains to the arches. Nine months later, the Herbst was removed, the lower teeth were bonded and the patient wore class 2 elastics to stabilise the occlusion. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: After 24months the treatment goal was achieved with a considerable improvement of the profile and a clinically significant mandibular advancement (Pogonion moved forward 7mm). A one-year follow-up lateral X-rays showed a good stability of the result.

Comparison of Twin Block appliance and Herbst appliance in the treatment of Class II malocclusion among children: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Our meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy of applying Herbst and Twin Block appliances in the treatment of Class II malocclusion among children. METHODS: Databases, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China VIP Database (VIP), and Wanfang were thoroughly searched from inception to August 9, 2023. The outcomes included skeletal, dental, and soft tissue changes. The weighted mean difference (WMD) was used as the effect indicator, and the effect size was expressed with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The heterogeneity of each outcome effect size was tested, and the heterogeneity statistic I2 ≥ 50% was analyzed by the random-effect model, otherwise, the fixed-effect model was conducted. Sensitivity analysis was performed. RESULTS: A total of 12 studies involving 574 patients were included in this meta-analysis. Herbst appliance had a statistically significant increase in mandibular body length (WMD: 1.44, 95% CI: 0.93 to 1.96, P < 0.001) compared with the Twin Block appliance. More increases in angle and distance of L1 to mandibular plane (MP) were found in the Herbst appliance compared with the Twin Block appliance. Significant and greater improvements in molar relationship (WMD: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.28 to 1.29, P = 0.002), posterior facial height (WMD: -1.23, 95% CI: -2.08 to -0.38, P = 0.005), convexity angle (WMD: -1.89, 95% CI: -3.12 to -0.66, P = 0.003), and Sella-Nasion plane angle (U1 to SN) (WMD: 3.34, 95% CI: 2.25 to 4.43, P < 0.001) were achieved in the Twin Block appliance. Herbst and Twin Block appliances produced similar effects in the skeletal and dentoalveolar changes including Sella-Nasion-point A (SNA), Sella-Nasion-point B, point A-Nasion-point B (ANB), overjet, and overbite. CONCLUSION: As the findings revealed both Herbst and Twin Block appliances contributed successfully to the correction of Class II malocclusion. Compared with the Twin Block appliance, the Herbst appliance may have more advantages in mandibular bone movement. Twin Block therapy resulted in more improvement in the aesthetics of the face.

Third molar angulation and retromolar space after functional orthodontic treatment : Evaluation of panoramic radiographs after monoblock or Herbst appliance.

PURPOSE: The aim of this respectively cohort study was to evaluate the lower second and third molars and canine angulations, retromolar space and occlusal relationships after functional orthodontic treatments with the monoblock or Herbst appliance using panoramic radiographs. METHODS: Pre- and posttreatment cephalometric and panoramic radiographs of 133 patients (mean age 13.89 ± 1.14 years) treated non-extraction with monoblock (n: 44), Herbst (n: 45) and fixed orthodontic appliances (control group; n: 44) were included to the study. Dental and skeletal measurements were performed on cephalometric radiographs. The angle between the third and second molars, and canines with the lower border of the mandible and the occlusal plane, gonial angle, the angle between the third and second molars and the retromolar space width were assessed on pre- and posttreatment panoramic radiographs. Paired and independent t tests were used for the statistical analysis of the data for intragroup and intergroup comparisons. RESULTS: Functional treatment with both the monoblock and the Herbst appliances resulted in improvement of skeletal class II relationships. Retromolar space significantly increased in the functional appliance groups compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.001), but improvement of the angulations of posterior teeth was significant only in the monoblock group (p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSION: While both the Herbst and monoblock appliances led to an increase in retromolar space, monoblock treatment resulted in more favorable angulation of the third molars compared to the Herbst treatment.

Class II subdivision treatment and stability with asymmetric Herbst appliance: A case report.

Non-surgical treatment of Class II subdivision may involve complex mechanics or asymmetric tooth extraction in its resolution. This report demonstrates the result and the short-term stability of Class II subdivision treated with asymmetrically installed Herbst appliance followed by conventional fixed orthodontic appliance. The approach allowed the correction of the unilateral Class II molar relationship and increased overjet, as well as the deviation of dental midlines, with improvement in lip posture and facial profile. The results remained stable two years after treatment, confirming the treatment success.

Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders diagnosis in patients treated with Herbst appliance: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The Herbst appliance is an excellent therapy for treating class II malocclusions with increased overjet. Its mechanics involve propelling the mandibular bone using two pistons the patient cannot remove. The so-called bite-jumping keeps the mandible in a more anterior position for a variable period, usually at least 6 months. This appliance does not inhibit joint functions and movements, although there are scientific papers in the literature investigating whether this appliance can lead to temporomandibular disorders. This systematic review aims to evaluate whether Herbst's device can cause temporomandibular diseases by assessing the presence of TMD in patients before and after treatment. METHODS: A literature search up to 3 May 2023 was carried out on three online databases: PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. Only studies that evaluated patients with Helkimo scores and Manual functional analysis were considered, as studies that assessed the difference in TMD before and after Herbst therapy. Review Manager version 5.2.8 (Cochrane Collaboration) was used for the pooled analysis. We measured the odds ratio (OR) between the two groups (pre and post-Herbst). RESULTS: The included papers in this review were 60. Fifty-seven were excluded. In addition, a manual search was performed. After the search phase, four articles were considered in the study, one of which was found through a manual search. The overall effect showed that there was no difference in TMD prevalence between pre-Herbst and post-Herbst therapy (OR 0.74; 95% CI: 0.33-1.68). CONCLUSION: Herbst appliance seems not to lead to an increase in the incidence of TMD in treated patients; on the contrary, it appears to decrease it. Further studies are needed to assess the possible influence of Herbst on TMDs.

Comparisons of soft tissue changes after Herbst appliance treatment in three different growth phases.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare the soft tissue effects of Herbst appliance in Class II malocclusion patients treated in three different craniofacial growth phases: prepubertal (PRE), circumpubertal (CIR), and postpubertal (POS). METHODS: In total, 95 patients with Class II Division 1 malocclusion previously treated with a Herbst appliance were analyzed. Through the cervical vertebral maturation stages method, patients were allocated into three groups depending on the growth craniofacial phase at the beginning of treatment: PRE, CIR, and POS. Seventeen cephalometric measures were evaluated from each lateral radiograph before and after Herbst therapy using the Radiocef 2 software (Radio Memory, Belo Horizonte). Intragroup and intergroup treatment changes were compared statistically using a paired t test and MANOVA test, respectively. RESULTS: Soft tissue thickness changes were related only to mandible; all three mandibular measurements (L1_LL, B_B', and Pog_Pog') showed thickening for the PRE group ranging from 0.92 mm (Pog_Pog') to 2.02 mm (B_B'), and only lower lip thickened overtime for the POS group (L1_LL = 0.99 mm). Soft and hard tissue pogonion displaced anteriorly, but only the soft tissue showed differences among groups; PRE group presented more anterior displacement than POS group (3.61 mm and 1.39 mm, respectively). Hard and soft tissue facial convexity decreased more in the PRE and CIR groups than in the POS group. Mentolabial sulcus depth reduced more in the PRE (1.07 mm) and CIR (1.29 mm) groups than in the POS (0.55 mm) group. Horizontal movement of the skeletal and soft pogonion presented a moderate-high positive correlation (r = 0.783), and hard and soft facial convexity showed a moderate-low positive correlation (r = 0.403). CONCLUSIONS: Herbst appliance therapy produces soft tissue improvements in the three phases of craniofacial growth, being greater in patients in the PRE and CIR phases.

Comparative Analysis of the Metabolic Profiles of Strains of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) Adults with Different Levels of Phosphine Resistance Based on Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.

The management of phosphine (PH3) resistance in stored grain pests is an essential component of implementing timely and effective pest control strategies. The prevailing standard method for PH3 resistance testing involves the exposure of adult insects to a specific concentration over a fixed period. Although it is widely adopted, this method necessitates an extensive period for assay preparation and diagnosis. To address this issue, this study employed Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction (DI-SPME) coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to compare and analyze the metabolic profiles of PH3-sensitive (TC-S), PH3 weak-resistant (TC-W), and PH3 strong-resistant (TC-SR) Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) adults. A total of 36 metabolites were identified from 3 different PH3-resistant strains of T. castaneum; 29 metabolites were found to present significant differences (p < 0.05) across these groups, with hydrocarbon and aromatic compounds being particularly prevalent. Seven metabolites showed no significant variations among the strains, consisting of four hydrocarbon compounds, two iodo-hydrocarbon compounds, and one alcohol compound. Further multivariate statistical analysis revealed a total of three, two, and nine differentially regulated metabolites between the TC-S versus TC-W, TC-S versus TC-SR, and TC-W versus TC-SR groups, respectively. Primarily, these metabolites comprised hydrocarbons and iodo-hydrocarbons, with the majority being associated with insect cuticle metabolism. This study demonstrates that DI-SPME technology is an effective method for studying differentially expressed metabolites in T. castaneum with different levels of PH3 resistance. This approach may help to provide a better understanding of the development of insect PH3 resistance and act as a valuable reference for the establishment of rapid diagnostic techniques for insect PH3 resistance.

