Impact of weight adjusted high frequency low tidal volume ventilation and atrial pacing in lesion metrics in high-power short-duration ablation: Results of a pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: Lesion size index (LSI) was introduced with the use of Tacticath™ and as a surrogate of lesion quality. The metric used to achieve the predetermined values involves combined information of contact force (CF), power and radiofrequency time. Rapid atrial pacing (RAP) and high-frequency low-tidal volume ventilation (HFLTV) independently or in combination improve catheter stability and CF and quality of lesions. Data of the impact of body weight adjusted HFLTV ventilation strategy associated with RAP in the lesion metrics still lacking. The study aimed to compare the results of high-power short-duration (HPSD) atrial fibrillation ablation using simultaneous weight adjusted HFLTV and RAP and standard ventilation (SV) protocol. METHODS: Prospective, nonrandomized study with 136 patients undergoing de novo ablation divided into two groups; 70 in RAP (100 ppm) + HFLTV with 4 mL/kg of tidal volume and 25 breaths/min (group A) and 66 patients with SV in intrinsic sinus rhythm (group B). Ablation using 50 W, CF of 5-10 g/10-20 g and 40 mL/minute flow rate on the posterior and anterior left atrial wall, respectively. RESULTS: No procedure-related complications. Group A: Mean LSI points 70 ± 16.5, mean total lower LSI 3.4 ± 0.5, mean total higher LSI 8.2 ± 0.4 and mean total LSI 5.6 ± 0.6. Anterior and posterior wall mean total LSI was 6.0 ± 0.4 and 4.2 ± 0.3, respectively. Mean local impedance drop (LID) points were 118.8 ± 28.4, mean LID index (%) 12.9 ± 1.5, and mean LID < 12% points 55.9 ± 23.8. Anterior and posterior wall mean total LID index were 13.6 ± 2.0 and 11.9 ± 1.7, respectively. Recurrence in 11 (15.7%) patients. Group B: Mean LSI points 56 ± 2.7, mean total lower LSI 2.9 ± 0.7, mean total higher LSI 6.9 ± 0.9, and mean total LSI 4.8 ± 0.8. Anterior and posterior wall mean total LSI was 5.1 ± 0.3 and 3.5 ± 0.5, respectively. Mean LID points were 111.4 ± 21.5, mean LID index (%) 11.4 ± 1.2, and mean LID < 12% points 54.9 ± 25.2. Anterior and posterior wall mean total LID index were 11.8 ± 1.9 and 10.3 ± 1.7, respectively. Recurrence in 14 (21.2%) patients. Mean follow up was 15.2 ± 4.4 months. CONCLUSION: Weight adjusted HFLTV ventilation with RAP HPSD ablation produced lower recurrence rate and better LSI and LID parameters in comparison to SV and intrinsic sinus rhythm.

Estimación de Distensibilidad Dinámica Toraco-pulmonar en Modelos Neonatales de Ventilación Mecánica de Alta Frecuencia / Estimation of dynamic thoracopulmonary compliance in neonatal high-frequency mechanical ventilation models

Introducción. La ventilación de alta frecuencia (VAF) es utilizada en pacientes graves neonatales con un uso cercano al 10% del total de usuarios en ventilación mecánica (VM). Actualmente estos equipos miden volumen corriente de manera precisa, continua y rutinaria, sin embargo no hay estimaciones del comportamiento mecánico del sistema respiratorio del usuario, como lo es la distensibilidad toracopulmonar, durante el ciclo ventilatorio que sean reportadas por las pantallas de los equipos. Objetivo. Estimar distensibilidad dinámica toracopulmonar en modelos neonatales de VAF. Métodos. Estudio cuantitativo, observacional, descriptivo, y "wench work", donde se midió distensibilidad en VM convencional y volumen corriente (Vt) en VAF con equipo Acutronics Fabian® por 4 evaluadores independientes, en 5 tipos de pulmón de ensayo y bajo diferentes escenarios de parámetros de VAF con ajustes de presión media de la vía aérea (PMVA), amplitud, frecuencia respiratoria, tiempo inspiratorio, volumen garantizado, y tipo de circuito. Mediante suavización de regresiones locales por estimación mínima cuadrática (LOWESS) y análisis de regresión multivariada se obtuvieron los valores asociados a distensibilidad, con los que se construyeron ecuaciones de estimación de distensibilidad en VAF. Resultados. Se realizaron en total 46080 mediciones, con correlación intra e interevaluador > 0.99. La distensibilidad mediana (percentil 25; 75) de los 5 modelos pulmonares fue de 0.455 (0.3; 0.98). Se asociaron a distensibilidad, mediante modelos de regresión lineal múltiple de manera significativa, todas las variables evaluadas, salvo PMVA. Se establecieron asociaciones multivariantes crudas (R2=.311), de distensibilidad predicha por LOWESS (R2=.744) y distensibilidad predicha y variables independientes predichas por regresión lineal simple (R2=.973). Conclusiones. La distensibilidad en VAF esta determinada en pulmones de ensayos por los parámetros programados de: tipo de circuito, uso de volumen garantizado, tiempo inspiratorio, frecuencia respiratoria y amplitud, además del Vt medido. Se reporta ecuación explicativa de distensibilidad en VAF.

Background. Background: High frequency mechanical ventilation (HFV) is used in severe neonatal subjects nearly 10% of total mechanically ventilated (MV) users. Currently, this MV's mode allow to measure tidal volumen in an accurately, continuous and routinarie way in HFV, however there are non estimation to assess mechanical behavior of respiratory system during ventilatory cycle, like thoraco-pulmonary compliance, who be report in the equipment display. Objetive. To estimate thoraco-pulmonary compliance in artificial neonatal lung models in HFV. Methods. Quantitative, observational, descriptive, and wench work study, where distensibility was measured in conventional MV and tidal volume (TV) in HFV with Acutronics Fabian® equipment by 4 independent evaluators, in 5 types of test lung and under different scenarios of HFV parameters with adjustments of mean airway pressure (MAP), amplitude, respiratory rate, inspiratory time, guaranteed volume, and type of circuit. By smoothing local regressions by least quadratic estimation (LOWESS) and multivariate regression analysis, the values associated with distensibility were obtained, with this measures, equations for estimating compliance in VAF were constructed. Results. A total of 46080 measurements were made, with intra and inter-evaluator correlation coefficent > 0.99. The median compliance (25th percentile; 75) of the 5 lung models was 0.455 (0.3; 0.98). All variables evaluated, except MAP, were associated with compliance, by means of multiple linear regression models. Crude multivariate associations (R2 = .311), predicted compliance by LOWESS (R2 = .744) and predicted compliance and independent variables predicted by simple linear regression (R2 = .973) were established to estimate thoraco-pulmonary compliance. Conclusions. Compliance in VAF is determined in test lungs by the programmed parameters of: type of circuit, use of guaranteed volume, inspiratory time, respiratory frequency and amplitude, in addition to the measured Vt. An explanatory equation for distensibility in VAF is reported.

