Cuidados postoperatorios en el hipospadias. Prácticas habituales y evidencia disponible / Postoperative care in hypospadias: common practices and evidence available

Introducción: Existen numerosas alternativas en lo que respecta alos cuidados postoperatorios en la cirugía de hipospadias. El objetivo deeste estudio es evaluar la situación actual de estos cuidados en nuestromedio y revisar la evidencia existente al respecto para cirujanos pediátricos que realizan este tipo de intervenciones. Material y métodos: Hemos elaborado y distribuido una encuestaque recoge los principales puntos en el cuidado postoperatorio del hipospadias dirigida a cirujanos pediátricos. Se ha realizado revisión dela evidencia actual publicada al respecto en la especialidad.Resultados: Hemos obtenido un total de 46 respuestas. El 100% delos cirujanos dejan algún tipo de sonda o stent y más del 80% están deacuerdo en retirarlo tras 5 o 7 días. El 87,8% de los encuestados utilizael doble pañal, pero solo el 65,2% da alta precoz en el postoperatorio.Un 60,9% pauta profilaxis antibiótica mientras dure el sondaje y un34,8% antibioterapia a dosis plenas. Discusión: Existe consenso general respecto a la tutorización de lauretroplastia y el uso de apósito compresivo entre los cirujanos pediátricos encuestados. Se detectan más discrepancias en el uso de antibioterapia y el alta precoz. La evidencia actual y la práctica a nivel internacional apunta hacia el uso de la sonda a doble pañal con alta precozy la limitación del uso de antibióticos postoperatorios. En ausencia declara evidencia que favorezca un tipo de cuidado u otro, la experienciadel paciente podría ser utilizada para elegir el mejor protocolo postoperatorio individualizado.(AU)

Introduction: There are many alternatives available regarding postoperative care in hypospadias surgery. The objective of this study wasto assess the current care situation in our environment and to review theevidence available for pediatric surgeons who conduct this procedure. Materials and methods. A survey regarding the main aspects ofhypospadias postoperative care was created and distributed to pediatricsurgeons. In addition, the evidence currently published in this field wasreviewed. Results: A total of 46 replies were achieved. 100% of the surgeonsleave in place a probe or stent, and more than 80% remove it after 5 or7 days. 87.8% of the respondents use a double diaper, but only 65.2%discharge patients early in the postoperative period. 60.9% prescribeantibiotic prophylaxis for as long as the probe remains in place, and34.8% use full-dose antibiotic therapy. Discussion: There was a general consensus regarding urethroplastyguiding and the use of compression dressings among the pediatric surgeons surveyed. However, more discrepancies were found in the use ofantibiotic therapy and early discharge. The currently available evidenceand international practice suggest using a probe with double diaperand early discharge, with postoperative antibiotics being limited. Inthe absence of clear evidence for a specific care type, the patient’sexperience could be used to choose the best postoperative protocol onan individual basis.(AU)

Nueva técnica de fijación de dartos en la reparación de hipospadias / A novel triple dartos fixation in hypospadias repair

Objetivo Este estudio investiga el impacto del uso de la cobertura de dartos para aumentar la neouretra en los resultados funcionales y cosméticos. Evaluar una técnica novedosa que demuestra cómo fijar la cobertura de dartos como cobertura de barrera de la neouretra en la corrección de hipospadias. Pacientes y métodos Este estudio se realizó en 204 pacientes varones, todos con diferentes grados de hipospadias (HPD: 132, hipospadias coronal: 46 y HPM: 26). Sus edades oscilaban entre 1-23 años (edad media: 2 años). Había incurvación ventral (chorda) en (HPD: 45, hipospadias coronal: 33 y HPM: 26). Todos los pacientes tenían un chorro urinario anormal dirigido hacia abajo. La corrección del hipospadias se realizó mediante la técnica TIP clásica, además de nuestra novedosa modificación con cobertura de dartos. El seguimiento se realizó durante 5 años mediante evaluaciones clínicas de los parámetros funcionales y cosméticos. Resultados Se registraron tasas de éxito en 200 pacientes, 3 pacientes tuvieron complicaciones con una fístula uretrocutánea subcoronal y un paciente presentó la pérdida completa de la reparación. Conclusión La fijación triple de dartos es una técnica sencilla con la que todos los hipospadiólogos pueden reducir la fístula uretrocutánea como complicación común de la corrección de hipospadias con unos buenos resultados funcionales y cosméticos (AU)

Objective This study investigates the impact of the use of dartos covering to augment the neourethra on functional and cosmetic results. To evaluate a novel technique demonstrating how to fix dartos flap to cover the neourethra as a barrier in hypospadias repair. Patients and methods This study comprised 204 male patients with different degree of hypospadias (DPH: 132, coronal hypospadias: 46, MPH: 26). Their ages ranged from 1-23 ys (mean age: 2ys). Penile chordee was in (DPH: 45, coronal hypospadias: 33, MPH: 26). All patients had abnormal downward directed urinary stream. Hypospadias repair was performed by the classic TIP technique in addition to our novel modification of dartos covering. Patients were submitted to 5 years of follow-up including clinical examination of the functional and cosmetic parameters. Results Success rates were reported in 200 patients, 3 patients had complications with subcoronal urethrocutaneous fistula and one patient with complete repair disruption. Conclusion Triple dartos fixation is a simple technique for all hypospadiologists to minimize urethrocutaneous fistula as common complication of hypospadias repair with good functional and cosmetic results (AU)

A novel triple dartous fixation in hypospadias repair.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the impact of the use of dartos covering to augment the neourethra on functional and cosmetic results. To evaluate a novel technique demonstrating how to fix dartos flap to cover the neourethra as a barrier in hypospadias repair. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study comprised 204 male patients with different degree of hypospadias (DPH = 132, coronal hypospadias = 46, MPH = 26). Their ages ranged from 1 to 23 ys (mean age = 2 ys). Penile chordee was in (DPH = 45, coronal hypospadias = 33, MPH = 26). All patients had abnormal downward directed urinary stream. Hypospadias repair was performed by the classic TIP technique in addition to our novel modification of dartos covering. Patients were submitted to 5 years of follow-up including clinical examination of the functional and cosmetic parameters. RESULTS: Success rates were reported in 200 patients, 3 patients had complications with subcoronal urethrocutaneous fistula and one patient with complete repair disruption. CONCLUSION: Triple dartos fixation is a simple technique for all hypospadiologists to minimize urethrocutaneous fistula as common complication of hypospadias repair with good functional and cosmetic results.