[The use of distal occlusion correctors during treatment on an individual lingual bracket system in adult patients]. / Primenenie korrektorov distal'noi okklyuzii pri lechenii s ispol'zovaniem individual'noi lingval'noi breket-sistemy u vzroslykh patsientov.

A case of treatment of a 35-year-old patient with a retroposition of the lower jaw, distal occlusion of the posterior teeth, deep incisal overlap, narrowing of the deformity of the dentoalveolar arches, protrusion of the lower incisors, crowded position of the teeth, mismatch between the incisor lines, absence due to extraction of tooth 3.6, with impacted dystopic tooth 3.8 is presented. Fixed individual orthodontic appliances of the WIN («DW Lingual Systems GmbH¼ Germany) were used. It was found that the use of the Herbst apparatus in combination with the WIN lingual bracket system in adult patients helps to achieve optimal functional and aesthetic results. The use of a distal bite correction device is an additional support for the mesialization of the molars of the lower jaw.

Effects of fixed functional orthodontic treatment in hypodivergent and hyperdivergent class II patients-a retrospective cephalometric investigation.

OBJECTIVE: To compare skeletal and dentoalveolar changes after orthodontic treatment of class II malocclusion in patients with hypodivergent and hyperdivergent growth patterns through cast splint fixed functional appliances (FFA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: N = 42 out of n = 47 patients with mandibular plane angles < 34° or ≥ 34° were divided into a hypodivergent (n = 24) and a hyperdivergent (n = 18) group. All patients received a single-step mandibular advancement protocol through an FFA. Lateral cephalograms were analyzed after initial leveling and alignment (T1) and immediately after FFA removal (T2). The therapeutic effect was calculated through comparison with age-matched controls from a growth survey. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Hypodivergent and hyperdivergent patients showed different treatment outcomes, but significant differences existed only for overbite and interincisal angle. Nearly all measurements suggested similar treatment-related changes for both groups with exception for dentoalveolar parameters. CONCLUSION: Treatment with FFA causes similar skeletal and dentoalveolar effects in hypodivergent and in hyperdivergent patients. The correction of overjet and molar relationship is mainly caused by dentoalveolar changes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Hyperdivergent patients do not respond unfavorably to FFA treatment compared to hypodivergent patients. Lower incisor protrusion occurs more pronounced in hypodivergent patients. The growth pattern ought to be considered when choosing FFA for class II treatment.

Preen gland of the laughing dove (Streptopelia senegalensis aegyptiaca): Light and electron microscopic analysis.

This work reviews the microscopic anatomy of the preen gland in laughing dove (Streptopelia senegalensis aegyptiaca) using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopes. The gland possessed two large pea-shaped lobes. The glandular lobules of each lobe were huddled in elliptical, triangle, round shapes, connected with each other by strands of connective tissue septae. The lobule was composed of glandular follicles, each follicle folded and enclosed by a sheath of connective tissue connected with the neighboring ones by interfollicular septae. The gland's parenchyma was coated with a dense connective tissue capsule composed of collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers. The secretory tubules were divided into peripheral tubules and central tubules. The central ones were located close to the major cavity and lined with thin epithelium, whereas the peripheral tubules were adjacent to the capsule and characterized by taller epithelium. The central secretory tubules were lined with four cell layers: flattened basal, large-sized polyhedral intermediate, and secretory cell layers, as well as a degenerative cells layer that formed of small cells with pale cytoplasm and pyknotic nuclei. Variable sizes and shapes of Herbst corpuscles were detected alongside the papillary duct and near the glandular lobe. Transmission electron microscopy view revealed that the cytoplasm of the intermediate cells contained a dense population of mitochondria, while the secretory and degenerative cells contained fewer mitochondria. In conclusion, these structures will be beneficial for understanding the habitat differences of laughing doves. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Grossly, the preen gland (PG) of the laughing dove formed of two large pea-shaped lobes. The glandular lobule was composed of glandular follicles, each follicle was folded and enclosed by a sheath of connective tissue connected with the neighboring ones by interfollicular septae. The central secretory tubules were lined with four cell layers: basal, intermediate, secretory, and degenerative cell layers. Variable sizes and shapes of Herbst corpuscles were detected alongside the papillary duct and near the glandular lobe of the PG. In transmission electron microscopic analysis, the cytoplasm of the intermediate cells contained a dense population of mitochondria, while the secretory and degenerative cells contained fewer mitochondria.