Comparison between weight-adjusted, high-frequency, low-tidal-volume ventilation and atrial pacing with normal ventilation in high-power, short-duration atrial fibrillation ablation: Results of a pilot study.

Background: Better contact force (CF) and catheter stability (CS) during atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation are associated with higher success rate. Changes in CF and CS are observed during respiratory movements and cardiac contraction. Previous studies have suggested that rapid atrial pacing (RAP) and high-frequency, low-tidal-volume ventilation (HFLTV) independently or in combination improve CS and CF and quality of lesions. Data from a body weight-adjusted HFLTV strategy associated with RAP in AF high-power, short-duration (HPSD) ablation are still lacking. Objective: This study aimed to compare the results of HPSD AF ablation using simultaneous weight-adjusted HFLTV and RAP and standard ventilation (SV) protocol. Methods: This was a prospective, nonrandomized study with 136 patients undergoing de novo ablation were divided into 2 groups: 70 in RAP (100 ppm) + HFLTV with 4 mL/kg of tidal volume and 25 breaths/min (group A) and 66 patients with SV in intrinsic sinus rhythm (group B). The ablation used 50 W, CF of 5 to 10 g and 10 to 20 g, and 40 mL/min flow rate on the posterior and anterior left atrial walls, respectively. Results: There were no procedure-related complications. In group A, left atrial and total ablation times were 53.5 ± 8.3 minutes and 67.4 ± 10.1 minutes, respectively. Radiofrequency time was 19.7 ± 5.7 minutes, radioscopy time was 3.4 ± 1.8 minutes, 62 (88.6%) patients had first-pass isolation, 23 (33.3%) patients had elevation of luminal esophageal temperature, and 7 (10%) patients had recurrence. In group B, left atrial time was 56.7 ± 10.8 minutes, total ablation time was 72.4 ± 11.5 minutes, radiofrequency time was 22.4 ± 6.2 minutes, radioscopy time was 3.6 ± 3 minutes, 58 (87.9%) patients had first-pass isolation, and 20 (30.3%) patients had luminal esophageal temperature elevation. Conclusion: Weight-adjusted HFLTV with RAP in comparison with SV and intrinsic sinus rhythm in HPSD ablation is safe with no CO2 retention. The approach produced significantly reduced radiofrequency, left atrial, and total ablation times and better CF and local impedance drop indexes.

Immediate Effects of Performance Time of the Voiced High-frequency Oscillation With Two Types of Breathing Devices in Vocally Healthy Individuals.

OBJECTIVE: To verify safety and compare the immediate effects of voiced high-frequency oscillation (VHFO) using two types of breathing devices on self-perception and vocal quality according to performance time in vocally healthy individuals. METHOD: Thirty individuals (15 women and 15 men) without vocal complaints or any history of dysphonia participated. Each participant performed the VHFO technique with the New Shaker and Shaker Plus devices for 3 (T3), 5 (T5), and 7 minutes (T7). All answered a questionnaire that investigated the intensity of laryngopharyngeal and vocal symptoms before and after performing the VHFO with each device and at different times. After VHFO, at each time, the voice was recorded for further analysis of vocal quality. The participants also answered a self-assessment questionnaire about vocal, laryngeal, breathing, and articulatory sensations. RESULTS: T3 showed a decrease in the laryngopharyngeal symptoms "pain when swallowing," "secretion in the throat," and "phlegm" for both genders and both devices. T7 showed an increase in "dry throat" for both genders and both devices. There was an increase in the symptom "fatigue when speaking" in T3 for both genders after VHFO with the New Shaker device. We also observed a decrease in the symptoms "voice failure" and "dry cough" after VHFO with the Shaker Plus for men in T3, and "voice failure" after VHFO with the New Shaker for women in T5. We found a decrease in the acoustic parameter shimmer for women in T5 and the NHR parameter in T7 for both genders, regardless of the breathing device. There were no changes in the auditory-perceptual analysis of the voice and self-assessment of sensations after VHFO with both devices and for both genders. CONCLUSION: VHFO performed with New Shaker and Shaker Plus is safe and can be used in clinical vocal practice in vocally healthy individuals.

Exercise Training Improved Pulmonary Gas Exchange Abnormalities in Pulmonary Hypertension due to Heart Failure: A Case Report

Abstract Heart failure (HF) is the most common cause of pulmonary hypertension (PH), and reduced exercise capacity and exertional dyspnea are the most frequent concerns in patients with PH-HF. Indeed, carbon dioxide end-tidal partial pressure (PETCO 2 ) during exercise is a well-established noninvasive marker of ventilation/perfusion ratio in PH. We aimed to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise training on PETCO 2 response during exercise in a 59-year-old woman with PH secondary to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. The patient with chronic fatigue and dyspnea at mild-to-moderate efforts was admitted to a cardiorespiratory rehabilitation program and had her cardiorespiratory response to exercise assessed during a cardiopulmonary exercise testing performed before and after three months of a thrice-weekly aerobic exercise training program. Improvements in aerobic capacity (23.9%) and endurance time (37.5%) and reduction in ventilatory inefficiency (-20.2%) was found after intervention. Post-intervention improvements in PETCO 2 at ventilatory anaerobic threshold (23.3%) and change in PETCO 2 kinetics pattern, with progressive increases from rest to peak of exercise, were also found. Patient also improved breathing pattern and timing of ventilation. This case report demonstrated for the first time that aerobic exercise training might be able to improve PETCO 2 response during exercise in a patient with PH-HF.

Management of acute respiratory distress syndrome in a child with adenovirus pneumonia: case report and literature review / Manejo da síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo em criança com pneumonia por adenovírus: relato de caso e revisão da literatura