Hipospadias: del diagnóstico ecográfico prenatal al manejo posnatal / Hypospadias: from prenatal ultrasound diagnosis to postnatal management

El hipospadias es la localización anormal del meato urinario y es la malformación de genitales externos más frecuentemente diagnosticada. El diagnóstico prenatal es posible mediante ecografía sistemática desde la semana 20 de gestación, siendo más fácil su diagnóstico en el tercer trimestre. Las formas leves suelen ser aisladas, familiares o asociadas a disfunción placentaria o restricción de crecimiento intrauterino, mientras que las formas más graves presentan hasta un 30% de asociación a defectos fetales, anomalías cromosómicas/genéticas o anomalías del desarrollo sexual. La tríada para el diagnóstico ecográfico prenatal consiste en curvatura ventral del pene, anomalía del prepucio dorsal y punta del pene roma. La valoración de la uretra durante la micción y el aspecto del chorro miccional son de gran utilidad para clasificar el defecto. Cuando se diagnostica hipospadias peneano o escrotal es aconsejable realizar una amniocentesis para estudio genético fetal y valorar otros signos de adecuada virilización, como el descenso testicular a partir de la semana 27. El seguimiento tras el parto debe ser multidisciplinario, incluyendo urólogo y endocrinólogo infantil. En hipospadias leves el pronóstico es bueno con reparación quirúrgica en el primer año de vida, pero las formas graves pueden presentar un reto mayor para su corrección funcional y estética.

Hypospadias refers to the abnormal location of the meatus; it is the most common genital malformation detected in the fetus and newborn. Prenatal diagnosis is feasible from 20 weeks onwards with routine ultrasound; however, it is easier to diagnose during the third trimester of pregnancy. Mild defects are usually isolated, familiar o related to placental disfunction or intrauterine growth restriction, while the severe hypospadias are associated to other fetal defects, genetic or chromosomal abnormalities or disorders of sex development. In about 30% of cases. The triad of ultrasound findings prenatally is ventral curvature of the penis, redundant dorsal foreskin and blunt distal penis. The identification of the urethra during the micturition and the direction of the urinary stream help in the classification of the defect. When severe hypospadias is detected, the recommendation is to perform genetic amniocentesis and search for other ultrasound findings related to poor virilization in the fetus, as testicular descent after 27 weeks of gestation. Postnatal follow up should be multidisciplinary including infantile urologist and endocrinologist. The prognosis in distal hypospadias is usually good following surgical repair, however in severe cases surgical interventions may be more challenging in order to obtain satisfactory outcome in terms of function and esthetic.

Tubularización e incisión de la placa uretral para reparación de hipospadias distal primario en 473 casos: evaluación de los resultados según la cobertura y el tipo de sonda / Tubularized incised plate repair in 473 primary distal hypospadias cases: an evaluation of outcomes according to coverages and stent types

Objetivo: Hemos empleado previamente la técnica de reparación mediante tubularización e incisión de la placa uretral (TIP) con algunas modificaciones en casos de hipospadias distal debido a sus excelentes resultados cosméticos. En este estudio se evaluaron los efectos de la espongioplastia y los colgajos de dartos dorsal y de las sondas uretrales cortas en los resultados de la reparación con TIP.Materiales y método: Sólo se incluyeron casos de hipospadias distal. Los pacientes elegibles se dividieron en dos grupos: el grupo A incluyó a los pacientes con reparación mediante espongioplastia con colocación de colgajo de dartos dorsal, mientras que el grupo B incluyó a los pacientes sometidos a reparación utilizando colgajo de dartos dorsal. Adicionalmente, el grupo A se dividió en dos subgrupos según el tipo de sonda utilizada (sonda vesical o sonda uretral corta).Resultados: Un total de 473 pacientes participaron en este estudio. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las tasas de complicaciones entre los dos grupos. En el grupo A se utilizó una sonda vesical en 107 pacientes y una sonda uretral corta en 135 pacientes. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas al comparar los resultados de los dos grupos.Conclusiones: La espongioplastia puede combinarse con la colocación de colgajo de dartos dorsal para reducir la necesidad de plicaturas dorsales, además de reducir la tasa de fístulas. Las sondas uretrales cortas pueden utilizarse de forma segura y sin efectos durante el postoperatorio en niños con control de esfínteres Objetivo Hemos empleado previamente la técnica de reparación mediante tubularización e incisión de la placa uretral (TIP) con algunas modificaciones en casos de hipospadias distal debido a sus excelentes resultados cosméticos. En este estudio se evaluaron los efectos de la espongioplastia y los colgajos de dartos dorsal y de las sondas uretrales cortas en los resultados de la reparación con TIP

Aim: We have previously employed the tubularized incised plate (TIP) repair technique in distal hypospadias cases with a few modifications because of its excellent cosmetic results. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of spongioplasty and dorsal dartos flaps, in addition to short urethral stents on the outcomes of TIP repair.Materials and methods: Only distal hypospadias cases were involved in this study. Eligible patients were divided into two groups: group A included patients repaired with both spongioplasty and dorsal dartos flap placement, while group B included patients repaired with dorsal dartos flap placement alone. Group A was further divided into two subgroups according to the type of catheter used (bladder catheter or short urethral stent).Results: A total of 473 patients were included in this study. There was no statistically significant difference observed in the complication rates between the two groups. In Group A, a bladder catheter was used in 107 patients and a short urethral stent was used in 135 patients. When the results of the two groups were compared, there was no statistically significant difference.Conclusions: Spongioplasty could be combined with dorsal dartos flap placement to reduce the need for dorsal plication rather than to reduce the fistula rate. Short urethral stents can be used safely with no postoperative effects in children who have completed toilet training (AU)

