External validation of the Almelo Hip Fracture Score, a prediction model for early mortality following hip fracture surgery.

PURPOSE: Early mortality (< 30 days) in hip fracture patients is as high as 9.6%. Several risk assessment tools have been developed to identify patients at high risk for early mortality. Among them, the Almelo Hip Fracture Score (AHFS) was developed recently and showed promising results. Until now, this tool has not been validated; therefore, we aim to perform an external validation of the AHFS. METHODS: On admission, AHFS variables were prospectively collected. The prospectively collected data were used retrospectively to externally validate the AHFS in a cohort of hip fracture patients that were admitted to a hospital in Delft (Delft cohort). The AHFS score was retrospectively calculated for all hip fracture patients meeting the inclusion criteria. The characteristics of the Delft Cohort, AHFS score, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and area under the curve were calculated and compared to the original Almelo cohort, in which the AHFS was developed. RESULTS: 422 patients of 70 years and older were included. Mortality within 30 days was 7.6% and similar to the 7.5% observed in the Almelo cohort. For the high-risk cut-off point, specificity was 95.4% in the Delft Cohort vs. 92.5% in the Almelo Cohort, and sensitivity for the low-risk cut-off point was 75.9 vs. 78.1% in the Almelo Cohort. The area under the ROC curve was 0.70 (95% CI 0.60-0.79) compared to 0.82 in the Almelo cohort. CONCLUSIONS: The validity of the score was acceptable and comparable to the values in the Almelo cohort. This score might be used to identify patients at high risk for early mortality.

Treatment of stable intertrochanteric fractures of the femur with proximal femoral nail versus dynamic hip screw: a comparative study / Tratamento de fraturas intertrocantéricas estáveis do fêmur com haste femoral proximal versus parafuso dinâmico de quadril: um estudo comparativo

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate and compare the clinical and radiological outcomes of patients with stable intertrochanteric fractures treated with proximal femoral nail vs. dynamic hip screw. Methods: Sixty patients with stable intertrochanteric fractures, aged over 18 years, were randomly divided into the proximal femoral nail and dynamic hip screw groups. Dynamic hip screw with a three-hole side-plate and an anti-rotation screw were used, as well as a modified ultra-short proximal femoral nail for the smaller Asian population. The intra-operative, early and late complications were recorded, and the functional outcome of each group was assessed using the Harris Hip Score. Results: In the dynamic hip screw group, the one-month mean Harris Hip Score was slightly lower than that of the proximal femoral nail group. However, at the three- and six-month monthly follow-ups, the dynamic hip screw group presented higher mean scores than the proximal femoral nail group; at the one-year follow-up, both the groups attained similar scores. Conclusion: Proximal femoral nail provides a significantly shorter surgery with a smaller incision that leads to less wound-related complications. However, the incidence of technical errors was significantly higher in proximal femoral nail when compared with dynamic hip screw as it is a technically more demanding surgery that leads to more implant failures and the consequent re-operations.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar e comparar os resultados clínicos e radiológicos de pacientes com fraturas intertrocantéricas estáveis tratados com hastes femorais proximais vs. parafuso dinâmico de quadril. Métodos: Sessenta pacientes com fraturas intertrocantéricas estáveis, maiores de 18 anos, foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos, um de hastes femorais proximais e outro de parafuso dinâmico de quadril. Um parafuso dinâmico de quadril com placa lateral de três furos e um parafuso antirrotação foram usados, bem como uma hastes femorais proximais ultracurtas, modificadas para a população asiática de menor estatura. As complicações intraoperatórias, precoces e tardias foram registradas; o resultado funcional de cada grupo foi avaliado com o Harris Hip Score. Resultados: No grupo parafuso dinâmico de quadril, o Harris Hip Score foi um pouco menor do que o do grupo hastes femorais proximais. Entretanto, nos seguimentos de três e seis meses, o grupo parafuso dinâmico de quadril apresentou maior média do que o grupo hastes femorais proximais; no seguimento de um ano, ambos os grupos atingiram valores similares. Conclusão: A hastes femorais proximais proporcionam uma cirurgia significativamente mais curta, com uma menor incisão e consequentemente menos complicações relacionadas à ferida. Entretanto, a incidência de erros técnicos foi significativamente maior no grupo hastes femorais proximais quando comparada com o grupo parafuso dinâmico de quadril, visto que essa é uma cirurgia tecnicamente mais exigente, que apresenta mais falhas de implantes e as consequentes reoperações.

