Dual career in sport and non-sport work: Exploring experiences of North American professional female ice hockey players.

Grounded in role strain theory, this study explored the dual career experiences of North American female ice hockey players who were also involved in full-time non-sporting work, focusing on factors that produced and reduced their role strain. We interviewed ten professional ice hockey players who held full-time non-sport jobs at the time of their interview. Our reflexive thematic analysis revealed that the multitude of factors leading to role strain among professional female working-athletes were notably significant, spanning societal expectations and environmental complexities. The imposition of the superwoman persona, demanding excellence in both hockey and work roles, combined with inconsistent expectations from professional and athletic supervisors intensified stress and undermined well-being. The study's findings emphasize the need for robust support systems and adaptive strategies, such as effective communication, careful planning, and proactive self-care, which can mitigate these pressures. Furthermore, the athletes' narratives revealed a pressing call for empathy and flexibility from coaches, employers, and the broader sports community, suggesting that improvements in these areas could enhance the professional and personal experiences of these working-athletes. The findings provide valuable insights into the challenges faced by dual career female athletes, as well as current strategies aimed at supporting and enhancing their experiences. Furthermore, these results deepen our understanding of how professional female athletes in North America can achieve greater well-being by addressing the factors that produce and reduce role strain factors.

University serial winning coaches' experiences with low performance and maladaptive team culture.

We sought to explore the strategies and behaviours employed by University serial winning coaches during seasons of both low performance and a maladaptive team culture. We interviewed seven University team sport coaches and subsequently analyzed the data using a reflexive thematic analysis (RTA). Results indicated that our coaches generally felt unprepared for the unexpected and challenging season, leading to increased stress and decreased psychological well-being. Coaches experienced frustration, disappointment, and self-doubt, which was either exacerbated or mitigated by their access to social support. Despite the emotional turmoil coaches experienced, they were able to reflect on their actions and take away key lessons, helping them perform well in the future. Findings provide insight into how winning coaches manage and overcome inevitable adverse situations. Moreover, these results provide a deeper understanding of how these highly successful coaches navigate these key challenges that over time can inform policy and practice in coach development. These coaching strategies may help coaches of all levels overcome barriers to success and may be transferable to leaders of all levels across a range of disciplines outside of sport.

Game changer-talent transfer pathways in sport: a systematic review.

Research question: Talent transfer, an accelerated sport pathway to expertise, holds considerable appeal for sports organisations. As an emerging area of academic research across a range of sport disciplines, there is opportunity for to advance knowledge and practice. This review aimed to (a) explore how talent transfer has been defined, to develop a synthesised definition; (b) systematically identify the factors that influence talent transfer; and (c) investigate how theory underpins and enhances understanding of talent transfer. Research methods: A systematic review was conducted of 12 peer-reviewed journal articles on talent transfer using the PRISMA approach. Results and findings: Aiming for a comprehensive, multidisciplinary perspective, the results: introduce a clear, synthesised conceptualisation of talent transfer as an accelerated sport pathway in which a highly trained athlete in one sport (donor sport), transitions to a new sport (recipient sport) with the potential of achieving high-performance success; systematically map influencing factors; and outline considered theories. Factors influencing talent transfer span individual, task-related, and environmental constraints. The review exposes a scarcity of theoretical foundation in current research, suggesting ecological dynamics as a promising approach to advance research and practice. Implications: Practical and theoretical implications arise, emphasising the usefulness of a synthesised definition and a multifactorial approach for designing, implementing, evaluating, and researching talent transfer pathways. This benefits sports administrators, managers, and researchers.

Wellbeing in high-performance swimming: A grounded theory study.

The demands of elite sport have the potential to negatively impact on athletes' wellbeing (e.g., Arnold & Fletcher, 2012; Rice et al., 2016). Despite this, not all elite athletes experience detrimental effects, rather some individuals thrive in an elite sports environment. The reasons why some athletes experience positive wellbeing while others struggle remains unclear although, in part, due to methodological limitations of previous research. To overcome these limitations, the purpose of the current study was to examine how change in high-performance swimmers' wellbeing occurs. Grounded theory methodology was used to enable examination of processes of change. Semi-structured interviews with 22 current and five retired swimmers, eight coaches, and seven support staff were used to generate data alongside observations and field notes. The resultant theory illustrated how a dominant performance narrative influenced the development and maintenance of an exclusive swimmer identity that was tied to performance. Specifically, transitions were highlighted as critical points where wellbeing was likely to be affected, due to the increased potential for change and uncertainty to impact on performance and subsequently identity. However, the use of proactive coping strategies, such as anticipating and planning, as well as accessing and utilising appropriate support were shown to help minimise the impact on wellbeing.