Distal Urethral Advance and Glanduloplasty (DUAGPI) for Distal Hypospadias: A 15 Years Experience

Background: Meatal advancement with glanduloplasty (MAGPI) has been in the recent years one of the most frequently surgical techniques used for the correction of distal hypospadias. Multiple modifications have been described to improve the results ofthis technique. In 2004 we presented the initial results of the New Modern MAGPI or DUAGPI (distal urethral advancement and glanduloplasty) as a surgical alternative to the original MAGPI. Objetive: The objective of the present study is to evaluate the applicability, safety and the cosmetic results obtained with this technique, as well as the long-term complications. Materials and Methods: Retrospective and descriptive study of patients with distal hypospadias, corrected using the DUAPI technique, between 2002 and 2018. Surgical technique: Initially, an artificial erection was performed, the absence of curvature in all patients is proven. A skin denudation was performed up to the base of the penis in those children with a bend greater than 30. Second, the distal urethral disconnection was performed at the posterior and lateral urethral level. A glandular triangular section is made to accommodate the distal urethra and to allow a conical appearance with a final glandular. Finally, the fixation of the distal urethral to the glandular tip and the anterior glandular closure is performed. We performed an annual follow-up of all patients. The analysis of all the variables collected during surgery and follow-up was done with SPSS 22 statistical package. Results: 90 patients meet inclusion criteria and were included in the study (32 glandular and 58 coronal). The mean surgical time was 47 minutes (Range: 37-71 minutes). The mean follow-up was 9.4 years (2.1-15 years). 2 patients had meatal stenosis after surgery, 4 mild glandular retraction, and 2 urethrocutaneous fistula. Six of the 8 patients with a complication were successfully reoperated (AU)

Introducción: El avance meatal con glanduloplastia (MAGPI) ha sido una de las técnicas quirúrgicas másutilizadas para la corrección de los hypospadias distales.Desde su descripción inicial, multiples modificaciones hansido descritas para mejorar los resultados de esta técnica.En 2004, nosotros presentamos los resultados iniciales delNew Modern MAGPI o DUAGPI (avance uretral distaly glanduloplastia) como alternativa quirúrgica al MAGPIoriginal, y la hemos utilizado durante los últimos 15 años.Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar la aplicabilidad, seguridad y los resultados estéticosobtenidos con esta técnica, así como sus complicaciones alargo plazo.Material y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo, de pacientes con hipospadias con meato a nivel distal, corregidos utilizando la técnica DUAGPI, entre 2002y 2018. Técnica quirúrgica: Inicialmente realizamos unaerección artificial. La ausencia de curvatura en todos lospacientes fue comprobada . Se realiza la denudación peneshasta la base en los penes con una curvatura mayor a 30º. Secundariamente, se realiza la disección de la uretra distal en sus caras laterales y dorsal . Una sección glandular triangular se realiza para acomodar la uretra distal, logrando además un aspecto cónico y natural del glande . Finalmente, se realiza la fijación de la uretra distal avanzaday el cierre glandular . Realizamos un seguimiento anualde los pacientes, evaluando las complicaciones y los resultados estéticos tras la cirugía. El análisis de las variablesrecolectadas fue realizado con el paquete estadístico SPSS22.Resultados: 90 pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio (32 hipospadias glandulares y 58 coronales), conuna edad media en el momento de la cirugía de 23 meses(Rango: 15-54). La media de tiempo quirúrgico...(AU)

Tubularized incised plate repair in 473 primary distal hypospadias cases: An evaluation of outcomes according to coverages and stent types.

AIM: We have previously employed the tubularized incised plate (TIP) repair technique in distal hypospadias cases with a few modifications because of its excellent cosmetic results. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of spongioplasty and dorsal dartos flaps, in addition to short urethral stents on the outcomes of TIP repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Only distal hypospadias cases were involved in this study. Eligible patients were divided into two groups: group A included patients repaired with both spongioplasty and dorsal dartos flap placement, while group B included patients repaired with dorsal dartos flap placement alone. Group A was further divided into two subgroups according to the type of catheter used (bladder catheter or short urethral stent). RESULTS: A total of 473 patients were included in this study. There was no statistically significant difference observed in the complication rates between the two groups. In Group A, a bladder catheter was used in 107 patients and a short urethral stent was used in 135 patients. When the results of the two groups were compared, there was no statistically significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: Spongioplasty could be combined with dorsal dartos flap placement to reduce the need for dorsal plication rather than to reduce the fistula rate. Short urethral stents can be used safely with no postoperative effects in children who have completed toilet training.

¿Cuáles son los factores que afectan la dehiscencia del glande tras la cirugía de hipospadias? / What are the factors affecting glanular dehiscence after hypospadias surgery?