Treatment of stable intertrochanteric fractures of the femur with proximal femoral nail versus dynamic hip screw: a comparative study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the clinical and radiological outcomes of patients with stable intertrochanteric fractures treated with proximal femoral nail vs. dynamic hip screw. METHODS: Sixty patients with stable intertrochanteric fractures, aged over 18 years, were randomly divided into the proximal femoral nail and dynamic hip screw groups. Dynamic hip screw with a three-hole side-plate and an anti-rotation screw were used, as well as a modified ultra-short proximal femoral nail for the smaller Asian population. The intra-operative, early and late complications were recorded, and the functional outcome of each group was assessed using the Harris Hip Score. RESULTS: In the dynamic hip screw group, the one-month mean Harris Hip Score was slightly lower than that of the proximal femoral nail group. However, at the three- and six-month monthly follow-ups, the dynamic hip screw group presented higher mean scores than the proximal femoral nail group; at the one-year follow-up, both the groups attained similar scores. CONCLUSION: Proximal femoral nail provides a significantly shorter surgery with a smaller incision that leads to less wound-related complications. However, the incidence of technical errors was significantly higher in proximal femoral nail when compared with dynamic hip screw as it is a technically more demanding surgery that leads to more implant failures and the consequent re-operations.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar e comparar os resultados clínicos e radiológicos de pacientes com fraturas intertrocantéricas estáveis tratados com hastes femorais proximais vs. parafuso dinâmico de quadril. MÉTODOS: Sessenta pacientes com fraturas intertrocantéricas estáveis, maiores de 18 anos, foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos, um grupo de hastes femorais proximais e outro grupo de parafuso dinâmico de quadril. Um parafuso dinâmico de quadril com placa lateral de três furos e um parafuso antirotação foram utilizados, bem como uma hastes femorais proximais ultracurtas, modificadas para a população asiática de menor estatura. As complicações intraoperatórias, precoces e tardias foram registradas; o resultado funcional de cada grupo foi avaliado usando o Harris Hip Score. RESULTADOS: No grupo parafuso dinâmico de quadril, o Harris Hip Score foi um pouco menor do que o do grupo hastes femorais proximais. Entretanto, nos seguimentos de três e seis meses, o grupo parafuso dinâmico de quadril apresentou maior média do que o grupo hastes femorais proximais; no seguimento de um ano, ambos os grupos atingiram valores similares. CONCLUSÃO: A hastes femorais proximais proporciona uma cirurgia significativamente mais curta, com uma menor incisão e consequentemente menos complicações relacionadas à ferida. Entretanto, a incidência de erros técnicos foi significativamente maior no grupo hastes femorais proximais quando comparada ao grupo parafuso dinâmico de quadril visto que esta é uma cirurgia tecnicamente mais exigente, que apresenta mais falhas de implantes e as consequentes reoperações.

Trends in surgical treatment of femoral neck fractures in the elderly / Tendências no tratamento cirúrgico das fraturas do colo do fêmur em idosos