ABSTRACT Objective: To report the case of a child who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from a pulmonary infection by adenovirus. Case description: A female patient aged 2 years and 6 months, weighting 10,295 grams developed fever, productive cough and vomiting, later on progressing to ARDS despite initial therapy in accordance with the institutional protocol for ARDS treatment. The child evolved to refractory hypoxemia and hypercapnia, requiring high parameters of mechanical pulmonary ventilation and use of vasoactive agents. In the treatment escalation, the patient received steroids, inhaled nitric oxide (iNO), was submitted to the prone position, started oscillatory high-frequency ventilation (HFOV) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was indicated due to severe refractory hypoxemia. During this time, the patient's clinical response was favorable to HFOV, improving oxygenation index and hypercapnia, allowing the reduction of vasoactive medications and mechanical ventilation parameters, and then the indication of ECMO was suspended. The patient was discharged after 26 days of hospital stay without respiratory or neurological sequelae. Comments: Adenovirus infections occur mainly in infants and children under 5 years of age and represent 2 to 5% of respiratory diseases among pediatric patients. Although most children with adenovirus develop a mild upper respiratory tract disease, more severe cases can occur. ARDS is a serious pulmonary inflammatory process with alveolar damage and hypoxemic respiratory failure; Adenovirus pneumonia in children may manifest as severe pulmonary morbidity and respiratory failure that may require prolonged mechanical ventilation. Exclusive pulmonary recruitment and HFOV are advantageous therapeutic options.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever paciente que evoluiu com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (SDRA) a partir de infecção pulmonar por adenovírus. Descrição do caso: Paciente de dois anos e seis meses, sexo feminino, peso de 10295 g, que apresentou com quadro de febre, tosse produtiva e vômitos, evoluindo para SDRA. Apesar da terapêutica inicial em conformidade com o protocolo institucional de tratamento da SDRA, a criança evoluiu para hipoxemia e hipercapnia refratárias, necessitando de elevados parâmetros de ventilação pulmonar mecânica e utilização de agentes vasoativos. No escalonamento da terapêutica, a paciente recebeu terapias adjuvantes, foi iniciada ventilação oscilatória de alta frequência (VOAF) e indicada oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea (OMEC) pela hipoxemia grave refratária. Nesse ínterim, a paciente apresentou resposta clínica favorável à VOAF, melhorando do quadro ventilatório e possibilitando a redução das medicações vasoativas e dos parâmetros de ventilação mecânica. A paciente recebeu alta hospitalar após 26 dias de internação, sem sequelas respiratórias ou neurológicas. Comentários: As infecções por adenovírus ocorrem principalmente em lactentes e crianças com menos de cinco anos de idade e representam de 2 a 5% das doenças respiratórias entre os pacientes pediátricos. Embora a maioria das crianças com infecção por adenovírus desenvolva doença leve do trato respiratório superior, casos mais graves podem ocorrer com comprometimento do trato respiratório inferior. A pneumonia por adenovírus em crianças pode se manifestar com morbidade pulmonar grave e insuficiência respiratória com risco de vida, o que resulta na necessidade de suporte mecânico prolongado. O recrutamento pulmonar exclusivo pela VOAF pode ser uma opção terapêutica útil.

Comparação do impacto imediato das técnicas de oscilação oral de alta frequência sonorizada e sopro sonorizado com tubo de ressonância em idosas vocalmente saudáveis / Comparison of the immediate effect of voiced oral high-frequency oscillation and flow phonation with resonance tube in vocally-healthy elderly women

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar e comparar os efeitos imediatos da técnica de oscilação oral de alta frequência sonorizada (OOAFS) e sopro sonorizado com tubo de ressonância na autopercepção de sintomas vocais/laríngeos e na qualidade vocal de idosas. Método Participaram 14 mulheres idosas que realizaram as técnicas OOAFS e sopro sonorizado com tubo de ressonância de silicone, com wash-out de uma semana. Todas responderam questões sobre frequência e intensidade dos sintomas vocais/laríngeos; foram submetidas à gravação da vogal sustentada /a/ e contagem de números, para análise perceptivo-auditiva e acústica vocal. Foram extraídos os tempos máximos de fonação (TMF). Em seguida, sorteou-se a técnica a ser realizada: OOAFS ou tubo de ressonância, por três minutos em tom habitual. Após exercício, os mesmos procedimentos da avaliação inicial foram repetidos e as idosas responderam a um questionário de autoavaliação sobre os efeitos das técnicas. Os dados foram comparados antes e após aplicação das técnicas por meio dos testes ANOVA, Wilcoxon e Mann-Whitney; para as sensações vocais após técnicas, aplicou-se teste Quiquadrado(p<0,05). Resultados Ao comparar as técnicas, verificou-se diminuição da rugosidade e melhora da ressonância na contagem dos números após tubo de ressonância e manutenção dos resultados após OOAFS. Não houve mais diferenças significantes para as demais variáveis estudadas entre os grupos. Conclusão O sopro sonorizado com tubo de ressonância melhora a qualidade vocal de mulheres idosas. Além disso, ambos os exercícios apresentaram semelhanças na autopercepção dos sintomas vocais/laríngeos e sensações, sugerindo que a OOAFS é segura e pode ser empregada na terapia de voz nesta população.

ABSTRACT Purpose To verify and compare the immediate effects of the voiced oral high-frequency oscillation (VOHFO) technique and the phonation into a silicone resonance tube in the elderly self-perception of vocal and laryngeal symptoms and in their voice quality. Methods 14 elderly women, over 60 years old, performed the VOHFO and phonation into a resonance tube technique (35cm in length and 9mm in diameter) with one-week interval between both to avoid carry-over effect. Initially, all participants answered questions regarding the frequency and intensity of their vocal/laryngeal symptoms. Recordings of the sustained vowel /a/ and counting numbers were performed for posterior perceptual and acoustic analyses of the voice quality. The maximum phonation time (MPT) for /a/, /s/, /z/ and counting numbers were also obtained. After that, a draw lot established which technique (VOHFO or resonance tube) would be initially applied for three minutes. After the exercise performance the same procedures were carried out and the elderly women answered a self-assessment questionnaire about the effect of the techniques in her voice, larynx, breathing and articulation. Comparison pre and post each technique were analyzed using ANOVA, Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests. The sensations after the techniques were assessed using the Chi-square test (p<0.05). Results The comparison of both techniques showed decrease in roughness and improvement in resonance for counting numbers after the resonance tube and same outcomes post VOHFO. There were no significant differences for the other analyzed variables between groups. Conclusion The phonation into a resonance tube exercise improves the vocal quality of elderly women. In addition, both exercises are similar regarding self-perception of vocal / laryngeal symptoms and sensations post three minutes of the technique, suggesting that VOHFO can be safely applied in voice therapy for this population.

Predictors of Respiratory Improvement 1 Week after Ligation of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Preterm Infants.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize preterm infants that demonstrates respiratory improvement 7 days after ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). STUDY DESIGN: We performed a 2-phase study of preterm infants (birthweight <1500 g between 2010 and 2016). We first did a retrospective analysis using regression modeling of ligation population. We then performed a case-control study comparing a ligation group with infants matched by gestational age, postnatal age, and preligation respiratory condition (ventilator mode, mean airway pressure [MAP], and fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2]). Respiratory improvement was defined as either extubation, downgrading of ventilatory mode, reduction in MAP >25%, or decrease in FiO2 >25%. RESULTS: Forty-five (42%) of 107 preterm infants (gestational age 25.5 ± 1.7 weeks) with ligation showed respiratory improvement at 7 days. Infants on high frequency ventilation (HFV) were more likely to have respiratory improvement (aOR 5.03, 95% CI [1.14-22.18]). In matched-control analysis of 89 pairs, there was no difference in respiratory improvement. Among infants on HFV, the ligation group had an increase in MAP during 3 days prior to ligation. For infants on conventional ventilation, the ligation group had higher MAP and FiO2 than the control group during the first 2-3 postoperative days. CONCLUSIONS: Among infants undergoing PDA ligation, those on HFV were more likely to have respiratory improvement in the first week, possibly because of the prevention of further respiratory deterioration. For infants on conventional ventilation, ligation was associated with higher respiratory support in the immediate postligation period without respiratory benefits at 7 days. As HFV was used as a rescue mode, our findings suggest that those with worse lung disease may achieve greater short term benefit from PDA ligation.