Antecedentes La dehiscencia glandular (DG) es una de las principales complicaciones que se producen tras la cirugía de hipospadias. Existe un número limitado de publicaciones sobre la DG en la literatura.Objetivo Esta revisión tiene como objetivo revelar los factores que afectan la DG mediante una revisión bibliográfica.Adquisición de la evidenciaSe realizó una búsqueda literaria de artículos relacionados en la base de datos utilizando el término de búsqueda dehiscencia del glande sin establecer límite temporal ni ningún otro límite. Se incluyeron en este estudio todos los artículos relacionados con la dehiscencia del glande tras la cirugía de hipospadias. Tras recopilar la información de los textos completos, se incluyeron 71 artículos en esta revisión sistemática. Se obtuvieron los siguientes datos para la realización del estudio: la localización del meato hipospádico, el tipo de cirugía, y otros datos clínicos que se consideraron factores de riesgo de la DG. Se utilizó la prueba de X2 para comprobar las diferencias entre los distintos parámetros, considerando un valor p < 0,05 como estadísticamente significativo.Resultados Tras evaluar los 71 artículos que cumplían los criterios de inclusión, en esta revisión se detectaron 309 casos (3,48%) de DG tras 8.858 reparaciones de hipospadias. Las tasas de DG fueron significativamente altas en el caso de las reparaciones de hipospadias proximales (5%), las reparaciones en dos tiempos quirúrgicos (5%) y las reintervenciones (8,75%) (p = 0,002, 0,022 y 0,004, respectivamente). El ancho del glande de < 14 mm y de la placa uretral de < 7 mm, las cirugías de hipospadias realizadas antes de los seis meses de edad y después de la pubertad, y la anestesia de bloqueo caudal aumentaron la tasa de DG Conclusiones El aumento de la tasa de DG se asocia a cirugías de hipospadias proximales, cirugías previas fallidas (cripple) y reparación por etapas, al ancho de glande

Background Glanular dehiscence (GD) is one of the main complications after hypospadias surgery. There is a limited number of publications regarding GD in the literature.Objective The aim of this work is to reveal the factors that affect GD after a literature review.Evidence acquisitionA literature search for relevant articles was performed in database using the search term glans dehiscence without setting date range limit or any other limits. All articles related to GD after hypospadias surgery were included in this study. After collecting the information from full text articles, 71 articles were included in this systematic review. In these studies, localization of hypospadic meatus, type of surgery, and other clinical data which were thought to behave as risk factors for GD were obtained. Chi-Square test was used to evaluate the differences between the parameters, where p < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant.ResultsAfter evaluating the 71 articles that met the inclusion criteria, 309 cases (3.48%) of GD after 8858 hypospadias repairs were obtained in this review. GD rates were found significantly high for proximal hypospadias (5%), two-stage hypospadia repairs (5%) and re-do hypospadias repair (8.75%) (p = 0.002, 0.022, and 0.004, respectively). Glans width < 14 mm, urethral plate (UP) width < 7 mm, hypospadias surgeries performed before 6 months of age and after puberty, and caudal block anesthesia increased the rate of GD.Conclusions The rate of GD increases after proximal, cripple and staged hypospadias surgeries, a glans width < 15 mm and UP width < 8 mm, postpubertal surgeries, and caudal anesthesia use during surgery (AU)

What are the factors affecting glanular dehiscence after hypospadias surgery?

BACKGROUND: Glanular dehiscence (GD) is one of the main complications after hypospadias surgery. There is a limited number of publications regarding GD in the literature. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work is to reveal the factors that affect GD after a literature review. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A literature search for relevant articles was performed in database using the search term glans dehiscence without setting date range limit or any other limits. All articles related to GD after hypospadias surgery were included in this study. After collecting the information from full text articles, 71 articles were included in this systematic review. In these studies, localization of hypospadic meatus, type of surgery, and other clinical data which were thought to behave as risk factors for GD were obtained. Chi-Square test was used to evaluate the differences between the parameters, where p < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. RESULTS: After evaluating the 71 articles that met the inclusion criteria, 309 cases (3.48%) of GD after 8858 hypospadias repairs were obtained in this review. GD rates were found significantly high for proximal hypospadias (5%), two-stage hypospadia repairs (5%) and re-do hypospadias repair (8.75%) (p = 0.002, 0.022, and 0.004, respectively). Glans width <14 mm, urethral plate (UP) width <7 mm, hypospadias surgeries performed before 6 months of age and after puberty, and caudal block anesthesia increased the rate of GD. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of GD increases after proximal, cripple and staged hypospadias surgeries, a glans width <15 mm and UP width <8 mm, postpubertal surgeries, and caudal anesthesia use during surgery.

Resultados a medio plazo de la uretroplastia distal con colocación de sonda y sin ella. Análisis retrospectivo sobre la necesidad de reintervención y los resultados estéticos / Medium-term outcome after stented and un-stented distal urethroplasty: A retrospective analysis on redo-urethroplasty need and cosmetic results

Introducción: La tasa de complicaciones a largo plazo tras la reparación del hipospadias distal puede ascender al 20%, y aún no disponemos de directrices sobre la colocación de la sonda en la uretroplastia distal. Hemos analizado de forma retrospectiva la tasa de reintervención de la uretroplastia a medio plazo y los resultados estéticos tras un estudio piloto de 2años sobre las uretroplastias distales con colocación de sonda o sin ella.Materiales y métodosUn cirujano pediátrico realizó 11 procedimientos con la técnica de Snodgrass con colocación de sonda (grupo A) y 17 sin colocación de sonda (grupo B) en nuestra institución (2011-2013). La mediana de edad de los pacientes en la cirugía fue de 2,1 años (rango 1-8,5).Los criterios de inclusión fueron: defecto distal primitivo, un único cirujano en ambos procedimientos y alta sin sonda.La mediana de seguimiento fue de 6,4 años (rango 1,5-8,1).Los resultados clínicos y estéticos postoperatorios fueron evaluados al menos una vez mediante la herramienta HOSE (Hypospadias Objective Scoring Evaluation).El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue comparar las complicaciones y las tasas de repetición de la uretroplastia a medio plazo antes de iniciar un estudio aleatorizado. Se hizo un análisis retrospectivo. Se utilizó la prueba exacta de Fisher (p <0,05) para el análisis estadístico.ResultadosDe los 28 del total, 5 complicaciones requirieron una segunda cirugía: 2/11 casos con sonda, 3/17 sin sonda. Los resultados estéticos fueron satisfactorios en ambos grupos. Los resultados no alcanzaron significación estadística (p=1.000). (AU)