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze recent demographic and medical billing trends in treatment of femoral neck fracture of American elderly patients. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was analyzed from 2006 to 2015, for patients aged 65 years and older, using the Current Procedural Terminology codes 27130, 27125, 27235, and 27236. Patient demographics, postoperative complications, and frequency of codes were compared and analyzed over time. Our sample had 17,122 elderly patients, in that, 70% were female, mean age of 80.1 years (standard deviation±6.6 years). Results The number of cases increased, but age, gender, body mass index, rates of diabetes and smoking did not change over time. Open reduction internal fixation was the most commonly billed code, with 9,169 patients (53.6%), followed by hemiarthroplasty with 5,861 (34.2%) patients. Combined estimated probability of morbidity was 9.8% (standard deviation±5.2%), and did not change significantly over time. Postoperative complication rates were similar between treatments. Conclusion Demographics and morbidity rates in femoral neck fractures of elderly patients did not change significantly from 2006 to 2015. Open reduction internal fixation was the most common treatment followed by hemiarthroplasty.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar tendências recentes demográficas e de faturamento médico no tratamento de fraturas do colo do fêmur em idosos americanos. Métodos O banco de dados National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, do American College of Surgeons, foi analisado de 2006 a 2015, para pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos, usando os códigos de Current Procedural Terminology 27130, 27125, 27235 e 27236. Dados demográficos dos pacientes, complicações pós-operatórias e frequência de códigos foram comparados e analisados ao longo do tempo. A amostra teve 17.122 pacientes geriátricos, sendo 70% do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 80,1 anos (desvio padrão±6,6 anos). Resultados O número de casos aumentou no período, mas idade, gênero, índice de massa corporal e taxas de diabetes e tabagismo não mudaram ao longo do tempo. A fixação interna de redução aberta foi o código faturado mais comum, com 9.169 pacientes (53,6%), seguido por artroplastia parcial do quadril, com 5.861 (34,2%) pacientes. A probabilidade estimada combinada de morbidade foi de 9,8% (desvio padrão±5,2%) e não mudou significativamente ao longo do tempo. As taxas de complicações pós-operatórias foram semelhantes entre os tratamentos. Conclusão Os dados demográficos e as taxas de morbidade relacionadas às fraturas geriátricas do colo do fêmur não apresentaram mudança significativa entre 2006 e 2015. A redução aberta e a fixação interna foram as opções de tratamento mais comuns, seguidas da artroplastia parcial do quadril.

Tight intra-operative blood pressure control versus standard care for patients undergoing hip fracture repair - Hip Fracture Intervention Study for Prevention of Hypotension (HIP-HOP) trial: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Hypotension during anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery is common. Recent data suggest that there is an association between the lowest intra-operative blood pressure and mortality, even when adjusted for co-morbidities. This is consistent with data derived from the wider surgical population, where magnitude and duration of hypotension are associated with mortality and peri-operative complications. However, there are no trial to data to support more aggressive blood pressure control. METHODS/DESIGN: We are conducting a three-centre, randomised, double-blinded pilot study in three hospitals in the United Kingdom. The sample size will be 75 patients (25 from each centre). Randomisation will be done using computer-generated concealed tables. Both participants and investigators will be blinded to group allocation. Participants will be aged >70 years, cognitively intact (Abbreviated Mental Test Score 7 or greater), able to give informed consent and admitted directly through the emergency department with a fractured neck of the femur requiring operative repair. Patients randomised to tight blood pressure control or avoidance of intra-operative hypotension will receive active treatment as required to maintain both of the following: systolic arterial blood pressure >80% of baseline pre-operative value and mean arterial pressure >75 mmHg throughout. All participants will receive standard hospital care, including spinal or general anaesthesia, at the discretion of the clinical team. The primary outcome is a composite of the presence or absence of defined cardiovascular, renal and delirium morbidity within 7 days of surgery (myocardial injury, stroke, acute kidney injury, delirium). Secondary endpoints will include the defined individual morbidities, mortality, early mobility and discharge to usual residence. DISCUSSION: This is a small-scale pilot study investigating the feasibility of a trial of tight intra-operative blood pressure control in a frail elderly patient group with known high morbidity and mortality. Positive findings will provide the basis for a larger-scale study. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN Registry identifier: ISRCTN89812075 . Registered on 30 August 2016.

Literature review and case report: Current concepts for concomitant intra and extracapsular fractures of neck of femur in elderly patients.

Though the incidence of concomitant ipsilateral intracapsular and extracapsular fracture neck of femur is still a rare presentation in day to day fracture hip admissions. Cases of simultaneous ipsilateral intra- and extra-capsular neck of femur fractures are forestalled with problems relating to diagnosing this injury as well as debate regarding optimal methods of fixation versus arthroplasty. We did a literature review to assess frequency of such fracture incidence, highlight methods of treatment applied, current practice for management as well as case report presentation.

Subtrochanteric fractures of the femur: update.

Because of the anatomical peculiarities of the subtrochanteric region, treatment of fractures in this region remains challenging. The undeniable evolution of implants has not been accompanied by the expected decrease in the complication rate. The aim of this study was to discuss critical points in detail, such as preoperative planning, reduction tactics and the current scientific evidence concerning treatment of subtrochanteric fractures of the femur.