Treinadores de futsal brasileiros de elite: aspectos influenciadores da escolha da profissão e da construção da competência profissional / Brazilian elite futsal coaches: influencering aspects in the choice of profession and the construction of professional competence / Entrenadores de fútbol sala de élite brasileño: aspectos que influyen en la elección de la profesión y la construcción de la competencia profesional

Resumo A relevância do futsal brasileiro no cenário mundial é reconhecida pela sua prática massiva e conquistas internacionais. Neste contexto, compreender aspectos envoltos de uma função relevante, a de treinador, torna-se fundamental. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as percepções de treinadores brasileiros de elite sobre os aspectos influenciadores na escolha da profissão e os conhecimentos fundamentais necessários à competência profissional. Realizaram-se entrevistas em profundidade com 10 treinadores de elite. Os resultados sugerem que a influência familiar, a exposição prolongada à prática, à escola e aos seus treinadores enquanto atletas foram fundamentais nas suas trajetórias. O conhecimento específico do futsal, a leitura de jogo e a tomada de decisão parecem ser relevantes para a competência na função. Por fim, a relação aberta, de troca e cobrança com os atletas demonstram ser essenciais no contexto prático e a busca pelo desenvolvimento dos atletas é realizada de maneira global.

Abstract The growing worldwide significance of Brazilian futsal is recognized due to its extensive practice and international achievements. In this context, it becomes essential to further explore the critical aspects associated with the coaching role. The aim of this study was to investigate elite Brazilian coaches' perceptions regarding the factors influencing their decision to pursue this profession and the fundamental aspects related to coaches' professional competence. In-depth interviews were conducted with 10 elite coaches. The results suggest that family influence, prolonged exposure to practice, the school, and their coaches were fundamental in shaping the coaches' professional trajectories. Specific futsal knowledge, game reading, and decision making seem to be relevant for competence in the role. Finally, an open, reciprocal, and accountable relationship with athletes is considered essential in the practical context, as well as the pursuit of significantly contributing to athlete development as an integral part of the coaching role.

Resumen La importancia del fútbol sala brasileño es mundialmente reconocida por su práctica masiva y logros internacionales. En este contexto, es fundamental profundizar en la comprensión de los aspectos críticos involucrados en el rol del entrenador. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar las percepciones de entrenadores de élite brasileños sobre los aspectos que influyen en la elección de la profesión y los conocimientos fundamentales necesarios para la competencia profesional. Se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad a 10 entrenadores de élite. Los resultados sugieren que la influencia familiar, la exposición prolongada a la práctica, la escuela y sus entrenadores como atletas fueron fundamentales en sus trayectorias. El conocimiento específico del fútbol sala, la lectura de juegos y la toma de decisiones parecen ser relevantes para la competencia en el rol. Finalmente, la relación abierta, de intercambio y de rendición de cuentas con los atletas resultan esenciales en la práctica y que la búsqueda del desarrollo de los atletas se realice de manera global.

Case Report: An Application of Wellbeing Science for the Development of Adolescent High-Performance Athletes in the Australian Football League.

Elite athletes experience both universal and sport-related mental health risks. Young high-performance athletes on pathways to professional sport also face the additional challenges associated with the developmental period of adolescence and early adulthood, making prevention and mental health promotion critical in this population group. This community case study considers the wider youth mental wellbeing evidence base, alongside primary prevention in elite sport, and proposes a model of wellbeing for the specific implementation in youth high performance athletes in the Australian setting. The Mental Fitness Model is based on the PERMA theory of wellbeing, which comprises positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment, and is tailored specifically to the unique needs of young high-performance athletes in Australia. The Model sits within a host of evidence-based, appropriately resourced, wellbeing science activities, coordinated by an overall strategy that allows monitoring and continuous improvement. As such, we propose this application of wellbeing science is highly novel for the youth high performance setting. Future work is needed to test the feasibility of this model in an applied context. Further work is also needed to integrate specifically cultural considerations for wellbeing, and to integrate the lived experiences of young people through participatory research. This model is proposed to hold unique promise to meet the mental wellbeing needs of young high-performance athletes, whilst promoting positive mental health that can track into adulthood.