Comparação entre ventilação mecânica convencional protetora e ventilação oscilatória de alta frequência associada à posição prona / Comparison between conventional protective mechanical ventilation and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation associated with the prone position

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar os efeitos da ventilação oscilatória de alta frequência e da ventilação mecânica convencional protetora associadas à posição prona quanto à oxigenação, à histologia e ao dano oxidativo pulmonar em modelo experimental de lesão pulmonar aguda. Métodos: Foram instrumentados com traqueostomia, acessos vasculares e ventilados mecanicamente 45 coelhos. A lesão pulmonar aguda foi induzida por infusão traqueal de salina aquecida. Foram formados três grupos experimentais: animais sadios + ventilação mecânica convencional protetora, em posição supina (Grupo Controle; n = 15); animais com lesão pulmonar aguda + ventilação mecânica convencional protetora, posição prona (GVMC; n = 15); animais com lesão pulmonar aguda + ventilação oscilatória de alta frequência, posição prona (GVAF; n = 15). Após 10 minutos do início da ventilação específica de cada grupo, foi coletada gasometria arterial, sendo este momento denominado tempo zero, após o qual o animal foi colocado em posição prona, permanecendo assim por 4 horas. O estresse oxidativo foi avaliado pelo método de capacidade antioxidante total. A lesão tecidual pulmonar foi determinada por escore histopatológico. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: Ambos os grupos com lesão pulmonar aguda apresentaram piora da oxigenação após a indução da lesão comparados ao Grupo Controle. Após 4 horas, houve melhora significante da oxigenação no grupo GVAF comparado ao GVMC. A análise da capacidade antioxidante total no plasma mostrou maior proteção no GVAF. O GVAF apresentou menor escore de lesão histopatológica no tecido pulmonar que o GVMC. Conclusão: A ventilação oscilatória de alta frequência, associada à posição prona, melhora a oxigenação, e atenua o dano oxidativo e a lesão pulmonar histopatológica, comparada com ventilação mecânica convencional protetora.

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the effects of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and conventional protective mechanical ventilation associated with the prone position on oxygenation, histology and pulmonary oxidative damage in an experimental model of acute lung injury. Methods: Forty-five rabbits with tracheostomy and vascular access were underwent mechanical ventilation. Acute lung injury was induced by tracheal infusion of warm saline. Three experimental groups were formed: healthy animals + conventional protective mechanical ventilation, supine position (Control Group; n = 15); animals with acute lung injury + conventional protective mechanical ventilation, prone position (CMVG; n = 15); and animals with acute lung injury + high-frequency oscillatory ventilation, prone position (HFOG; n = 15). Ten minutes after the beginning of the specific ventilation of each group, arterial gasometry was collected, with this timepoint being called time zero, after which the animal was placed in prone position and remained in this position for 4 hours. Oxidative stress was evaluated by the total antioxidant performance assay. Pulmonary tissue injury was determined by histopathological score. The level of significance was 5%. Results: Both groups with acute lung injury showed worsening of oxygenation after induction of injury compared with the Control Group. After 4 hours, there was a significant improvement in oxygenation in the HFOG group compared with CMVG. Analysis of total antioxidant performance in plasma showed greater protection in HFOG. HFOG had a lower histopathological lesion score in lung tissue than CMVG. Conclusion: High-frequency oscillatory ventilation, associated with prone position, improves oxygenation and attenuates oxidative damage and histopathological lung injury compared with conventional protective mechanical ventilation.

Actualización en ventilación de alta frecuencia oscilatoria en pacientes pediátricos con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda / Ventilation update high oscillatory frequency in pediatric patients with Severe respiratory insufficiency

Recientemente un grupo de expertos estableció la definición del síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda en niños y las recomendaciones relativas a su tratamiento. La ventilación de alta frecuencia oscilatoria es considerada por este consenso como una alternativa válida a la ventilación mecánica convencional en pacientes con este síndrome e hipoxemia resistente. La incorporación de la ventilación de alta frecuencia oscilatoria en el ámbito clínico data de la década de 1970, su utilización se sustenta en que este modo ventilatorio respeta los objetivos fisiológicos de reclutamiento y protección pulmonar. La literatura alberga numerosas publicaciones referidas a la ventilación de alta frecuencia oscilatoria en niños con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda y su comparación con la ventilación mecánica convencional, la mayoría de los trabajos con diseños limitados, a excepción de dos estudios controlados y aleatorizados que objetivan menor daño inducido y menor enfermedad pulmonar crónica en los pacientes tratados con ventilación de alta frecuencia oscilatoria. A la luz de la evidencia analizada, esta ventilación en pacientes con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda pediátrico sería una terapia aceptable ante el fracaso de las medidas convencionales(AU)

Recently, a group of experts established the definition of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome and the recommendations regarding its treatment. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation is considered by this consensus as a valid alternative to conventional mechanical ventilation in children with acute respiratory distress syndrome and refractory hypoxemia. There are numerous publications about high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in pediatric patients with this syndrome and its comparison with the conventional mechanical ventilation, most of the studies with limited designs, except for two randomized controlled studies that reported less induced injury and less chronic lung disease in patients treated with high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. Incorporation of this type of ventilation in the clinical setting dates back to the 70s, its use is supported by the fact that this ventilation mode respects the physiological aims of recruitment and lung protection. In light of the analyzed evidence, high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in children with acute respiratory distress syndrome would be an acceptable therapy when conventional measures fail.(AU)

High-frequency percussive ventilation improves oxygenation and ventilation in pediatric patients with acute respiratory failure.

PURPOSE: High-frequency percussive ventilation (HFPV) in pediatrics has been described predominantly in burned patients. We aimed to describe its effectiveness and safety in noninhalational pediatric acute respiratory failure (ARF). METHODS: We conducted an observational study in a tertiary care pediatric intensive care unit on 31 patients with ARF failing conventional ventilation transitioned to HFPV. Demographics, ventilator settings, oxygenation index, oxygen saturation index, oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry/fraction of inspired oxygen (Fio2), and Pao2/Fio2 were recorded before and during HFPV. RESULTS: Initiation of HFPV was associated with improvements in oxygenation index, oxygen saturation index, Pao2/Fio2, and oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry/Fio2 as early as 12 hours (P < .05), which continued through 48 hours after transition. Improved oxygenation occurred without an increase in mean airway pressures. Reductions in Paco2 occurred 6 hours after initiation of HFPV and continued through 48 hours (P < .01). Improved gas exchange was accompanied by reduced peak-inflating pressures at all time intervals after initiation of HPFV (P < .01). Vasopressor scores were similar before and after initiation of HFPV in patients requiring vasoactive support. Twenty-six (83.9%) of 31 patients survived to hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS: In a heterogeneous population of pediatric ARF failing conventional ventilation, HFPV efficiently improves gas exchange in a lung-protective manner.