Devido às particularidades anatômicas da região subtrocantérica, o tratamento das fraturas nessa região permanece desafiador. A incontestável evolução dos implantes não foi acompanhada pela esperada diminuição no índice de complicações.O objetivo do presente estudo é discutir, minuciosamente, pontos críticos como planejamento pré-operatório, táticas de redução e evidências científicas atuais no tratamento das fraturas subtrocantéricas do fêmur.

Economic analysis of surgical treatment of hip fracture in older adults / Análise econômica do tratamento cirúrgico de fratura do quadril em idosos

OBJECTIVE To analyze the incremental cost-utility ratio for the surgical treatment of hip fracture in older patients. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of a systematic sample of patients who underwent surgery for hip fracture at a central hospital of a macro-region in the state of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2011. A decision tree creation was analyzed considering the direct medical costs. The study followed the healthcare provider’s perspective and had a one-year time horizon. Effectiveness was measured by the time elapsed between trauma and surgery after dividing the patients into early and late surgery groups. The utility was obtained in a cross-sectional and indirect manner using the EuroQOL 5 Dimensions generic questionnaire transformed into cardinal numbers using the national regulations established by the Center for the Development and Regional Planning of the State of Minas Gerais. The sample included 110 patients, 27 of whom were allocated in the early surgery group and 83 in the late surgery group. The groups were stratified by age, gender, type of fracture, type of surgery, and anesthetic risk. RESULTS The direct medical cost presented a statistically significant increase among patients in the late surgery group (p < 0.005), mainly because of ward costs (p < 0.001). In-hospital mortality was higher in the late surgery group (7.4% versus 16.9%). The decision tree demonstrated the dominance of the early surgery strategy over the late surgery strategy: R$9,854.34 (USD4,387.17) versus R$26,754.56 (USD11,911.03) per quality-adjusted life year. The sensitivity test with extreme values proved the robustness of the results. CONCLUSIONS After controlling for confounding variables, the strategy of early surgery for hip fracture in the older adults was proven to be dominant, because it presented a lower cost and better results than late surgery. .

OBJETIVO Analisar a razão custo-utilidade incremental do tratamento cirúrgico da fratura do quadril de pacientes idosos. MÉTODOS Estudo de coorte retrospectiva, com amostra sistemática de pacientes operados por fratura do quadril em hospital polo de macrorregião de Minas Gerais, entre 2009 e 2011. Foi realizada análise da criação de árvore de decisão, considerando os custos diretos médicos. A perspectiva foi do provedor de cuidado e o horizonte temporal de um ano. A efetividade foi medida pelo tempo decorrido entre o trauma e a cirurgia, sendo criados dois grupos maiores: o da estratégia precoce e o da tardia. A utilidade foi obtida de forma transversal e indireta por meio do questionário genérico Euro QOL-5D e transformada em número cardinal utilizando-se a normativa nacional criada pelo Centro de Desenvolvimento e Planejamento Regional de Minas Gerais. A amostra contou com 110 pacientes, 27 alocados no grupo precoce e 83 no tardio. Os grupos foram controlados por idade, sexo, tipo de fratura, tipo de cirurgia e risco anestésico. RESULTADOS O custo direto médico mostrou-se aumentado de forma estatisticamente significativa entre os pacientes da alternativa tardia (p < 0,005), principalmente devido aos custos de enfermaria (p < 0,001). A mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi maior no grupo da cirurgia tardia (7,4% contra 16,9%). A árvore de decisão mostrou a dominância da estratégia da cirurgia precoce em relação à tardia, com R$9.854,34 (U$4,387.17) contra R$26.754,56 (U$11,911.03) por ano de vida ajustado por qualidade, respectivamente. O teste de sensibilidade de extremos comprovou robustez dos resultados. CONCLUSÕES Após controle de variáveis confundidoras, a estratégia de cirurgia precoce para fratura do quadril em idosos mostrou-se dominante, pois apresentou menor custo e melhores resultados em relação à tardia. .