Actitudes y creencias de deportistas cubanos de alto rendimiento sobre el dopaje / Atitudes e crenças de atletas cubanos de alto desempenhosobre doping / Attitudes and beliefs of high-performance cuban athletes about doping

La presente investigación no experimental y descriptiva tiene como intención determinar las principales creencias y actitudes en deportistas cubanos de alto rendimiento respecto al dopaje. Se tomó una muestra de 300 deportistas pertenecientes a equipos nacionales de 37 deportes, a los que se le aplicó el instrumento Escala de actitudes y creencias sobre dopaje (Suárez y Ordoqui, 2019). Se realizó el análisis de los datos obtenidos mediante la distribución empírica de frecuencias, las medias y la desviación estándar. Se emplearon además la prueba KMO y Barlett para validar el uso del análisis factorial y la prueba Chi cuadrado de Pearson. Se pudo comprobar en más del 50% de la muestra, la presencia de creencias y actitudes de rechazo hacia el consumo de sustancias dopantes y quedaron expuestos los factores que los deportistas reconocen como los de mayor incidencia en la aparición de conductas de propensión hacia el dopaje. (AU)

The present non-experimental and descriptive research intends to determine the main beliefs and attitudes in high-performance Cuban athletes regarding doping. A sample of 300 athletes belonging to national teams of 37 sports was taken, to which the Doping Attitudes and Beliefs Scale instrument was applied (Suárez and Ordoqui, 2019). The analysis of the data obtained was carried out through the empirical distribution of frequencies, the means and the standard deviation. The KMO and Barlett test were also used to validate the use of factor analysis and Pearson's Chi-square test. It was possible to verify in more than 50% of the sample, the presence of beliefs and attitudes of rejection towards the consumption of doping substances and the factors that athletes recognize as those with the highest incidence in the appearance of propensity behaviors towards doping were exposed. (AU)

A presente pesquisa não experimental e descritiva pretende determinar as principais crenças e atitudes em atletas cubanos de alto rendimento em relação ao doping. Foi retirada uma amostra de 300 atletas pertencentes a seleções nacionais de 37 modalidades desportivas, às quais foi aplicado o instrumento Doping Attitudes andBeliefs Scale (Suárez e Ordoqui, 2019). A análise dos dados obtidos foi realizada por meio da distribuição empírica de frequências, médias e desvio padrão. O KMO e o teste de Barlett também foram utilizados para validar o uso da análise fatorial e o testeQui-quadrado de Pearson. Foi possível verificar em mais de 50% da amostra, a presença de crenças e atitudes de rejeição ao consumo de substâncias dopantes e os fatores que os atletas reconhecem como os de maior incidência no aparecimento de comportamentosde propensão ao doping foram expostos. (AU)

Treatment Considerations for Compulsive Exercise in High-Performance Athletes with an Eating Disorder.

Compulsive exercise is linked with poorer treatment outcomes in people with eating disorder (EDs). High-performance athletes represent a growing and complex subcomponent of the broader ED population, and emergent evidence indicates that different conceptualisations of compulsive exercise are needed in this population. Existing randomised controlled trials in ED populations have demonstrated small treatment effects on compulsive exercise compared with control groups; however, athletes were sparsely sampled across these studies. Thus, the extent to which current treatments for compulsive exercise in EDs are also effective in high-performance athletes is unknown. For this opinion paper, we sought representation from high-performance sports leadership, someone with lived experience of both an ED and high-performance athletics, and ED clinical experts. We discuss the utility of recommending exercise abstinence in ED treatment with athletes, as well as a number of other treatment strategies with some evidence in other contexts for further consideration and research in this population. These include using mindfulness-based interventions as an adjunct to cognitive-behavioural therapies, using wearable technologies and self-reported fatigue to inform training decisions, and incorporating greater exercise variation into training programs. We also offer practical considerations for clinicians seeking to apply foundational elements of cognitive-behavioural interventions (e.g., exposure and response prevention, cognitive restructuring, behavioural experiments) into an ED treatment program for a high-performance athlete. Future research is needed to examine characteristics of pathological compulsive exercise in athletes and whether available treatments are both feasible and effective in the treatment of compulsive exercise in athletes with an ED.

Dupla carreira esporte-educação: a realidade dos atletas da elite dos saltos ornamentais brasileiros / Sports-education dual career: the reality of elite fancy diving athletes in Brazil / Doble carrera deporte-educación: la realidad de los deportistas brasileños de élite en saltos ornamentales

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi apresentar e analisar o perfil educacional e esportivo dos atletas de saltos ornamentais que participaram do Troféu Brasil de 2018, mediante utilizaão de um questionário estruturado com base na perspectiva de formação holística para a dupla carreira. Com amostra definida em 15 participantes, a análise exploratória foi conduzida por meio de estatística descritiva no SPSS mediante frequência geral e específica. Os resultados sugerem a compatibilidade entre as formações esportiva e educacional em uma perspectiva denominada trajetórias de transição fluidas, observando-se casos de descontinuação na formação superior. Ressalta-se a carência de uma legislação nacional sobre dupla carreira e de políticas institucionais que promovam o acesso, a permanência e a finalização da formação acadêmica dos atletas de alto rendimento, bem como aponta-se a necessidade de novos estudos com diferentes modalidades a fim de que se aprofunde o debate sobre a dupla carreira esportiva.

