The current 'dramatically' high paternal ages at childbirth are not unprecedented.

There is strong individual-level evidence that late fatherhood is related to a wide range of health disorders and conditions in offspring. Over the last decades, mean paternal ages at childbirth have risen drastically. This has alarmed researchers from a wide range of fields. However, existing studies have an important shortcoming in that they lack a long-term perspective. This article is a step change in providing such a long-term perspective. We unveil that in many countries the current mean paternal ages at childbirth and proportions of fathers of advanced age at childbirth are not unprecedented. Taking the detected U-shaped trend pattern into account, we discuss individual- and population-level implications of the recent increases in paternal ages at childbirth and highlight important knowledge gaps. At the individual level, some of the biological mechanisms that are responsible for the paternal age-related health risk might, at least to some degree, be counterbalanced by various social factors. Further, how these individual-level effects are linked to population health and human cognitive development might be influenced by various factors, including technical advances and regulations in prenatal diagnostics.

Chrysanthemum morifolium as a traditional herb: A review of historical development, classification, phytochemistry, pharmacology and application.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: In recent years, Chinese herbal medicine has gained more and more recognition in disease prevention and control due to its low toxicity and comprehensive treatment. C. morifolium (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.), as the medicine food homology plant with the bioactivity of anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotection and cardiovascular protection, has important therapeutic effects and health benefits for colds, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases and various chronic diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY: By reviewing the historical development, classification and distribution of germplasm resources, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and modern application of C. morifolium, the paper provides a reliable basis for the further research and application of chrysanthemum as therapeutic agents and functional additives. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The literature and information about C. morifolium published in the last ten years were collected from various platforms, including Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science and China Knowledge Network. RESULTS: A comprehensive analysis confirmed that C. morifolium originated in China, and it went through the development process from food and tea to medicine for more than 3000 years. During this period, different cultivars emerged through several breeding techniques and were distributed throughout the world. Moreover, A variety of chemical components such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, volatile oils, and terpenes in chrysanthemum have been proven they possess various pharmacology of anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and prevention of chronic diseases by regulating inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress responses and signaling pathways, which are the essential conditions to play a role in TCM, nutraceuticals and diet. CONCLUSION: This paper provides a comprehensive review of historical development, classification, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and modern application of C. morifolium. However, future studies should continue to focus on the bioactive compounds and the synergistic mechanism of the "multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway" of chrysanthemum, and it is necessary to develop more innovative products with therapeutic effects.

The pump as a turbine: A review on performance prediction, performance improvement, and economic analysis.

Pumps as Turbines (PATs) are known for their ability to replace conventional turbines in Pico/micro-hydropower plants. However, selecting a suitable pump and estimating its performance in reverse mode is a challenging task. The overall efficiency of PATs is also lower when compared to purpose-made turbines. Numerous attempts have been made to analyze the performance of PAT in power-generating applications, and many scholars have presented their research on performance improvement and economic analysis. In this paper, a detailed review is conducted to show the historical development and current status of PAT technology. The review also presents the findings of performance prediction, performance improvement techniques, and economic analysis. The results of the literature survey demonstrate that the choice of an appropriate pump for a specific application significantly affects the performance of the PAT system. Among the various options, the Shear Stress Transport (SST) k-ω and standard k-ε turbulence models are widely used for simulating the pump as a turbine. Blade grooving and blade tip rounding are recognized as the most promising techniques for improving efficiency, with gains of 4.91% and 4.00%, respectively. Except for impeller diameter trimming, blade modification techniques proposed by various scholars have a significant impact on the efficiency of PATs; however, further research is needed to investigate the economic advantages of impeller modification.

Beyond Conventional Operations: Embracing the Era of Contemporary Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery.

Over the past two decades, minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MICS) has gained a significant place due to the emergence of innovative tools and improvements in surgical techniques, offering comparable efficacy and safety to traditional surgical methods. This review provides an overview of the history of MICS, its current state, and its prospects and highlights its advantages and limitations. Additionally, we highlight the growing trends and potential pathways for the expansion of MICS, underscoring the crucial role of technological advancements in shaping the future of this field. Recognizing the challenges, we strive to pave the way for further breakthroughs in minimally invasive cardiac procedures.

Long-term evolution of the climate change impacts of solid household waste management in Lappeenranta, Finland.