Dental and Skeletal Effects of Herbst Appliance, Forsus Fatigue Resistance Device, and Class II Elastics-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Our study aimed to systematically summarize the dentoskeletal effects of Herbst appliance; Forsus fatigue resistance device; and Class II elastics in adolescent Class II malocclusion. Methods: Five databases; unpublished literature; and reference lists were last searched in August 2022. Randomized clinical trials and observational studies of at least 10 Class II growing patients that assessed dentoskeletal effects through cephalometric/CBCT superimpositions were eligible. The included studies quality was assessed with the RoB 2 and ROBINS-I tools. A random-effects model meta-analysis was performed. Heterogeneity was explored with subgroup and sensitivity analyses. Results: Among nine studies (298 patients); two-to-three studies were included in each meta-analysis. Less post-treatment upper incisor retroclination (<2) and no overbite; overjet; SNA; SNB; and lower incisor inclination differences were found between Herbst/Forsus and Class II elastics. No differences in maxilla; condyle; glenoid fossa; and most mandibular changes were found between Herbst and Class II elastics; except for a greater 1.5 mm increase in mandibular length and right mandibular ramus height (1.6 mm) with Herbst. Conclusions: Herbst and Class II elastics corrected the molar relationship; but Herbst moved the lower molars more mesially. Apart from an additional mandibular length increase; no other dental and anteroposterior skeletal difference was found. Forsus was more effective in molar correction; overjet reduction; and upper incisor control than Class II elastics. Trial registration number OSF: 10.17605/OSF.IO/8TK3R.

Airway changes in patients with sleep apnea using AdvanSync2 Class II correctors - a case series.

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a condition that affects a patient's ability to sleep normally, predisposing them to many risks and reduced quality of life. Myofunctional therapy has been proven to increase the airway space according to literature. Aim: To report the effects of AdvanSync2 Class II corrector in the management of 3 orthodontic patients who reported sleeping difficulties due to breathing problems and retrognathic mandible. Case presentation: Three patients reported to Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics with Class II malocclusion associated with sleep apnea requiring treatment. Clinical examination revealed a retrognathic mandible with airway constriction in all subjects. A non-extraction approach using an AdvanSync2 Class II corrector (Ormco Corp, Glendora, Calif) with fixed appliances was considered. Lateral cephalometric records were obtained at three stages: pre-treatment, post functional and prefinishing/post treatment. The airway was divided into 3 parts in the lateral cephalogram: velopharynx, hypopharynx and glossopharynx. The most constricted part of the airway was noted. Pre and post treatment lateral cephalograms were compared to assess the changes in airway dimensions after using AdvanSync2. Significant enhancement in airway dimensions was noted in all three parts (velopharynx, glossopharynx and hypopharynx) in all patients. Conclusion: Airway assessment is an important aspect in orthodontic diagnosis. Use of the AdvanSync2 Class II corrector in combination with fixed orthodontic appliances enhanced quality of life in Class II patients by improving airway dimensions. This approach can be recommended in the management of mild to moderate Class II malocclusions associated with mandibular retrognathism and airway constriction.

Comparative morphology and soft tissue histology of the remote-touch bill-tip organ in three ibis species of differing foraging ecology.

Ibises (order: Pelecaniformes, family: Threskiornithidae) are probe-foraging birds that use 'remote-touch' to locate prey items hidden in opaque substrates. This sensory capability allows them to locate their prey using high-frequency vibrations in the substrate in the absence of other sensory cues. Remote-touch is facilitated by a specialised bill-tip organ, comprising high densities of mechanoreceptors (Herbst corpuscles) embedded in numerous foramina in the beak bones. Each foramen and its associated Herbst corpuscles make up a sensory unit, called a 'sensory pit'. These sensory pits are densely clustered in the distal portion of the beak. Previous research has indicated that interspecific differences in the extent of sensory pitting in the beak bones correlate with aquatic habitat use of ibises, and have been suggested to reflect different levels of remote-touch sensitivity. Our study investigates the interspecific differences in the bone and soft tissue histology of the bill-tip organs of three species of southern African ibises from different habitats (mainly terrestrial to mainly aquatic). We analysed the external pitting pattern on the bones, as well as internal structure of the beak using micro-CT scans and soft tissue histological sections of each species' bill-tip organs. The beaks of all three species contain remote-touch bill-tip organs and are described here in detail. Clear interspecific differences are evident between the species' bill-tip organs, both in terms of bone morphology and soft tissue histology. Glossy Ibises, which forage exclusively in wetter substrates, have a greater extent of pitting but lower numbers of Herbst corpuscles in each pit, while species foraging in drier substrates (Hadeda and Sacred Ibises) have more robust beaks, fewer pits and higher densities of Herbst corpuscles. Our data, together with previously published histological descriptions of the bill-tip organs of other remote-touch foraging bird species, indicate that species foraging in drier habitats have more sensitive bill-tip organs (based on their anatomy). The vibrations produced by prey (e.g., burrowing invertebrates) travel poorly in dry substrates compared with wetter ones (i.e., dry soil vs. mud or water), and thus we hypothesise that a more sensitive bill-tip organ may be required to successfully locate prey in dry substrates. Furthermore, our results indicate that the differences in bill-tip organ anatomy between the species reflect complex trade-offs between morphological constraints of beak shape and remote-touch sensitivity requirements, both of which are likely related to each species' foraging behaviour and substrate usage. Our study suggests that structures in the bone of the bill-tip organ could provide valuable osteological correlates for the associated soft tissues, and consequently may provide information on the sensory ecology and habitat usage of the birds in the absence of soft tissues.