Abstract This study aims to present and analyze the sporting and educational profile of fancy diving athletes who participated in the 2018 Brazil Tournament (Troféu Brasil). It uses a questionnaire based on the holistic training model for a dual career. Exploratory analysis was conducted with a sample of 15 individuals, using descriptive statistics on the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software according to general and specific frequency. The results suggest that sporting and educational training are compatible under a perspective called fluid transition pathways, with cases of higher education discontinuation. The study underscores the lack of legislation on dual careers in Brazil as well as institutional policies that promote access, continuation and completion of academic education for high-performance athletes. Moreover, it points out the need for new studies to expand the debate on dual careers in sports.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue presentar y analizar el perfil, educacional y deportivo, de los atletas de saltos ornamentales que participaron en el Trofeo Brasil de 2018, utilizando un cuestionario estructurado basado en la perspectiva de la formación holística para el doble grado universitario. Con una muestra definida en 15 participantes, el análisis exploratorio fue conducido a través de estadística descriptiva en el software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) mediante frecuencia general y específica. Los resultados sugieren la compatibilidad entre las formaciones deportiva y educativa en una perspectiva denominada trayectorias de transición fluidas y se observaron casos de discontinuidad en la educación superior. Se destaca la falta de una legislación nacional sobre el doble grado y de políticas institucionales que promuevan el acceso, permanencia y finalización de la formación académica de los atletas de alto rendimiento, así como la necesidad de que se realicen nuevos estudios con diferentes modalidades para que se profundice el debate sobre el doble grado deportivo.

O financiamento federal do esporte de alto rendimento no Ciclo Olímpico e Paralímpico Rio 2016 / The federal funding for high performance sport at Rio 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Cycle / Los fondos federales del deporte de alto rendimiento en el Ciclo Olímpico y Paralímpico Rio 2016

RESUMO O objetivo foi analisar o financiamento e o gasto público federal do Esporte de Alto Rendimento (EAR) no Ciclo Rio 2016. Trata-se de uma pesquisa com abordagem quanti-qualitativa, a partir da análise dos documentos coletados no Portal Transparência no Esporte e no Portal da Legislação do Governo Federal. No Ciclo Rio 2016, o Governo Federal criou diferentes dispositivos políticos e legais que buscaram alçar o Brasil à potência esportiva; eles refletiram diretamente sobre o financiamento federal do EAR. Os principais recursos do EAR do Ciclo Rio 2016 foram de patrocínio das estatais federais, concursos prognósticos e loterias para entidades esportivas, Lei de Incentivo ao Esporte e recursos do Ministério do Esporte.

ABSTRACT The objective was to analyze the funding and federal public spending on High Performance Sport (HPS) in the Rio 2016 Cycle. This is a research with quantitative and qualitative approach, based on the analysis of documents collected from the Portal Transparência no Esporte and the Portal da Legislação do Governo Federal. In the Rio 2016 Cycle, the Federal Government created different political and legal provisions that sought to elevate Brazil a sports power, they reflected directly on the federal funding of the HPS. The Rio 2016 Cycle's main HPS resources were sponsored byfederal state-owned companies, prognostic contests and lotteries for sports entities, Lei de Incentivo ao Esporte (Sports Incentive Law) and resources from the Brazilian Ministry of Sports.

RESUMEN El objetivo fue analizar la financiación y el gasto público federal del Deporte de Alto Rendimiento (DAR) en el ciclo Río 2016. Esta es una investigación con enfoque cuantitativo y cualitativo, a partir del análisis de los documentos recopilados en el Portal Transparência no Esporte y en el Portal da Legislação do Governo Federal. En el Ciclo Río 2016, el Gobierno Federal creó diferentes disposiciones políticas y legales que buscaban elevar a Brasil a potencia deportiva, reflexionaron directamente sobre la financiación federal del DAR. Los principales recursos del DAR en el Ciclo Río 2016 fueron el patrocinio de empresas estatales federales, concursos de pronóstico y loterías para entidades deportivas, la Ley de Incentivo al Deporte y recursos del Ministerio de Deportes.