Waste management processes have developed significantly in recent decades and will continue to change alongside the associated environmental impacts. This paper examines the climate change impacts of historical development in waste management, which has not received significant attention in the existing literature, while also exploring possible future developments. The city of Lappeenranta in Finland was selected as a case study, and the climate impacts of household waste (HW) management were calculated for the actual situations in 2009 and 2019 and the foreseen situation in 2029. Separately collected waste fractions of mixed residual waste (MRW), biowaste, cardboard, plastic, metal, and glass were included in the analysis. The results show that the net climate change impact decreased considerably from 945 kgCO2-eq./tHW in 2009 to -141 kgCO2-eq./tHW in 2019 mainly by directing the MRW to energy recovery instead of landfill. The emissions responsible for climate change could be further reduced in 2029 by directing biowaste to digestion instead of composting and by directing more fractions to recycling; e.g., plastic, the impact of which is affected by the demand for recycled plastic. For the year 2029, the net climate change impact was -181 kgCO2-eq./tHW when heat produced from MRW displaced natural gas and was as high as 142 kgCO2-eq./tHW if the heat substituted biomass heat. The findings reveal that as energy production mixes and materials become less fossil carbon intensive, they have a significant impact on the net climate impacts of waste management.

The American Academy of Nursing 50th Anniversary of the Nursing Theory Guided Practice Expert Panel (NTGPEP): Exploring the Past-Re-envisioning the Future.

The Nursing Theory-Guided Practice Expert Panel (NTGP-EP), one of the 14 Expert Panels, is officially designated to advance the mission and strategic goals of the American Academy of Nursing. The NTGP-EP has created a forum for dialogue among nurse scholars interested in advancing nursing theory to promote health and wellbecoming. The purpose of this paper is to share the important work of the NTGP-EP and its history, contributions, and accomplishments, and to propose a member-driven agenda to re-envision our preferred future and the impact of the use of nursing theory to guide nursing education, research, practice, and policy.

Bibliometric development of Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology.

Motivated by the 150-year anniversary of the Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology in 2023, we studied the bibliometric development of the journal. We evaluated data from Editorial Reports, Clarivate, and Springer Nature databases. Several parameters representing the journal's performance, such as the impact factor and social impact, were analyzed over the years. We analyzed the journal's meta-data and wrote an algorithm to retrieve cities and countries of origin. We could see a decrease in publications from Germany and an increase in papers from Brazil, China, Egypt, and Iran during the last years. The decrease in publications from Germany is probably a zeitgeist effect because this country places a strong emphasis on high-impact factor papers for academic promotion and winning grants. Germany was the country with the most publications throughout the 100 most-cited articles. Most of these articles were published between 1970 and 1990, when neurotransmitters were the most published topic. Klaus Starke (Freiburg) and Manfred Göthert (Bonn) were prominent drivers of this field. The most common topics nowadays are "Drugs for the Treatment of Malignant Tumor Diseases" and "Immunopharmacology." The internationality of the journal substantially increased after introduction of English as mandatory language in the 1970s. The journal also experienced substantial COVID-19 pandemic-related effects. This paper is not only of relevance for the field of pharmacology but for science in general in the sense that Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology is a case study for profound changes in a traditional scientific journal, requiring permanent adjustment by editors, referees, publisher, authors, and readers alike. The development of the journal has been strongly influenced by historic and political developments, cultural attitudes (zeitgeist), language changes, global changes in research topics, and eminent individuals who published many papers in Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology.

The historical development of Shanghai herbal paste / 药学实践杂志

As the "star product" of Shanghai, Shanghai herbal paste has played an irreplaceable role both in the treatment of diseases and nurturing health. The concept of Shanghai regional culture, Shanghai style Chinese medicine and Shanghai herbal paste were introduced by the combination of literature search and practical experience. The historical developments of Shanghai herbal paste were summarized in order to understand Shanghai herbal paste comprehensively and provide a historical and empirical basis for the inheritance and innovation of Shanghai herbal paste.

La especialidad de Prótesis Estomatológica en Sancti Spíritus: apuntes para su historia

RESUMEN Prótesis dental es la rama de la Estomatología que se encarga del estudio de los principios fundamentales de la rehabilitación de los pacientes con ausencias dentarias, y de la prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de las alteraciones del sistema estomatognático. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa con el uso de métodos teóricos -histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético- y empíricos -revisión documental y entrevistas a directivos, académicos y asistenciales, residentes y egresados. Para su mejor entendimiento, se dividió el desarrollo histórico en tres etapas: la primera describe la creación de instalaciones de salud, la fundación de la docencia de pregrado y posgrado, así como la formación del grupo provincial y el capítulo espirituano de Prótesis Estomatológica, necesarios para estimular el desarrollo científico-técnico de la especialidad. La segunda, aborda el incremento de servicios y la incorporación de nuevas tecnologías para la formación integral de los especialistas; y la tercera, la consolidación del proceso de formación de pregrado y posgrado, que garantiza la atención de los pacientes con necesidades de tratamientos rehabilitadores en la provincia. La especialidad de Prótesis Estomatológica ha tenido un desarrollo ascendente en la provincia de Sancti Spíritus, y cuenta con un claustro docente fortalecido para la impartición de la docencia de pre y posgrado. Por otra parte, se ha mantenido una formación estable de los recursos humanos, en correspondencia con las necesidades de atención a la población, mostrando resultados científico-técnicos que avalan el trabajo actual de la especialidad.