Manejo anestésico en un recién nacido portador de hernia diafragmática derecha bajo soporte ventilatorio de alta frecuencia oscilatoria.: Reporte de un caso clínico

RESUMEN El manejo anestésico para reparación de hernia diafragmática en recién nacidos (RN) es un desafío, que obliga a establecer estrategias en el pre, intra y postoperatorio. Actualmente se pospone el procedimiento hasta obtener las mejores condiciones con especial relevancia en los cuidados preoperatorios. Objetivo: analizar el manejo anestesiológico utilizando un modo ventilatorio de alta frecuencia oscilatoria (VOAF) en unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales (UCIN). Estamos frente a un RN con grandes alteraciones en lo respiratorio y cardiovascular, un procedimiento en un área fuera de block quirúrgico, que requiere mayor planificación, y un modo ventilatorio nuevo en el país. La técnica anestésica a elegir debe cumplir con los objetivos anestésicos. Optamos por una total intravenosa por la estabilidad hemodinámica, la imposibilidad de conectar un vaporizador al ventilador porque perderíamos los beneficios de la VOAF. Es importante el trabajo multidisciplinario, sopesar el riesgo-beneficio de realizar el procedimiento en UCIN, formar un equipo especializado en neonatología, y fundamentalmente contar con un área especializada para procedimientos quirúrgicos en neonatos, en UCIN o cercano a la unidad. En este caso clínico se tuvo en cuenta todos estos puntos y aun así vemos que la mortalidad de esta patología es muy alta.

SUMMARY The anesthetic management of diaphragmatic hernia repair in newborns is a challenge that requires to define strategies during pre, intra and postoperative periods. At present, the procedure is postponed until obtaining the best conditions possible, placing special emphasis in preoperative care. Objective: to analyze the anesthetic management using the high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) method in the neonatal intensive unit (NICU). We are in the presence of: a newborn with significant respiratory and cardiovascular alterations, a procedure outside the operating room that requires more planning, and a ventilation method that is being used for the first time in the country. The anesthetic technique must comply with the anesthetic objectives. We opted for a total intravenous anesthesia due to the hemodynamic stability, and the impossibility of connecting a humidifier to the ventilator as we would lose the HFOV benefits. It is important to implement a multidisciplinary work, to consider the risk-benefit of performing a procedure in the NICU, to set a team specialized in neonatology, and mainly, to have a specialized area for surgical procedures in neonates in the NICU or near the Unit. We took into account all these elements in this clinical case and yet the mortality rate of this pathology is very high.

RESUMO O manejo anestésico para reparação de hérnia em recém nascidos (RN) é um desafio, exige estabelecer estratégias no pre, intra e pós-operatório. Atualmente se adia o procedimento ate obter as melhores condições, com especial relevância aos cuidados pré-operatórios. Objetivo: Analisar o manejo anestesiológico utilizando um modo ventilatorio de alta frequência oscilatória (VOAF) em unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatais (UCIN). Enfrentamo-nos com um RN com grandes alterações respiratórias e cardiovasculares, procedimento em área fora de bloco cirúrgico, que requer maior planificação e um modo ventilatorio novo no País. A técnica anestésica a ser escolhida deve cumprir com os objetivos anestésicos. Optamos por uma técnica intravenosa total devido a estabilidade hemodinâmica, a impossibilidade de conectar um vaporizador ao ventilador porque perderíamos os benefícios da (VOAF). É importante o trabalho multidisciplinar, avaliar o risco - beneficio de realizar o procedimento na UCIN, formar uma equipe especializada em neonatalogia e fundamentalmente contar com uma área especializada para procedimentos cirúrgicos em recém nascidos na UCIN ou perto da unidade. Neste caso clinico levou-se em conta todos estes aspectos, ainda assim notamos que a mortalidade desta patologia é muito alta.

Ventilación de alta frecuencia en niños postoperatorios de cirugía cardiovascular: experiencia de diez años / High-frequency ventilation after heart surgery in children: a 10-year experience

La ventilación de alta frecuencia (VAF) es una herramienta de uso limitado en el pos- operatorio de cirugía cardiovascular pediátrica. El objetivo de la presente revisión es describir los resultados del uso de VAF en la Unidad de Recuperación Cardiovascular del Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan. A tal fin se revisaron las historias clínicas de todos los pacientes en los cuales se utilizó VAF en el período comprendido entre el 1º de enero de 2001 y el 31 de diciembre de 2010. Se registraron variables demográficas, diagnóstico, tipo de cirugía, parámetros utilizados en la VAF, sus complicaciones y mortalidad. La VAF se utilizó en 16 pacientes (10 mujeres) con una mediana de edad de 13 meses (1-72) y de peso de 7,9 kilos (3-18). Nueve de ellos presentaban una cardiopatía congénita cianótica y a todos ellos se les realizó una cirugía reparadora, excepto un paciente con diagnóstico de ventrículo único al que se le realizó cirugía paliativa. La indicación de VAF fue la hipoxemia en 11 pacientes y la hipoxemia con hipercapnia en 5. El 62% presentó algún grado de intolerancia hemodinámica, pero en ningún caso debió suspenderse el procedimiento por esta causa. La sobrevida, con egreso hospitalario fue de 44%. La VAF puede ser útil como técnica de soporte respiratorio en pacientes pos- operatorios cardíacos adecuadamente seleccionados

igh-frequency ventilation (HFV) is a technique with limited use in pediatric post-operative cardiovascular care. The aim of the present review is to evaluate the results of the use of HFV in the cardiac intensive care unit of the Pediatric Hos-pital Juan P. Garrahan. We reviewed the clinical charts of all patients who were placed on HFV over the period of January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2010. Demographic features, di-agnosis, type of surgery, HFV parameters used, HFV–related complications, and mortality were assessed. Sixteen patients (10 girls) with a median age of 13 months (1-72) and a median weight of 7.9 kg (3-18) were placed on HFV. Nine children had a cyanotic heart defect and all children underwent corrective surgery, except one who had a single ventricle defect. HFV was indicated for hypoxemia in 11 patients and for hypoxemia and hypercapnia in five. Sixty-two percent of the patients had some degree of hemodynamic impairment, however, HFV was not withdrawn for this reason in any of the cases. Survival to hospital discharge was 44%. HFV may be useful as a mechani-cal ventilation technique in carefully-selected post-operative cardiovascular patients.