[Elite athletes' electrocardiogram in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso]. / Electrocardiographie du sportif de haut niveau d'entrainement à Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.

High-performance sport results in electrocardiographic changes. Some are benign, other can cause sudden death. The purpose of this study is to describe the features of electrocardiogram at rest in elite athletes living in Bobo-Dioulasso. We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study in the Department of Cardiology at the Souro Sanou University Hospital in Bobo-Dioulasso from August 2015 to February 2016. Elite athletes aged 17 to 35 years who had been training at least eight hours per week for more than six months, regardless of the type of sport, were enrolled. Two hundred elite athletes from four different sporting disciplines were included. The average age of athletes was 24 years (IIQ: 21-27). The median seniority in sport practice was 6 years (IIQ: 4-8) and the median duration of weekly training was 10 hours (IIQ: 10-10). Only 4% of the athletes had already undergone electrocardiogram. ECG showed abnormalities in 90.5% of cases and sinus bradycardia was the most common abnormality in 72.5% of cases. Left ventricular hypertrophy and left-atrial dilatation were reported in 44% and 34.5% respectively. Early repolarization syndrome was found in 47% of cases. In athletes, high-performance sport can result in electrical modifications. Practitioners need to know them in order to differentiate them from heart disease.

The Australian Institute of Sport framework for rebooting sport in a COVID-19 environment.

Sport makes an important contribution to the physical, psychological and emotional well-being of Australians. The economic contribution of sport is equivalent to 2-3% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The COVID-19 pandemic has had devastating effects on communities globally, leading to significant restrictions on all sectors of society, including sport. Resumption of sport can significantly contribute to the re-establishment of normality in Australian society. The Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), in consultation with sport partners (National Institute Network (NIN) Directors, NIN Chief Medical Officers (CMOs), National Sporting Organisation (NSO) Presidents, NSO Performance Directors and NSO CMOs), has developed a framework to inform the resumption of sport. National Principles for Resumption of Sport were used as a guide in the development of 'the AIS Framework for Rebooting Sport in a COVID-19 Environment' (the AIS Framework); and based on current best evidence, and guidelines from the Australian Federal Government, extrapolated into the sporting context by specialists in sport and exercise medicine, infectious diseases and public health. The principles outlined in this document apply to high performance/professional, community and individual passive (non-contact) sport. The AIS Framework is a timely tool of minimum baseline of standards, for 'how' reintroduction of sport activity will occur in a cautious and methodical manner, based on the best available evidence to optimise athlete and community safety. Decisions regarding the timing of resumption (the 'when') of sporting activity must be made in close consultation with Federal, State/Territory and/or Local Public Health Authorities. The priority at all times must be to preserve public health, minimising the risk of community transmission.

What is mental fatigue in elite sport? Perceptions from athletes and staff.

Mental fatigue is a psychobiological state caused by prolonged periods of demanding cognitive activity shown to negatively influence physical performance. Variation exists across the literature regarding the manifestations and impact of mental fatigue; with little knowledge of the domain-specific manifestations in elite sport. The difficulties in defining mental fatigue may explain why it is not consistently assessed by coaching or support staff. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate athlete and staff understandings of mental fatigue in elite sport. Nine focus group discussions were conducted involving a total of 32 athletes (n = 17) and staff (n = 15) from elite sporting organisations. Athletes and staff believe mental fatigue negatively impacts sporting performance. Analysis revealed perceived associations between mental fatigue and changes in behaviour including, disengagement, decreased motivation and enthusiasm, increased displays of emotion and withdrawal. Changes in concentration, decreased discipline and attention to detail also emerged as descriptors of mental fatigue. Media engagements, study and work commitments were reported to induce mental fatigue. Repetitive tasks, over-analysis, thinking about the sport in question and environmental instability were further reported perceived causes. Experience and personality emerged as factors contributing to individual susceptibility. Mental fatigue is perceived to not only develop acutely but also build in a cumulative manner in the elite sporting environment. The present findings inform the design of future studies examining MF in elite athletes; they also hold the potential to improve how best to monitor and manage the condition in applied practice.

The application of mental fatigue research to elite team sport performance: New perspectives.