Six years long term evaluation of a class II division 1 patient treated with Herbst appliance and 2 miniscrews in the lower arch as anchorage reinforcement: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Efficacy of orthopaedic treatment of class II growing patients have been reported to be partially effective, depending on appliance efficacy, patient compliance, growth spurt and other variables. Different approaches have been proposed both removable and fix, with different results, and a dento-alveolar compensation was always reported. In order to limit or avoid such dental compensation skeletal anchorage reinforcement of functional appliances have been proposed, with promising results. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present report is to evaluate the dento-skeletal effects after 6 years of growing class II patient treated with Herbst and two miniscrews in the lower arch as anchorage reinforcement.

Skeletal and dental effects of Herbst appliance anchored with temporary anchorage devices: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to evaluate the efficiency of using temporary anchorage devices (TADs) in minimizing the anchorage loss and increasing the skeletal effects during correction of Class II malocclusion with Herbst appliance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Search without restrictions was performed up to January 2021 in three electronic databases (CENTRAL, MEDLINE and EMBASE) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), prospective and retrospective cohort studies. The included studies assessed the dental and skeletal changes in Class II malocclusion patients who were treated using Herbst appliance with or without TADs. The strength of evidence was ranked using GRADE. RESULTS: Fifty-five records were initially retrieved. A total of 6 studies with 198 patients were finally considered. 4 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed that using TADs with acrylic splint Herbst appliance was effective in controlling the inclination of mandibular incisors by a mean difference of -5.49 degrees (95% C.I [-7.36, -3.63], P < .001) when compared to Herbst appliance alone. The results showed also that incorporating TADs with Herbst treatment resulted in greater mandibular skeletal effects including increasing mandibular bone base length by mean difference of 2.22 mm (95% C.I [0.82. 3.61], P = .002) and mandibular length by mean difference of 3.7 mm (95% C.I [1.55, 5.85], P < .001) when compared to Herbst appliance alone. CONCLUSIONS: Based on a very low level of confidence, it seems that incorporating TADs during orthodontic treatment with Herbst appliance results in minimizing the anchorage loss and increasing the skeletal effects of Herbst appliance during correction of Class II malocclusion.

Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Condyle-Glenoid Fossa Complex Following Treatment with Herbst Appliance.

The purpose of the present retrospective observational study was to compare the effects of treatment with Herbst appliance and fixed therapy with elastics on the condyle and glenoid fossa complex. Thirty patients aged between twelve and sixteen years with skeletal Class II malocclusion who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study: fifteen patients treated with Herbst appliance (Group 1), and fifteen patients treated with orthodontic camouflage using MBT prescription (MBTTM Versatile+ Appliance System) (Group 2). For Group 2, patients had CBCT scans taken before treatment either after Herbst appliance removal or at the end of treatment. CBCT scans were evaluated for changes in condyle-glenoid fossa complex using the In Vivo Dental 5.1 software. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. On inter-group comparison, the Herbst group showed statistically significant increases in the condylar height of 1.35 mm (p ≤ 0.001) on the right and 1.21 mm (p ≤ 0.01) on the left side, and a condylar volume of 111.03 mm3 (p ≤ 0.01) on the right and 127.80 mm3 (p ≤ 0.001) on the left side. The Herbst group showed anterior remodelling on the postero-superior aspect of glenoid fossa. Herbst appliance treatment induced growth at the condylar head and anterior remodelling of glenoid fossa, thereby improving the maxilla-mandibular relationship in growing skeletal Class II patients.