Análisis de efectividad de la ventilación de alta frecuencia oscilatoria en pacientes pediátricos con insufciencia respiratoria aguda en un centro de alta complejidad / Effectiveness analysis of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in pediatrics patients with acute respiratory failure in a tertiary hospital

Introducción. La ventilación de alta frecuencia oscilatoria (VAFO) es un recurso terapéutico ante la hipoxemia refractaria a la asistencia respiratoria mecánica convencional (ARMc), y en el tratamiento del síndrome de escape aéreo. Un metaanálisis reciente concluyó que la VAFO parece disminuir la mortalidad en niños posneonatales y adultos. En este contexto, es importante la evaluación de los resultados en el uso rutinario de esta tecnología. Objetivos. Principal: Analizar la efectividad de la VAFO en la práctica rutinaria en un centro que no dispone de oxigenación por membrana de circulación extracorpórea. Secundarios: Describir los datos demográfcos y las causas de insufciencia respiratoria grave de los pacientes que requirieron VAFO. Examinar la relación entre factores predictores potenciales y la ocurrencia de mortalidad. Población y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo en el cual se analizaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes que requirieron VAFO en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos de un hospital pediátrico terciario en el período 01/01/2008 - 01/07/2010. Resultados. Se analizaron 76 ingresos a VAFO en 69 pacientes. El 80% de tales ingresos tenían diagnóstico de infección respiratoria aguda baja o sepsis. El 62,3% (n= 43) de los casos presentaban enfermedad crónica subyacente. La mayoría de los ingresos fueron por hipoxemia refractaria (93,4%). Se halló que los pacientes fallecidos presentaban peores condiciones clínicas al ingreso, mayor compromiso multiorgánico, peor oxigenación y compromiso pulmonar. Conclusión. En una población con alta prevalencia de enfermos crónicos, oncológicos e inmunodeprimidos, el uso rutinario de la VAFO se asoció con un 33,4% de supervivencia. Se necesitan más estudios pronósticos que permitan una selección más efcaz de los pacientes candidatos a esta tecnología.

Introduction. High frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) is a rescue therapy for hypoxemic patients who deteriorate in conventional mechanical ventilation and/or for the air-leak syndrome treatment. A recent meta analysis showed that HFOV might have reduced mortality in pediatric and adult patients compared with conventional ventilation. In this context it's important to evaluate the effectiveness of this method in everyday use. Objectives. Main: To analize the effectiveness of HFOV in everyday practice in a center without extra corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) capabilities. Secondary: To describe demographics and causes of severe respiratory failure of patients requiring HFOV. To assess the relationship between potential predictors and the occurrence of mortality. Population and methods. Retrospective study analyzing medical records of all patients that required HFOV in a tertiary care pediatric hospital pediatric intensive care units between march 1st 2008 and july 1st 2010. Results. Sixty-nine patients received 76 HFOV treatments. Eighty percent were diagnosed with acute lower respiratory infection or sepsis and 62.3% (n= 43) had preexisting chronic co-morbidities. The majority of HFOV treatments were because refractory hypoxemia (93.4%). Non survivors patients had worse clinical status at PICU admission, higher multiorgan failure, worse oxygenation and pulmonary condition. Conclusions. Everyday use of HFOV in a population with high incidence of chronic, oncologic and/or immunocompromised patients was associated with a survival of 33.4%. More prognostic studies are needed for a more effective selection of HFOV candidates.

Análisis de efectividad de la ventilación de alta frecuencia oscilatoria en pacientes pediátricos con insufciencia respiratoria aguda en un centro de alta complejidad / Effectiveness analysis of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in pediatrics patients with acute respiratory failure in a tertiary hospital

Introducción. La ventilación de alta frecuencia oscilatoria (VAFO) es un recurso terapéutico ante la hipoxemia refractaria a la asistencia respiratoria mecánica convencional (ARMc), y en el tratamiento del síndrome de escape aéreo. Un metaanálisis reciente concluyó que la VAFO parece disminuir la mortalidad en niños posneonatales y adultos. En este contexto, es importante la evaluación de los resultados en el uso rutinario de esta tecnología. Objetivos. Principal: Analizar la efectividad de la VAFO en la práctica rutinaria en un centro que no dispone de oxigenación por membrana de circulación extracorpórea. Secundarios: Describir los datos demográfcos y las causas de insufciencia respiratoria grave de los pacientes que requirieron VAFO. Examinar la relación entre factores predictores potenciales y la ocurrencia de mortalidad. Población y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo en el cual se analizaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes que requirieron VAFO en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos de un hospital pediátrico terciario en el período 01/01/2008 - 01/07/2010. Resultados. Se analizaron 76 ingresos a VAFO en 69 pacientes. El 80% de tales ingresos tenían diagnóstico de infección respiratoria aguda baja o sepsis. El 62,3% (n= 43) de los casos presentaban enfermedad crónica subyacente. La mayoría de los ingresos fueron por hipoxemia refractaria (93,4%). Se halló que los pacientes fallecidos presentaban peores condiciones clínicas al ingreso, mayor compromiso multiorgánico, peor oxigenación y compromiso pulmonar. Conclusión. En una población con alta prevalencia de enfermos crónicos, oncológicos e inmunodeprimidos, el uso rutinario de la VAFO se asoció con un 33,4% de supervivencia. Se necesitan más estudios pronósticos que permitan una selección más efcaz de los pacientes candidatos a esta tecnología.(AU)

Introduction. High frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) is a rescue therapy for hypoxemic patients who deteriorate in conventional mechanical ventilation and/or for the air-leak syndrome treatment. A recent meta analysis showed that HFOV might have reduced mortality in pediatric and adult patients compared with conventional ventilation. In this context its important to evaluate the effectiveness of this method in everyday use. Objectives. Main: To analize the effectiveness of HFOV in everyday practice in a center without extra corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) capabilities. Secondary: To describe demographics and causes of severe respiratory failure of patients requiring HFOV. To assess the relationship between potential predictors and the occurrence of mortality. Population and methods. Retrospective study analyzing medical records of all patients that required HFOV in a tertiary care pediatric hospital pediatric intensive care units between march 1st 2008 and july 1st 2010. Results. Sixty-nine patients received 76 HFOV treatments. Eighty percent were diagnosed with acute lower respiratory infection or sepsis and 62.3% (n= 43) had preexisting chronic co-morbidities. The majority of HFOV treatments were because refractory hypoxemia (93.4%). Non survivors patients had worse clinical status at PICU admission, higher multiorgan failure, worse oxygenation and pulmonary condition. Conclusions. Everyday use of HFOV in a population with high incidence of chronic, oncologic and/or immunocompromised patients was associated with a survival of 33.4%. More prognostic studies are needed for a more effective selection of HFOV candidates.(AU)

Análisis de efectividad de la ventilación de alta frecuencia oscilatoria en pacientes pediátricos con insufciencia respiratoria aguda en un centro de alta complejidad / Effectiveness analysis of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in pediatrics patients with acute respiratory failure in a tertiary hospital