OBJECTIVES: Mental fatigue resulting from prolonged periods of demanding cognitive activity, has been found to impair endurance exercise performance and performance in some sport-specific tasks. The application of such research to the elite sporting environment however is limited. DESIGN & METHODS: This article reviews the literature relevant to mental fatigue and team sporting performance with aim to provide perspectives on the transferability and significance of currently available evidence to the applied elite sporting context. RESULTS: Inconsistent findings in the limited available literature can be attributed to large variations in the participants involved, the nature of the cognitively demanding tasks used to induce mental fatigue and the tests used to assess performance outcomes. Few studies have used trained athletes in combination with performance tests that accurately represent the physiological and technical demands experienced by athletes in competition. While there is growing interest in the acute influence of mental fatigue on exercise performance, a potential cumulative effect of mental fatigue on performance over, for example, a competitive season is an area yet to be investigated. CONCLUSIONS: If it is accepted that mental fatigue impairs the performance of some athletes, then improving the ecological validity of research in the area of mental fatigue and sport will significantly advance our understanding of how to better monitor and manage mental fatigue. At the elite level of competition, where outcomes are determined by very small margins of difference, reducing the impact of mental fatigue on performance has potential to be significant.

When research leads to learning, but not action in high performance sport.

Research from sports science and related clinical and scientific fields produces knowledge that is often highly relevant to high performance sport. However, there exists a gap between current science and applied coaching or sports science practice. Addressing, and bridging, this gap from both sides of the research-application divide is an important ambition. In this commentary we discuss the wonderful, yet often unforgiving challenge of improving athlete performance as a practitioner or coach in high performance sport. Blending existing knowledge (that which we know works), transferable knowledge (that which has worked elsewhere), anecdotal observations (that which we have seen work) and innovation (where the risk: reward ratio of it working at all is high), to find the right solution, at the right time, for the specific (and often unique) individual is the challenging "art" of application. Here we explore this challenge related to the high performance sports system and the people within it, then more specifically to coaching and learning, and finally to practitioners and athletes using a case study example of applying sleep science to the high performance environment.

A formação de crianças para o esporte de alto rendimento: sobre "manobras" e diferentes apropriações dos treinos / Children of training for high-performance sport: on "operations" and different appropriations of drills / La formación de niños para el deporte de alto rendimiento: sobre "operaciones" y diferentes asignaciones de los entrenamientos

Este trabalho busca compreender 'como' e 'por que' uma criança específica se mantém em uma equipe de Ginástica Artística que visa ao alto rendimento. A partir de observações sistemáticas durante nove meses na rotina de treinos da ginasta e da realização de uma entrevista semiestruturada com a mesma, foi possível identificar quatro aspectos sobre a maneira como ela vivenciava os treinos: 1) experimentação dos limites e das possibilidades dos movimentos do seu corpo de ginasta; 2) participação não passiva nos treinos, marcada por tensões; 3) construção de vínculos de amizades; 4) experiências para além da prática esportiva. Com base nos resultados do estudo, questionamos algumas críticas presentes na Educação Física sobre o esporte de alto rendimento na infância.

This work seeks to understand 'how' and 'why' a particular child remains in a Artistic Gymnastics team aimed at high performance. From systematic observations during nine months in training routine the gymnast and the realization of one semi-structured interview with the same, it was possible to identify four aspects about the way this experiencing the training: 1) testing the limits and possibilities of movements your 'gymnast' body; 2) participation 'not passive' in training, marked by tensions; 3) building friendships ties; 4) experiences beyond sports. Based on the results of the study, we questioned some criticism present in Physical Education on the high performance sport in childhood.

Este trabajo busca comprender "cómo" y "por qué" un niño en particular permanece en un equipo de gimnasia artística dirigida a un alto rendimiento. A partir de observaciones sistemáticas durante nueve meses en la rutina de entrenamiento de gimnasta y la realización de una entrevista semiestructurada con el mismo, fue posible identificar cuatro aspectos acerca de la forma en que esta experimentando la formación: 1) a prueba los límites y posibilidades de movimientos su cuerpo 'gimnasta'; 2) la participación 'no pasiva "en el entrenamiento, marcado por las tensiones; 3) fomento de la amistad lazos; 4) experiencias más allá de los deportes. Con base en los resultados del estudio, nos preguntamos acerca de algunas críticas presente en la educación física en el deporte de alto rendimiento en la infancia.