Introduction: Long-term complication rates after distal hypospadias repair can be close to 20%. There are no available guidelines regarding the need of a catheter in distal urethroplasty. We report a retrospective analysis on medium-term redo-urethroplasty rate and cosmetic results after a two-year pilot study on stented/un-stented distal urethroplasties.Materials and methodsA total of 11 stented (Group A) and 17 un-stented (Group B) Snodgrass-procedures were performed by one pediatric surgeon at our Institution (2011-2013). The median age at surgery was 2.1 years (range 1-8.5).Inclusion criteria were primitive distal defect, same surgeon in both interventions, catheter-free discharge.The median follow-up was 6.4 years (range 1.5-8.1).All patients received at least one post-operative clinical-cosmetic examination (HOSE).The aim of our study was to compare medium-term complications and redo-urethroplasty rates before starting a randomized study. A retrospective analysis was performed. We used Fisher's exact-test (P<0.05) for statistical analysis.ResultsOf 28 complications, 5 required redo-surgery: 2/11 stented-cases, 3/17 un-stented. Cosmetic results were satisfactory in both groups. These results were not statistically significant (P=1.000). (AU)

Medium-term outcome after stented and un-stented distal urethroplasty: A retrospective analysis on redo-urethroplasty need and cosmetic results.

INTRODUCTION: Long-term complication rates after distal hypospadias repair can be close to 20%. There are no available guidelines regarding the need for a catheter in distal urethroplasty. We report a retrospective analysis on medium-term redo-urethroplasty rate and cosmetic results after a two-years pilot study on stented/un-stented distal urethroplasties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 11 stented (Group A) and 17 un-stented (Group B) Snodgrass-procedures were performed by the same pediatric surgeon at our Institution (2011-2013). The median age at surgery was 2.1 years (range 1-8.5). Inclusion criteria were primitive distal defect, same surgeon in both interventions, catheter-free discharge. The median follow-up was 6.4 years (range 1.5-8.1). All patients received at least one post-operative clinical-cosmetic examination (HOSE). The aim of our study was to compare medium-term complications and redo-urethroplasty rates before starting a randomized study. A retrospective analysis was performed. We used Fisher's exact-test (P < 0.05) for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Of 28 complications, 5 required redo-surgery: 2/11 stented-cases, 3/17 un-stented. Cosmetic results were satisfactory in both groups. These results were not statistically significant (P = 1.000). CONCLUSION: Long-term follow-up is mandatory to know redo-urethroplasty rate and cosmetic outcome after distal stented/un-stented repair. Further studies are needed to evaluate the role of catheter placement and the definitive outcome in distal urethroplasty.

Colgajo de túnica vaginal en la prevención de fístulas postoperatorias tras reparación de hipospadias severos: ¿ha terminado la búsqueda del Santo Grial? / The tunica-vaginalis flap to prevent postoperative fistula following severe hypospadias repair: Has the search for Holy Grail ended?

Introducción: La fístula posterior a la reparación del hipospadias sigue siendo un desafío para el hipospadiólogo, por lo que se han desarrollado diversas técnicas. Sin embargo, la incidencia de la fístula postoperatoria se encuentra entre el 10 y el 30%, y aumenta de acuerdo con la severidad del hipospadias. Hemos realizado un estudio para evaluar la eficacia del colgajo de túnica vaginal en la prevención de la formación de fístulas tras la reparación de casos severos de hipospadias.Materiales y métodosSe realizó un estudio observacional en un centro terciario entre 2008 y 2017. El estudio incluyó a niños con hipospadias severos (proximal, penoescrotal, escrotal y perineal). En todos los pacientes se usó un colgajo de túnica vaginal para reforzar la uretroplastia. Todos los pacientes recibieron seguimiento durante al menos un año tras finalizar el tratamiento.ResultadosSe incluyó un total de 210 pacientes en el estudio. Se realizó reparación en 2 etapas de Bracka en 180 pacientes con hipospadias penoescrotal o un meato aún más proximal. Los 30 pacientes restantes con hipospadias proximales se sometieron a la reparación de Snodgrass de una sola etapa. Cuatro (2%) pacientes desarrollaron fístulas, todos después de la reparación en 2 etapas, y la mitad de ellos requirieron corrección quirúrgica. Dos (1%) pacientes tuvieron un fallo parcial de la reparación y se sometieron a una reparación residual a los 6 meses.ConclusiónEl colgajo de túnica vaginal es un excelente refuerzo en la reparación de hipospadias severos. Es fácilmente accesible, sencillo de extraer, y su buena vascularización ayuda a reducir significativamente la incidencia de fistulización postoperatoria. (AU)

Introduction: Fistula following hypospadias repair remains a bane for the hypospadiologist resulting in the evolution of various techniques. Despite all these, the incidence of postoperative fistula varies between 10 to 30% and it increases with the severity of the hypospadias. Hence, a study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of tunica vaginalis flap in preventing fistula formation following severe hypospadias repair.Materials and methodsAn observational study was carried out in a tertiary center between 2008 and 2017. The study included children with severe hypospadias (proximal penile, penoscrotal, scrotal, and perineal). In all the patients, a tunica-vaginalis flap was used to buttress the urethroplasty. All the patients were followed up for at least a year after the completion of treatment.ResultsA total of 210 patients were included in the study. Bracka's 2-stage repair was performed in 180 patients who had either penoscrotal hypospadias or a meatus even more proximal. The rest 30 patients with proximal penile hypospadias underwent a single-stage Snodgrass repair. Four (2%) patients developed a fistula, all following 2-stage repairs, and half of them required surgical repair. Two (1%) patients had a partial breakdown of repair and underwent a residual repair after 6 months.ConclusionThe tunica-vaginalis flap is an excellent buttress in severe hypospadias repair. It is readily available, easy to harvest, with its good vascularity helps to significantly reduce the incidence of postoperative fistula. (AU)

The tunica-vaginalis flap to prevent postoperative fistula following severe hypospadias repair: Has the search for Holy Grail ended?