Clinical factors for operative effects in acetabular fracture: A Logistic regression analysis / 中国医师杂志

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical factors contributing to the operative effects in patients with acetabular fracture.Methods A total of 129 cases of patients with acetabular fracture were retrospectively analyzed from Jun 2006 to Jan 2011 in The Second Hospital of Shaoxing.Of the 129 acetabular fracture patients,96 cases were in the superior group and 33 patients in the inferior group according to Merled'Aubigne-Postel methods.The potential clinical factors related to the operative effects in acetabular fracture patients were evaluated by the method of logistic regression analysis.Results The superior rate was 74％ in this study.Single factor analysis demonstrated that the diaplastic quality(x2=21.53,P ＜0.01),the femoral cartilage defect(x2 =17.50,P ＜0.01),the inra-aticular free bone(x2=12.18,P =0.0005),the type of fracture (x2 =7.24,P =0.0071) and the timing of operation (x2 =4.36,P =0.037) were correlated with operative effects in acetabular fracture patients.The binary logistic regression analysis indicated that non-anatomic diaplastic (OR =4.17,P =0.01)and the femoral cartilage defect(OR =3.11,P =0.03) were independent risk factors for operative effects in patients with acetabular fracture.Conclusions The prognosis of patients with acetabular fracture,which was complex,was affected by multiple factors.And introperatively,the anatomic reestablishment should be performed in order not to affect the post operative hip function.

Avaliação de resultados subjetivos de pacientes submetidos a artroplastia total de quadril pelo questionário WOMAC / Self-reported outcomes of patients undergoing total hip replacement surgery assessed by the WOMAC questionnaire

Objective: To assess pain, stiffness and physical function outcomes among patients undergoing total hip replacement using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index. Methods: From January 2009 to July 2010, 64 male and female patients were assessed using the WOMAC questionnaire at baseline, hospital discharge, 3-month follow-up, and 6-month follow-up; one group of patients with primary hip osteoarthritis (n = 42) and another group with hip fracture (n = 22). Results: Changes in the total scores of the osteoarthritis group were statistically significant comparing baseline, hospital discharge, 3-month and 6-month assessments, demonstrating continued improvement over time up to 6-month follow-up. The total scores of the hip fracture group demonstrated a worsening from baseline to discharge, followed by improvement. The differences were statistically significant between baseline and discharge, as well as between discharge and the 6-month assessment. No statistically significant differences were found between baseline values and the 3-month assessment or baseline values and the 6-month assessment, demonstrating that the patients returned to their baseline health status after 3 months and maintained this status up to 6-month follow-up. Conclusion: The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index questionnaire detected changes in outcome following hip replacement surgery among patients with primary diagnoses of hip osteoarthritis and hip fracture, with differences in the pattern of changes between the two groups.

Objetivo: Avaliar resultados referentes a dor, rigidez e função física de pacientes submetidos à artroplastia total de quadril utilizando o questionário Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index. Métodos: De Janeiro de 2009 a Julho de 2010, 64 pacientes homens e mulheres foram avaliados utilizando o questionário WOMAC no momento pré-operatório, na alta hospitalar, com 3 meses e 6 meses de seguimento; um grupo de pacientes com osteoartrite primária de quadril (n = 42) e outro grupo com fratura de quadril (n = 22). Resultados: Mudanças nos escores totais do rupo de osteoartrite foram estatisticamente significantes comparando-se a avaliações de pré-operatório, alta hospitalar, com 3 meses e 6 meses, demonstrando melhora contínua com o decorrer do tempo até o seguimento de 6 meses. Os escores totais para o grupo com fratura de quadril demonstraram uma piora entre o momento pré-cirúrgico e a alta, seguida por uma melhora nos demais seguimentos. As diferenças foram estatisticamente significantes entre o pré-operatório e a alta, assim como entre a avaliação da alta e de 6 meses. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre a avaliação pré-operatória e a de 3 meses ou entre a avaliação préoperatória e a de 6 meses, demonstrando que os pacientes retornaram ao seu estado de saúde pré-cirúrgico após 3 meses, mantendo esse estado até 6 meses de seguimento. Conclusão: O questionário Western Ontário and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index detectou mudanças após a cirurgia entre os pacientes com diagnóstico primário de osteoartrite de quadril e fratura de quadril, com diferenças nos padrões de mudança entre os dois grupos.