Sentidos de vitória/derrota para os pais segundo atletas do alto rendimento / Feelings of victory/defeat in parents of high-yield athletes / Sentidos de victoria/derrota para los padres según los atletas de alto rendimiento

Este estudo compreendeu as representações sociais da vitória/derrota para os pais segundo atletas-adolescentes do esporte de alto rendimento, na cidade do Recife. A adolescência é compreendida a partir da Psicologia Social-histórica, e o embasamento teórico-metodológico da Teoria das Representações Sociais abordou os sujeitos em diferentes contextos socioculturais, lugares de pertencimento, experiências, crenças, saberes e sentimentos compartilhados. Adotou-se a perspectiva pluri metodológica com variados recursos de coleta e análise progressiva de dados. Participaram 101 atletas-adolescentes do esporte de alto rendimento, nas modalidades natação e vôlei. Os instrumentos utilizados foram questionários de associação livre e entrevistas semidirigidas. Na análise dos dados, o software EVOC e as técnicas de análise temática de conteúdo de Bardin. Identificamos as representações de vitória para os pais, nas dimensões: pessoal e motivacional, e afetivo-emocional e, nas representações sociais da derrota para os pais, além destas, a dimensão técnica. O sentido de vitória para os pais apareceu ampliado: o contexto esportivo, a escolarização, e o crescimento pessoal e profissional na vida. A derrota para os pais é representada como oportunidade de aprendizado e superação para o atleta-adolescente, porém, eles mostraram que necessitam do apoio afetivo de sua família para lidar com a autoculpabilização nas situações de fracasso.(AU)

This study examined the social representations of victory and defeat held by parents of teenage athletes who participated in a high performance sports in the city of Recife. The developmental stage of adolescence is understood based on sociohistorical psychology, while the social representations theory constituted the frame of reference for approaching individuals from different social-cultural contexts, places, experiences, beliefs, knowledge, and shared feelings. A multi-methodological orientation was employed with a wide range of resources for the collection and progressive analysis of data. In this study, participants involved 101 teenager athletes, who participated in a high performance sport, either swimming or volleyball. The tools utilized included a free association questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. EVOC 2000 and Bardin's thematic content analysis were used for data analysis. Representations of victory were identified from the parents for the following dimensions: personal and motivational and affective–emotional. In addition to those two dimensions, the technical dimension was also identified for the parental representation of defeat. The victory meaning for parents was not restricted just to the sport area, it was extended to other contexts such as education level, professional and personal growth. The value of defeat for parents was represented as an opportunity for learning and overcoming situations to the teenage athlete. However, they also showed the need for affective support from their families to deal with self-blame in the event of failure.(AU)

Este estudio comprendió las representaciones sociales de la victoria/derrota para los padres según adolescentes atletas de deporte de alto rendimiento en la ciudad de Recife. La Adolescencia comprendida a partir de la Psicología Socio Histórica y la base teórico- metodológica de la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales abordó los sujetos en diferentes contextos socioculturales, lugares de origen, experiencias, creencias, saberes y sentimientos compartidos. Se adoptó una perspectiva plurimetodológica con variados recursos de recolección de análisis progresivo de datos. Participaron 101 atletas adolescentes de deporte de alto rendimiento en las modalidades de natación y volibol. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron cuestionarios de asociación libre y entrevistas semi-dirigidas. En el análisis de los datos, se usó el software EVOC y las técnicas de análisis temático del contenido de Bardin. Identificamos las representaciones de victoria para los padres en las dimensiones: personal-motivacional y afectivo-emocional y, en las representaciones sociales de la derrota para los padres, además de éstas, se consideró la dimensión técnica. El sentido de victoria para los padres apareció ampliado: el contexto deportivo, la escolarización y el crecimiento personal y profesional en la vida. La derrota para los padres es representada como oportunidad de aprendizaje y superación para el atleta adolescente, sin embargo, ellos demostraron que necesitan apoyo afectivo de su familia para lidiar con la auto culpabilidad en las situaciones de fracaso.(AU)

Sentidos de vitória/derrota para os pais segundo atletas do alto rendimento / Feelings of victory/defeat in parents of high-yield athletes / Sentidos de victoria/derrota para los padres según los atletas de alto rendimiento

Este estudo compreendeu as representações sociais da vitória/derrota para os pais segundo atletas adolescentes do esporte de alto rendimento, na cidade do Recife. A adolescência é compreendida a partir da Psicologia Social histórica, e o embasamento teórico metodológico da Teoria das Representações Sociais abordou os sujeitos em diferentes contextos socioculturais, lugares de pertencimento, experiências, crenças, saberes e sentimentos compartilhados. Adotou-se a perspectiva pluri metodológica com variados recursos de coleta e análise progressiva de dados. Participaram 101 atletas adolescentes do esporte de alto rendimento, nas modalidades natação e vôlei. Os instrumentos utilizados foram questionários de associação livre e entrevistas semi dirigidas. Na análise dos dados, o software EVOC e as técnicas de análise temática de conteúdo de Bardin. Identificamos as representações de vitória para os pais, nas dimensões: pessoal e motivacional, e afetivo emocional e, nas representações sociais da derrota para os pais, além destas, a dimensão técnica. O sentido de vitória para os pais apareceu ampliado: o contexto esportivo, a escolarização, e o crescimento pessoal e profissional na vida. A derrota para os pais é representada como oportunidade de aprendizado e superação para o adolescente, porém, eles mostraram que necessitam do apoio afetivo de sua família para lidar com a auto culpabilização nas situações de fracasso.