INTRODUCTION: Fistula following hypospadias repair remains a bane of the hypospadiologist resulting in the evolution of various techniques. Despite all these, the incidence of postoperative fistula varies from 10 to 30% and it increases with the severity of the hypospadias. Hence, a study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of tunica vaginalis flap in preventing fistula formation following severe hypospadias repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational study was carried out in a tertiary center between 2008 and 2017. The study included children with severe hypospadias (Proximal penile, Penoscrotal, scrotal, and Perineal). In all the patients, a Tunica-Vaginalis flap was used to buttress the urethroplasty. All the patients were followed up for at least a year after the completion of treatment. RESULTS: A total of 210 patients were included in the study. Bracka's two-stage repair was performed in 180 patients who had either Penoscrotal hypospadias or a meatus even more proximal. The rest 30 patients with proximal penile hypospadias underwent a single-stage Snodgrass repair. Four (2%) patients developed a fistula, all following two-stage repairs, and half of them required surgical repair. Two (1%) patients had a partial breakdown of repair and underwent a residual repair after six months. CONCLUSION: The Tunica-Vaginalis flap is an excellent buttress in severe hypospadias repair. It is readily available, easy to harvest, with its good vascularity helps to significantly reduce the incidence of postoperative fistula.

Medium-term outcome after stented and un-stented distal urethroplasty: A retrospective analysis on redo-urethroplasty need and cosmetic results. / Resultados a medio plazo de la uretroplastia distal con colocación de sonda y sin ella. Análisis retrospectivo sobre la necesidad de reintervención y los resultados estéticos.

INTRODUCTION: Long-term complication rates after distal hypospadias repair can be close to 20%. There are no available guidelines regarding the need of a catheter in distal urethroplasty. We report a retrospective analysis on medium-term redo-urethroplasty rate and cosmetic results after a two-year pilot study on stented/un-stented distal urethroplasties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 11 stented (Group A) and 17 un-stented (Group B) Snodgrass-procedures were performed by one pediatric surgeon at our Institution (2011-2013). The median age at surgery was 2.1 years (range 1-8.5). Inclusion criteria were primitive distal defect, same surgeon in both interventions, catheter-free discharge. The median follow-up was 6.4 years (range 1.5-8.1). All patients received at least one post-operative clinical-cosmetic examination (HOSE). The aim of our study was to compare medium-term complications and redo-urethroplasty rates before starting a randomized study. A retrospective analysis was performed. We used Fisher's exact-test (P<0.05) for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Of 28 complications, 5 required redo-surgery: 2/11 stented-cases, 3/17 un-stented. Cosmetic results were satisfactory in both groups. These results were not statistically significant (P=1.000). CONCLUSION: Long-term follow-up is mandatory to know redo-urethroplasty rate and cosmetic outcome after distal stented/un-stented repair. Further studies are needed to evaluate the role of catheter placement and the definitive outcome in distal urethroplasty.

Predictores de cirugía uretral compleja en estenosis de la uretra anterior / Predictors of complex urethral surgery in urethral stricture former

Objetivo: Determinar los factores predic-tores asociados a Cirugía Uretral Compleja (CUC) enlos casos de estenosis de la uretra anterior.Material y método: Estudio transversal con registro de datos retrospectivo, incluye a todos los pacientes masculinos a quienes se les practicó una plastía dela uretra anterior entre 2011 y 2018. Como CUC seconsideró a la Uretroplastia con dos o más injertos, laanastomosis término terminal ampliada, la uretroplastíacombinada y la cirugía por estadíos. Los datos se recabaron de la historia clínica electrónica consignándoseaquellos demográficos, antecedente de tratamientosprevios, así como las características de la estenosis(etiología, ubicación anatómica, longitud, número deestenosis entre otras). Se realizó un análisis univariadoy multivariado para identificar variables predictoras deCUC. Resultados: Se analizaron los datos de 665 pacientes con criterios de inclusión válidos. La media de edadfue de 56,1 años, 27,5% eran fumadores crónicos,32,5% habían recibido algún tratamiento previo, siendolas dilataciones el procedimiento más común (17,6%),la etiología más prevalente fue la iatrógena seguida porla idiopática en un 61,1 y un 20,3% respectivamente,la ubicación más común fue la uretra bulbar en 56,2%mientras que la media de longitud de la estenosis fuede 4,8 cm. En el análisis univariado y multivariable elantecedente de dilataciones (HR 2,6), la multifocalidad(HR 2,51), la longitud de la estenosis (>4 cm) (HR 1,49)y la etiología hipospadias (HR 11,9) resultaron ser factores predictores independientes para CUC (p<0,05).Conclusiones: La hipospadia fue dentro de lasetiologías analizadas la única que predice la necesidad de CUC. En lo que respecta a antecedentes yhallazgos radiológicos, las dilataciones y las estenosisextensas y multifocales respectivamente fueron predictores de CUC.(AU)