ABSTRACT Dental prosthesis is the branch of Stomatology that is responsible for the study of the main principles of the rehabilitation of patients with dental absences, as well as for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of alterations of the stomatognathic system. Qualitative research was carried out using theoretical methods-historical-logical, analytic-synthetic and empirical-, documental review, interviews with managing, academic and health care staff, residents and graduated. For its better understanding, the historical development was divided into three stages. The first stage describes the creation of health facilities, the beginning of undergraduate and postgraduate teaching, and also the creation of the provincial group and chapter of Dental Prosthesis of Sancti Spiritus, necessary to stimulate the scientific-technical development of the specialty. The second approaches the increase of services and the incorporation of new technologies for the comprehensive treatment of the specialists; and the third one the consolidation of the process of undergraduate and postgraduate training, which safeguards the care of patients with needs of rehabilitation treatments in the province. The specialty of Dental Prosthesis in the province has had an upward development in the province of Sancti Spiritus, and has a teaching staff strengthened for imparting undergraduate and postgraduate teaching. On the other hand, a steady training of the human resources has been kept, in correspondence with the needs of care of the population, and showing scientific-technical results that support the current work of the specialty.

Penicillium chrysogenum, a Vintage Model with a Cutting-Edge Profile in Biotechnology.

The discovery of penicillin entailed a decisive breakthrough in medicine. No other medical advance has ever had the same impact in the clinical practise. The fungus Penicillium chrysogenum (reclassified as P. rubens) has been used for industrial production of penicillin ever since the forties of the past century; industrial biotechnology developed hand in hand with it, and currently P. chrysogenum is a thoroughly studied model for secondary metabolite production and regulation. In addition to its role as penicillin producer, recent synthetic biology advances have put P. chrysogenum on the path to become a cell factory for the production of metabolites with biotechnological interest. In this review, we tell the history of P. chrysogenum, from the discovery of penicillin and the first isolation of strains with high production capacity to the most recent research advances with the fungus. We will describe how classical strain improvement programs achieved the goal of increasing production and how the development of different molecular tools allowed further improvements. The discovery of the penicillin gene cluster, the origin of the penicillin genes, the regulation of penicillin production, and a compilation of other P. chrysogenum secondary metabolites will also be covered and updated in this work.

Sobre o conceito de risco em Epidemiologia / On the concept of risk in Epidemiology / Sobre el concepto de riesgo en Epidemiología

Resumo Este ensaio teórico analisa a centralidade do conceito de risco para a ciência epidemiológica, descrevendo os tipos de medidas de risco e suas definições, a origem e o desenvolvimento histórico dessas medidas desde o século XVII até o momento atual. Em seguida, são analisadas as fases do desenvolvimento histórico do conceito de risco desde a constituição da disciplina no século XIX, passando pela transposição do limiar de cientificidade, até a atualidade. Após esse recorrido histórico, são apontados os pressupostos epistemológicos do conceito de risco tal qual ele se apresenta na epidemiologia. A polissemia do conceito nos saberes do senso comum e sua formulação em diferentes disciplinas científicas assim como suas diferentes conotações no âmbito da epidemiologia são brevemente comentadas. Finalizamos com a discussão do conceito na chamada sociedade de riscos da modernidade tardia. Consideramos que o ensaio possa ser de utilidade na formação dos profissionais de saúde, tendo em vista seu papel nuclear na epidemiologia e na Saúde Coletiva, não apenas como articulador das proposições teóricas, mas também na orientação das práticas.

Abstract This theoretical paper analyzes the centrality of the concept of risk for epidemiological science, describing the types of risk measures and their definitions, the origin and historical development of these measures from de 17th century to the present time. Next, the phases of the historical development of the concept of risk are analyzed, from the constitution of the discipline in the 19th century, through the crossing of the threshold of scientificity, until today. After this historical review, the epistemological assumptions of the concept of risk as it is presented in epidemiology are pointed out. The polysemy of the concept in common sense knowledge and its formulation in different scientific disciplines, as well as its different connotations within the scope of epidemiology, are briefly commented on. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the concept in the so-called risk society of late modernity. We believe that this paper can be useful in the formation of health professionals, in view of its core role in epidemiology and Collective Health, not only as an articulator of theoretical propositions, but also in the orientation of practices.