Introducción. La ventilación de alta frecuencia oscilatoria (VAFO) es un recurso terapéutico ante la hipoxemia refractaria a la asistencia respiratoria mecánica convencional (ARMc), y en el tratamiento del síndrome de escape aéreo. Un metaanálisis reciente concluyó que la VAFO parece disminuir la mortalidad en niños posneonatales y adultos. En este contexto, es importante la evaluación de los resultados en el uso rutinario de esta tecnología. Objetivos. Principal: Analizar la efectividad de la VAFO en la práctica rutinaria en un centro que no dispone de oxigenación por membrana de circulación extracorpórea. Secundarios: Describir los datos demográfcos y las causas de insufciencia respiratoria grave de los pacientes que requirieron VAFO. Examinar la relación entre factores predictores potenciales y la ocurrencia de mortalidad. Población y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo en el cual se analizaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes que requirieron VAFO en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos de un hospital pediátrico terciario en el período 01/01/2008 - 01/07/2010. Resultados. Se analizaron 76 ingresos a VAFO en 69 pacientes. El 80% de tales ingresos tenían diagnóstico de infección respiratoria aguda baja o sepsis. El 62,3% (n= 43) de los casos presentaban enfermedad crónica subyacente. La mayoría de los ingresos fueron por hipoxemia refractaria (93,4%). Se halló que los pacientes fallecidos presentaban peores condiciones clínicas al ingreso, mayor compromiso multiorgánico, peor oxigenación y compromiso pulmonar. Conclusión. En una población con alta prevalencia de enfermos crónicos, oncológicos e inmunodeprimidos, el uso rutinario de la VAFO se asoció con un 33,4% de supervivencia. Se necesitan más estudios pronósticos que permitan una selección más efcaz de los pacientes candidatos a esta tecnología.(AU)

Introduction. High frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) is a rescue therapy for hypoxemic patients who deteriorate in conventional mechanical ventilation and/or for the air-leak syndrome treatment. A recent meta analysis showed that HFOV might have reduced mortality in pediatric and adult patients compared with conventional ventilation. In this context its important to evaluate the effectiveness of this method in everyday use. Objectives. Main: To analize the effectiveness of HFOV in everyday practice in a center without extra corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) capabilities. Secondary: To describe demographics and causes of severe respiratory failure of patients requiring HFOV. To assess the relationship between potential predictors and the occurrence of mortality. Population and methods. Retrospective study analyzing medical records of all patients that required HFOV in a tertiary care pediatric hospital pediatric intensive care units between march 1st 2008 and july 1st 2010. Results. Sixty-nine patients received 76 HFOV treatments. Eighty percent were diagnosed with acute lower respiratory infection or sepsis and 62.3% (n= 43) had preexisting chronic co-morbidities. The majority of HFOV treatments were because refractory hypoxemia (93.4%). Non survivors patients had worse clinical status at PICU admission, higher multiorgan failure, worse oxygenation and pulmonary condition. Conclusions. Everyday use of HFOV in a population with high incidence of chronic, oncologic and/or immunocompromised patients was associated with a survival of 33.4%. More prognostic studies are needed for a more effective selection of HFOV candidates.(AU)

Ventilación de alta frecuencia en recién nacidos: un soporte necesario en la unidades neonatales / High-frequency ventilation in newborns: a needed capability in neonatal units

La ventilación de alta frecuencia es una forma de ventilación mecánica que se utiliza en el recién nacido con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda; se caracteriza por la utilización de pequeños volúmenes corrientes, menor que el espacio muerto anatómico, con frecuencia de ventilación extremadamente alta. Su mecanismo de acción es diferente al de la ventilación convencional, por lo cual es importante conocer sus características técnicas y operacionales antes de su uso clínico. Las ventajas potenciales de esta técnica sobre la ventilación mecánica convencional incluyen su capacidad para realizar un adecuado intercambio gaseoso, en un pulmón lesionado por barotrauma y volutrauma, usando presiones bajas en las vías áreas proximales. En este artículo se presentan algunos tipos de ventilación de alta frecuencia, sobre todo la Ventilación de Alta Frecuencia Oscilatoria, los posibles mecanismos de intercambio gaseoso que realiza este tipo de ventilación, sus principales indicaciones y las estrategias de manejo clínico.

High-frequency ventilation is a form of mechanical ventilation used in newborns with acute respiratory insufficiency and is characterized by the use of small volumes of flow, smaller than the anatomic space available, but at extremely high frequency. Its mechanism of action is different from that of conventional ventilation, for which reason it is important to recognize its technical and operational characteristics prior to clinical use. The advantages of this technique over conventional mechanical ventilation include the ability to achieve adequate gas exchange in a lung damaged by barotrauma or volutrauma by using low pressures in the proximal airways. In this article we present some types of high-frequency ventilation, concentrating on high frequency oscillatory ventilation, the possible mechanisms of gas exchange occurring in this type of ventilation, its primary indications, and some strategies for clinical management.

Neurodesarrollo de primeros neonatos cubanos ventilados con alta frecuencia / Neurodevelopment of the first high frequency ventilated Cuban neonates

INTRODUCCIÓN. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir el neurodesarrollo en los primeros 2 años de vida de los primeros recién nacidos (RN) cubanos que recibieron ventilación de alta frecuencia (VAF) en la modalidad oscilatoria. MÉTODOS. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y longitudinal de 19 RN tratados con VAF y se relacionó la evaluación final del neurodesarrollo con algunas variables perinatales y del modo de ventilación. Se utilizaron medidas descriptivas, tales como valores absolutos y porcentajes. RESULTADOS. Hubo un 21 por ciento de neonatos con alteraciones del neurodesarrollo. La evolución fue normal en todos los menores de 2000 g de peso al nacer y en el 40 por ciento del grupo de 2500 g y más. Hubo alteraciones en el 13 por ciento de los neonatos pretérmino y en el 50 por ciento de los nacidos a término. Existió un ligero predominio de normalidad en el sexo masculino (82 por ciento frente al 75 por ciento). Hubo un solo paciente con Apgar bajo sostenido, de los 4 que presentaron secuelas. La evolución del neurodesarrollo fue normal en el 89 por ciento de los ventilados con alta frecuencia por 48 h o más; se detectaron alteraciones en el 30 por ciento de los que la recibieron por menos de 48 h. Casi todos los neonatos fueron ventilados por más de 96 h, incluidos los que presentaron secuelas. CONCLUSIONES. La quinta parte de los RN sometidos a VAF presentaron secuelas del neurodesarrollo en los primeros 2 años de vida, con predominio de las moderadas. Esta modalidad de ventilación en sí misma no estuvo asociada a una mayor incidencia de secuelas, las que fueron más frecuentes en los neonatos de mayor peso y mayor edad gestacional. A menor tiempo en alta frecuencia y mayor tiempo total en ventiloterapia, mayor fue la incidencia de las alteraciones del neurodesarrollo