Objective: To determine the clinical-sur-gical factors associated with Complex Urethral Surgery(CUC) in anterior urethral stenosis.Material and method: This is a cross-sectionalstudy with retrospective data recording, including allmale patients who underwent anterior urethroplasty between 2011 and 2018. CUC included two or moregrafts urethroplasty, excisional augmented anastomoticurethroplasty, combined flaps and grafts urethroplastyand stages surgery. The data were collected electronic medical record, recording the demographicdata, background of previous treatments as well as thecharacteristics of the stenosis (etiology, anatomical location, length, number of strictures, among others). A univariate and multivariate analysis were conducted usingthe chi-squared test and logistic regression to identify thevariables related to CUC.Results: The data of 665 patients met the inclusioncriteria were analyzed. The mean age was 56.1 years,27.5% were smokers, 32.5% had received some previous treatment, and dilatations were the most commonprocedure. The most prevalent etiology was iatrogenic,followed by idiopathic in a 61.1 and 20.3% respectively. Bulbar urethral stricture were the most commonlocation (56.2%) while the mean length of the stenosiswas 4.8 cm. After univariate and multivariate analysis,previous dilations (HR 2.6), multifocality (2.51), lengthof stenosis (>4 cm) (HR 1.49) and the hypospadias etiology (HR 11.9) were independent predictors for CUC(p<0.05).Conclusions: Hypospadias was the only etiologyfactor that predicts the need for CUC. Regarding radiological findings, extensive and multifocal stenosis, werepredictors of complex surgery. History of previous dilations were also predictors of CUC.from the

[Predictors of complex urethral surgery in anterior urethral stricture disease.] / Predictores de cirugía uretral compleja en estenosis de la uretra anterior.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical-surgical factors associated with Complex Urethral Surgery (CUC) in anterior urethral stenosis. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study with retrospective data recording, including all male patients who under went anterior urethroplasty between 2011 and 2018. CUC included two or more grafts urethroplasty, excisional augmented anastomotic urethroplasty, combined flaps and grafts urethroplasty and stages surgery. The data were collected from the electronic medical record, recording the demographic data, background of previous treatments as well as the characteristics of the stenosis (etiology, anatomical location, length, number of strictures, among others). A univariate and multivariate analysis were conducted using the chi-squared test and logistic regression to identify the variables related to CUC. RESULTS: The data of 665 patients met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. The mean age was 56.1 years, 27.5% were smokers, 32.5% had received some previous treatment, and dilatations were the most common procedure. The most prevalent etiology was iatrogenic, followed by idiopathic in a 61.1 and 20.3% respectively. Bulbar urethral stricture were the most common location (56.2%) while the mean length of the stenosis was 4.8 cm. After univariate and multivariate analysis, previous dilations (HR 2.6), multifocality (2.51), lengthof stenosis (>4 cm) (HR 1.49) and the hypospadias etiology (HR 11.9) were independent predictors for CUC (p<0.05)CONCLUSIONS: Hypospadias was the only etiology factor that predicts the need for CUC. Regarding radiological findings, extensive and multifocal stenosis, were predictors of complex surgery. History of previous dilations were also predictors of CUC.

OBJETIVO: Determinar los factores predictores asociados a Cirugía Uretral Compleja (CUC) en los casos de estenosis de la uretra anterior.MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio transversal con registro de datos retrospectivo, incluye a todos los pacientes masculinos a quienes se les practicó una plastía de la uretra anterior entre 2011 y 2018. Como CUC se consideró a la Uretroplastia con dos o más injertos, la anastomosis término terminal ampliada, la uretroplastia combinada y la cirugía por estadíos. Los datos se recabaron de la historia clínica electrónica consignándose aquellos demográficos, antecedente de tratamientos previos, así como las características de la estenosis (etiología, ubicación anatómica, longitud, número de estenosis entre otras). Se realizó un análisis univariado y multivariado para identificar variables predictoras de CUC. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron los datos de 665 pacientes con criterios de inclusión válidos. La media de edad fue de 56,1 años, 27,5% eran fumadores crónicos, 32,5% habían recibido algún tratamiento previo, siendo las dilataciones el procedimiento más común (17,6%), la etiología más prevalente fue la iatrógena seguida por la idiopática en un 61,1 y un 20,3% respectivamente, la ubicación más común fue la uretra bulbar en 56,2% mientras que la media de longitud de la estenosis fue de 4,8 cm. En el análisis univariado y multivariable el antecedente de dilataciones (HR 2,6), la multifocalidad (HR 2,51), la longitud de la estenosis (>4 cm) (HR 1,49) y la etiología hipospadias (HR 11,9) resultaron ser factores predictores independientes para CUC (p<0,05). CONCLUSIONES: La hipospadia fue dentro de las etiologías analizadas la única que predice la necesidad de CUC. En lo que respecta a antecedentes y hallazgos radiológicos, las dilataciones y las estenosis extensas y multifocales respectivamente fueron predictores de CUC.

The tunica-vaginalis flap to prevent postoperative fistula following severe hypospadias repair: Has the search for Holy Grail ended? / Colgajo de túnica vaginal en la prevención de fístulas postoperatorias tras reparación de hipospadias severos: ¿ha terminado la búsqueda del Santo Grial?

INTRODUCTION: Fistula following hypospadias repair remains a bane for the hypospadiologist resulting in the evolution of various techniques. Despite all these, the incidence of postoperative fistula varies between 10 to 30% and it increases with the severity of the hypospadias. Hence, a study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of tunica vaginalis flap in preventing fistula formation following severe hypospadias repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational study was carried out in a tertiary center between 2008 and 2017. The study included children with severe hypospadias (proximal penile, penoscrotal, scrotal, and perineal). In all the patients, a tunica-vaginalis flap was used to buttress the urethroplasty. All the patients were followed up for at least a year after the completion of treatment. RESULTS: A total of 210 patients were included in the study. Bracka's 2-stage repair was performed in 180 patients who had either penoscrotal hypospadias or a meatus even more proximal. The rest 30 patients with proximal penile hypospadias underwent a single-stage Snodgrass repair. Four (2%) patients developed a fistula, all following 2-stage repairs, and half of them required surgical repair. Two (1%) patients had a partial breakdown of repair and underwent a residual repair after 6 months. CONCLUSION: The tunica-vaginalis flap is an excellent buttress in severe hypospadias repair. It is readily available, easy to harvest, with its good vascularity helps to significantly reduce the incidence of postoperative fistula.