Resumen Este ensayo teórico analiza la centralidad del concepto de riesgo para la ciencia epidemiológica, describiendo los tipos de medidas de riesgo y sus definiciones, el origen y desarrollo histórico de estas medidas desde el siglo XVII hasta la actualidad. En seguida, se analizan las fases del desarrollo histórico del concepto de riesgo, desde la constitución de la disciplina en el siglo XIX, pasando por la transposición del umbral de la cientificidad, hasta la actualidad. Después de este recorrido histórico, se señalan los presupuestos epistemológicos del concepto de riesgo tal como se presenta en la epidemiología. Se comenta brevemente la polisemia del concepto en el conocimiento del sentido común y su formulación en diferentes disciplinas científicas, así como sus distintas connotaciones en el campo de la epidemiología. Finalizamos con la discusión del concepto en la llamada sociedad del riesgo de la modernidad tardía. Creemos que el ensayo puede ser útil en la formación de profesionales de la salud, en vista de su papel central en la epidemiología y la Salud Colectiva, no sólo como articulador de proposiciones teóricas, sino también en la orientación de las prácticas.

Rational approaches for the design of various GABA modulators and their clinical progression.

GABA (γ-amino butyric acid) is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Attenuation of GABAergic neurotransmission plays an important role in the etiology of several neurological disorders including epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's chorea, migraine, Parkinson's disease, neuropathic pain, and depression. Increase in the GABAergic activity may be achieved through direct agonism at the GABAA receptors, inhibition of enzymatic breakdown of GABA, or by inhibition of the GABA transport proteins (GATs). These functionalities make GABA receptor modulators and GATs attractive drug targets in brain disorders associated with decreased GABA activity. There have been several reports of development of GABA modulators (GABA receptors, GABA transporters, and GABAergic enzyme inhibitors) in the past decade. Therefore, the focus of the present review is to provide an overview on various design strategies and synthetic approaches toward developing GABA modulators. Furthermore, mechanistic insights, structure-activity relationships, and molecular modeling inputs for the biologically active derivatives have also been discussed. Summary of the advances made over the past few years in the clinical translation and development of GABA receptor modulators is also provided. This compilation will be of great interest to the researchers working in the field of neuroscience. From the light of detailed literature, it can be concluded that numerous molecules have displayed significant results and their promising potential, clearly placing them ahead as potential future drug candidates.

A short history of thrombectomy - Procedure and success analysis of different endovascular stroke treatment techniques.

BACKGROUND: The historical development of interventional stroke treatment shows a wide variation of different techniques and materials used. Thus, the question of the present work is whether the technical and procedural differences of thrombectomy techniques lead to different technical and clinical results. METHODS AND RESULTS: Analysis of a mixed retrospective/prospective database of all endovascular treated patients with an occlusion of the Carotid-T or M1 segment of the MCA at a single comprehensive stroke center since 2008. Patients were classified regarding the technical approach used. Six hundred sixty-eight patients were available for the final analysis. Reperfusion rates ranged between 56% and 100% depending on the technical approach. The use of balloon guide catheters and most recently the establishment of combination techniques using balloon guide catheters, aspiration catheters and stent retrievers have shown a further significant increase in the rates of successful recanalization, full recanalization and first-pass recanalization. Additionally, the technical development of interventional techniques has led to a subsequent drop in complications, embolization into previously unaffected territories in particular. CONCLUSION: Technical success of MT has improved substantially over the past decade owing to improved materials and procedural innovations. Combination techniques including flow modulation have emerged to be the most effective approach and should be considered as a standard of care.Level of evidence: Level 3, retrospective study.

Historical development and prospects of photocatalysts for pollutant removal in water.

Photocatalysis, as a low-cost and environment friendly technology, has demonstrated a significant potential for water pollution purification; it has received extensive attention in recent decades. The key is the photocatalyst; a large number of photocatalysts have been developed. To better understand and further develop the photocatalysis technology for water treatment, this review summarizes its development over time. The development period is divided into four stages (1960s-1993, 1994-2000, 2001-2010, and 2011-present) to provide readers with a better understanding of the development characteristics, and causes and consequences of each historical stage. This review expounds the origin and development of photocatalysis and the obstacles encountered and overcome. It describes the development of mechanisms and methods to solve these problems in each time period. Moreover, it reviews the recent development of new photocatalysts, the concept of designing photocatalysts, and photocatalytic-coupling systems. Finally, it enumerates the problems that continue to exist in the application of photocatalysis technology, and highlights the key issues that must be addressed in future research. The review is aimed at providing the researchers with a deeper understanding of photocatalysis technology and encourage further development of the application of photocatalysis to water treatment.