This study examined the social representations of victory and defeat held by parents of teenage athletes who participated in a high performance sports in the city of Recife. The developmental stage of adolescence is understood based on sociohistorical psychology, while the social representations theory constituted the frame of reference for approaching individuals from different social-cultural contexts, places, experiences, beliefs, knowledge, and shared feelings. A multi-methodological orientation was employed with a wide range of resources for the collection and progressive analysis of data. In this study, participants involved 101 teenager athletes, who participated in a high performance sport, either swimming or volleyball. The tools utilized included a free association questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. EVOC 2000 and Bardin's thematic content analysis were used for data analysis. Representations of victory were identified from the parents for the following dimensions: personal and motivational and affective–emotional. In addition to those two dimensions, the technical dimension was also identified for the parental representation of defeat. The victory meaning for parents was not restricted just to the sport area, it was extended to other contexts such as education level, professional and personal growth. The value of defeat for parents was represented as an opportunity for learning and overcoming situations to the teenage athlete. However, they also showed the need for affective support from their families to deal with self-blame in the event of failure.

Este estudio comprendió las representaciones sociales de la victoria/derrota para los padres según adolescentes atletas de deporte de alto rendimiento en la ciudad de Recife. La Adolescencia comprendida a partir de la Psicología Socio Histórica y la base teórico- metodológica de la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales abordó los sujetos en diferentes contextos socioculturales, lugares de origen, experiencias, creencias, saberes y sentimientos compartidos. Se adoptó una perspectiva plurimetodológica con variados recursos de recolección de análisis progresivo de datos. Participaron 101 atletas adolescentes de deporte de alto rendimiento en las modalidades de natación y volibol. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron cuestionarios de asociación libre y entrevistas semi-dirigidas. En el análisis de los datos, se usó el software EVOC y las técnicas de análisis temático del contenido de Bardin. Identificamos las representaciones de victoria para los padres en las dimensiones: personal-motivacional y afectivo-emocional y, en las representaciones sociales de la derrota para los padres, además de éstas, se consideró la dimensión técnica. El sentido de victoria para los padres apareció ampliado: el contexto deportivo, la escolarización y el crecimiento personal y profesional en la vida. La derrota para los padres es representada como oportunidad de aprendizaje y superación para el atleta adolescente, sin embargo, ellos demostraron que necesitan apoyo afectivo de su familia para lidiar con la auto culpabilidad en las situaciones de fracaso.

Viabilidade de aplicação de um instrumento para a avaliação da qualidade dos processos de detecção e seleção de talentos esportivos na realidade brasileira / Viability of application of an instrument for evaluating the quality processes of detection and selection of sporting talent in brazilian reality

Programas de detecção e seleção de talentos esportivos existem em diferentes países. Independente do contexto, a existência destes programas visa a formação de atletas que possuam níveis internacionais de desempenho. Em termos de avaliação, os programas de talentos esportivos geralmente possuem como critério principal os resultados finais alcançados, o que leva a questionamentos sobre as ações realizadas durante os processos realizados. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a viabilidade da aplicação do questionário elaborado para avaliar a qualidade dos processos de detecção e seleção de talentos esportivos, proposto por Rütten, Ziemainz e Röger (2005). Através de Análise Fatorial Exploratória os resultados validam a utilização do modelo para avaliação dos processos de detecção e seleção de talentos esportivos no Brasil. Futuros estudos poderão se utilizar do modelo e questionário utilizados neste estudo e também comparar a realidade de outros países com a realidade brasileira.

Detection and selection programs of sporting talent exist in different countries. Regardless the context, the existence of such programs aimed the develop of athletes who will have international levels of performance. In terms of evaluation, the sport talent programs usually have as the main criterion the final results, which leads questions about the actions performed during the process performed. The aim of this study was to verify the viability of the survey designed to assess the quality of procedures for detection and selection of sports talents, proposed by Rütten, Ziemainz e Röger (2005).Through Exploratory Factor Analysis results validate the use of the model for evaluation of the procedures for detection and selection of sports talents in Brazil. Future studies may be used the model and survey used in this study and also compare the reality of other countries with the Brazilian reality.