INTRODUCTION: The objective of present study was to describe the neurodevelopment during the first 2 years of life of the first Cuban newborns underwent high frequency ventilation (HFV) in oscillatory modality. METHODS: A longitudinal and descriptive study was conducted in 19 newborns treated with HFV and the final assessment of neurodevelopment was related to some perinatal variables and to the ventilation type. RESULTS: There were neonates (21 percent) presenting with neurodevelopment alterations. Course was normal in all those weighing less than 2000 g at birth, and in the 40 percent of the series weighing 2500 or more. There were alterations in the 13 percent of pre-term neonates and in the 50 percent of at-term births, as well as a slight predominance of normality in male sex (82 percent versus 75 percent). There was only one patient with a low and a sustained Apgar score from the 4 with sequelae. Neurodevelopment course was normal in 89 percent of those underwent to high frequency ventilation during 8 hours or more; in 30 percent we found alterations from those underwent to ventilation during less than 48 hours. Almost all the neonates underwent to ventilation during more than 96 hours, including those presenting sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: The fifth part of newborns underwent high frequency ventilation had neurodevelopment sequelae during the first 2 years of life with a predominance of the moderate ones. This ventilation modality by itself was not associated with a higher sequelae incidence, which were more frequent in neonates with higher weight and gestational age. With less time in high frequency and a total higher time in ventilation therapy, greater was the incidence of neurodevelopment alterations

High frequency oscillatory ventilationin meconium aspiration syndrome / Ventilação de alta frequência na síndrome de aspiração meconial

Objective: To evaluate and compare the management and associated morbidity in inborn and outborn babies with meconium aspiration syndrome admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and ventilated with high frequency oscillatory ventilation. Methods: A retrospective cohort study with a review of clinical data from newborns, admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit during a six-year period (from 1999 to 2004) and ventilated with early high frequency oscillatory ventilation, first intention in inborns and immediately after Neonatal Intensive Care Unit arrival in outborns. Results: In the present study, 27 newborns were included: 12 inborn and 15 outborn infants. Severity criteria were similar in both groups. The pulmonary morbidity associated was severe persistent pulmonary hypertension - 12 (seven outborns), pneumothorax - five (three outborns), interstitial emphysema - two (one outborn) and pulmonary hemorrhage - one outborn. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy II-III occurred in six newborns (four outborns). The therapeutic procedures were surfactant administration in 22 newborns (13 outborns), nitric oxide in 12 newborns (7 outborns) and magnesium sulphate in four newborns (three outborns). The median length of ventilation was six days (inborn infants: four and half days; outborn infants: ten days) and the median length of oxygenation supply was ten days (inborn infants: four and half days; outborn infants: 15 days). The median length of stay was 13 days (inborn infants: 11 days; outborn infants: 16 days). One outborn infant died. Conclusions: With this ventilation strategy, we have found no significant statistical differences between the two newborn groups, except for the length of oxygenation supply that was longer in the Outborn Group.

Objectivo: Avaliar e comparar a atuação e morbidade, associada à síndrome de aspiração meconial, em recém-nascidos na maternidade ou admitidos de fora internados em nossa Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatal e em ventilação de alta frequência oscilatória. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, comparativo com revisão dos processos clínicos dos recém-nascidos internados em uma Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatais durante um período de seis anos (1999 a 2004) e com ventilação de alta frequência oscilatória precoce, de primeira intenção nos nascidos na maternidade e imediatamente após chegada à unidade, nos admitidos de fora. Resultados: Neste estudo foram incluídos 27 recém-nascidos, 12 nascidos na maternidade e 15 admitidos de fora. Os critérios de gravidade foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos. A morbidade respiratória associada incluiu hipertensão pulmonar persistente grave – 12 (sete admitidos de fora), pneumotórax – 5 (três admitidos de fora), enfisema intersticial – 2 (um admitido de fora) e hemorragia pulmonar – 1 (admitido de fora). Ocorreu encefalopatia hipóxico-isquémica graus 2-3 em seis recém-nascidos (quatro admitidos de fora. A terapêutica consiste na administração de surfactante em 22 (13 admitidos de fora), óxido nítrico em 12 (sete admitidos de fora) e sulfato de magnésio em quatro recém-nascidos (três admitidos de fora). A mediana do tempo de ventilação foi de seis dias (4,5 dias para os nascidos na maternidade e 10 dias para os admitidos de fora), e a mediana do tempo de suplementação com oxigênio foi de dez dias (4,5 dias para os nascidos na maternidade e 15 dias para os admitidos de fora). A mediana do tempo de internamento foi de 13 dias (11 dias para os nascidos na maternidade e 16 para os admitidos de fora). Um recém-nascido admitido de fora faleceu. Conclusões: Com essa estratégia ventilatória, não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os dois grupos de recém-nascidos, exceto no tempo de necessidade de...

Paradigmas de la neonatología / Paradigms of Neonatalogy

En este artículo se revisan las más recientes estrategias de la neonatología. La ventilación de alta frecuencia es un modo relativamente nuevo de asistencia respiratoria en los recién nacidos con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda. Se caracteriza por utilizar pequeños volúmenes corrientes a una frecuencia respiratoria elevada, disminuyendo las presiones pico y con ello el riesgo de barotrauma. El uso de indometacina reduce la incidencia de ductus arterioso, la necesidad de ligadura y el riesgo de hemorragia pulmonar. Sin embargo, actualmente, existe evidencia que el ibuprofeno intravenoso es igual de eficaz para el cierre del ductus arterioso persistente del recién nacido pretérmino, con menores riesgos sobre la función renal y con menores riesgos de enterocolitis necrotizante. El sildenafilo oral en niños nacidos a término o casi a término con Hipertensión pulmonar persistente grave, mejora el índice de oxigenación y la saturación arterial de oxígeno sin causar hipotensión arterial sistémica o algún efecto adverso notable. Uno de los conceptos terapéuticos de la Encefalopatía hipóxico isquémica más excitante desarrollado durante los últimos 30 años es que la hipotermia puede atenuar la lesión cerebral secundaria a hipoxia-isquemia. La retinopatía del prematuro es una enfermedad proliferativa de los vasos sanguíneos de la retina. Las alternativas terapéuticas que actualmente se utilizan son: la Fotocoagulación con láser, Crioterapia y la Vitrectomia.

On this papper we discuss the latest strategies of neonatology. The high frequency ventilation is a relatively new mode of ventilation in newborns with acute respiratory failure. It is characterized by using small tidal volumes at a high respiratory rate, decreasing peak pressures and thus the risk of barotraumas. The use of indomethacin reduces the incidence of ductus arteriosus, the need for ligation and the risk of pulmonary hemorrhage. However, currently, there is evidence that ibuprofen iv is as effective for closure of patent ductus arteriosus in the preterm newborn, with fewer risks on kidney function and lower risk of necrotizing enterocolitis. Oral sildenafil in infants born at or near term with severe persistent pulmonary hypertension, improves oxygenation index and arterial oxygen saturation without causing systemic hypotension or a significant adverse effect. One of the therapeutic concepts of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy developed more exciting over the past 30 years is that hypothermia can reduce brain injury secondary to hypoxia-ischemia. Retinopathy of prematurity is a proliferative disease of retina´s blood vessels. Therapeutic alternatives: laser photocoagulation, cryotherapy and vitrectomy.