Malformación de Dandy-Walker asociada a malformaciones extracraneales en un neonato / Dandy-Walker malformation associated with extracranial abnormalities in a newborn

La hidrocefalia es una condición clínica que consiste en un cúmulo de líquido cefalorraquídeo a nivel encefálico. Una de las causas, poco frecuente, es el síndrome de Dandy-Walker. Se presenta el caso de un recién nacido con diagnóstico prenatal de hidrocefalia secundaria a una malformación de Dandy-Walker y sospecha de genitales ambiguos. Tras el nacimiento, se confirma el diagnóstico prenatal de malformación de Dandy-Walker asociado a manifestaciones extracraneales poco frecuentes como hipospadias interescrotal y dilatación del seno coronario secundario a persistencia de la vena cava superior izquierda. Con este caso clínico queremos exponer la complejidad del síndrome de Dandy-Walker debido a sus múltiples asociaciones, que marcarán el pronóstico del paciente y la necesidad de tratamiento multidisciplinar.

Hydrocephalus is a clinical condition that consists of an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid around the brain; Dandy-Walker syndrome is a rare cause of it. We present the case of a newborn with prenatal diagnose of hydrocephalus due to a Dandy-Walker malformation, as well as ambiguous genitalia. After birth, diagnosis of Dandy-Walker malformation associated with uncommon extracranial manifestations is confirmed. Specifically, the baby presents interscrotal hypospadias and coronary sinus dilatation due to the persistence of the left superior vena cava. With the exposition of this case, we bring out the complexity of the Dandy-Walker syndrome due to the malformations associated with it; the ones that will determine the prognosis and the need of a multidisciplinary treatment

The evolution of hypospadias publications: A bibliometric approach.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Although the increasing prevalence of hypospadias has been reported in many countries, there is a lack of bibliometric studies that make a holistic assessment of the publications about this issue. This study aims to make a holistic evaluation, latest developments, and trend topics about hypospadias publications between 1980 and 2018 through bibliometric analysis. METHODS: All the publications about hypospadias published in the Web of Science index between 1980 and 2018 were downloaded and analyzed using bibliometric methods. The Spearman's correlation coefficient was utilized to analyze the correlations between economic productivity and performance of the countries on hypospadias. Linear regression analysis was performed to estimate the number of publications for the following years. RESULTS: Bibliometric analyses were performed with 1940 articles. With 527 (27.2%) publications, the USA was the country that made the most contribution to the literature. The top active 3 journals were the Journal of Urology, Journal of Pediatric Urology, and Urology. A high correlation was detected between hypospadias publication productivity and GDP (r=0.791, p<0.001). The regression analysis results showed that the expected number of articles to be produced was 95 (75-116) for 2019 and 106 (47-164) for 2024. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a holistic evaluation of the articles about hypospadias, which is an anomaly that should be repaired and treated with surgery due to its potential problems for the children at kindergarten and school age. Increasing the collaboration between especially developing countries and research in different countries with samples from different communities through multidisciplinary studies are recommended.

Expression of androgen receptor and estrogen receptor-beta in foreskin tissue of hypospadiac and healthy boys. / Expresión de receptores androgénicos y estrogénicos beta en la piel prepucial de hipospadias y niños sanos.

OBJECTIVES: This prospective study aimed to investigate the expression of the androgen receptor(AR) and the estrogen receptor-ß (ER-ß) in foreskint issues in boys with and without distal hypospadias. METHODS: Thirty boys with distal hypospadias were evaluated. Fifteen boys who under went elective circumcision over a period of 18 months served as the control group. The presence of AR and ER-ß in foresk in tissues was investigated immunohistochemically. RESULTS: The percentages of AR in epithelial cells were18.9 ± 27.3% in the hypospadias group and 3.3 ±5.3% in the circumcision group, and the difference betweent he groups was significant (p=0.034). Of the stromal cells, 19.5 ± 26.8% in the hypospadias group and2.6 ± 4.4% in the circumcision group were positive lystained for AR (p=0.004). In the hypospadias group,significantly higher stromal cell percentage of ER-ß was found compared to that in the control group (24± 24.5% and 1.3 ± 1.1%, respectively, p<0.001). Moreover, epithelial cell percentage of ER-ß was higher in the hypospadias group than that in the control group,and the respective values were 6.8 ± 10.1% and 0.9± 1.3% (p<0.0001)CONCLUSION: The percent of AR and ER-ß expression were higher in hypospadias-affected foresk in than in the normal foreskin. Whether the normal function of these receptors reveals, there is a need for more detailed studies.

OBJETIVO: Este estudio prospectivo que pretende investigar la expresión del receptor androgénicoy estrogénico en la piel prepucial en niños con y sin hipospadias distal.MÉTODOS: Treinta niños con hipospadias distal fueron evaluados. 15 niños recibieron una circuncisión electiva en un periodo de 18 meses y sirvieron de grupo control.La presencia de RA y RE-ß en la piel prepucial se investigo por immunohistoquimica. RESULTADOS: El porcentaje de expresión del receptor androgenico en células epiteliales fue de 18,9+/-27,3% en el grupo hipospadias y 3,3+/- 5,3% en el grupo de circuncisión. La diferencia entre ambos grupos fue significativo (p=0,034). En las células estromales,19,5+/- 26,8% en el grupo hipospadias y 2,6+/-4,4% en el grupo circuncisión fueron positivos para el RA (p=0,004). En el grupo de hipospadias, un porcentaje mas elevdo de expresión de RE-b ß se evidencio en comparación al grupo control (24+/-24,5%y 1,3+/-1,1, respectivamente, pel porcentaje de células epiteliales con RE-ß fue superior en el grupo hipospadias que en el grupo control; los valores respectivos fueron 6,8+/-10,1% y 0,9+/-1,3%(p<0,0001).CONCLUSIÓN: En este estudio se sugiere que la expresiónde RA y RE fueron superiores en el grupo conhipospadias que en piel prepucial normal. Se requierenmas estudios para determinar el significado de esta expresión.