Textual Research on Lycii Cortex / 中国实验方剂学杂志

The research and development of classical prescriptions is an important way to promote the inheritance and innovation of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) and promote the modernization and internationalization of TCM. It is particularly important to summarize the historical development of the composition of classical prescriptions, so as to define their origin, taste efficacy and syndrome taboos. It is also the source to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the whole prescription. As a commonly used traditional Chinese medicinal material, Lycii Cortex is widely used and has a good prospect for research and development. There are five prescriptions containing wolfberry bark in the Catalogue of Ancient Classical Prescriptions(the First Batch). There are only a few modern literatures on the development of Lycii Cortex. Therefore, this paper will summarize the development of skeleton skin alias, origin, nature, taste, meridian, efficacy, syndromes and taboos in ancient books of the previous dynasties. Textual analysis found that Lycii Cortex was first recorded in the Fifty-two Pathogenic Prescriptions. Ancient books before the Han dynasty did not mention the Chinese medicinal material named " Digupi" . There are little differences in the contents about Digupi between modern literatures and ancient books of the previous dynasties. With the changes of the times, Lycii Cortex has been rarely used, with a fault inheritance, suggesting that there are still many potential efficacy indications for clinical application. In addition to the traditional Chinese medicinal specifications, ancient books also recorded the processing methods with liquorice soup, fried, roasted, children's stool, wine soaking and steaming.

A Historical Study of Chinese Nursing Unit Design Evolution Since 1989.

OBJECTIVES: To provide a historical review on the evolution of contemporary Chinese nursing unit design and contextual factors that drive the design and changes. BACKGROUND: China is undergoing a major healthcare construction boom. A systematic investigation of the characteristics and development of Chinese nursing unit design is warranted to help U.S. healthcare designers to provide design that fits the local context. METHODS: The investigation is developed in two phases. The first phase is a large-scale spatial analysis of 176 Chinese acute care unit layouts from three periods: 1989-1999, 1999-2004, and 2005-2015. In addition to qualitative descriptions of the nursing unit typologies, the percentage of various typologies, patient room (PR) types, the number of beds, visibility from nurse station (NS) to PRs, and access to natural light during each period were evaluated quantitatively. The second phase defined key factors that shape Chinese nursing unit design through expert interviews. RESULTS: Significant differences were found between design in these three periods. Chinese nursing unit size has continuously grown in the number of beds. Most PRs have shifted from three-bed to double-bed rooms. Most Chinese hospitals use single corridor, racetrack, and mutated racetrack layouts. Mutated racetrack has taken over single corridor as the dominant configuration. The access to southern sunlight remains important. The average visibility from NS to some PRs is restricted by the preferences of allocating most PRs on the south side of a unit. CONCLUSIONS: Chinese nursing unit design has undergone transformations to fit the local cultural, socioeconomic context and staffing model.

"Some Suggestions on Teaching the Course of""Meridians and Acupoints""" / 浙江中医药大学学报

[Objective]To improve the teaching quality ofMeridians and Acupoints. [Methods]Based on the ten-year experience of teaching the course ofMeridians and Acupoints, the authors suggest three issues on how to study well with this subject. [Results] The first, using the comparing method to remember meridians and acupoints, always do analysis and summary are all important ways to learn the basic knowledge.The second, understanding the property of acupoints, make prescription of acupoints like the way of making Chinese herbal formula according to syndrome differentiation, can cultivate students' dialectical thinking and improve the ability of diagnosis and treatment in acupuncture clinic.The third, introducing the origin,history and development of each meridian and some special acupoints. [Conclusion]The above three suggestions can help students to learn better about the science of acupuncture,and improve their professional thinking, and mine the potential ability of innovation.

Research on history and present situation of integration of habitat processing and processing of Chinese herbal medicine / 中草药

The habitat processing and the processing of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) are the two closely linked to the link in Chinese traditional medicine industrial chain. This paper analyzes the internal relationship among the three aspects in the historical evolution from the historical origin, the professional differentiation, and the development; The research status of the five aspects, such as the integration from their industry definition background, proposal, significance, and current progress of the integration of the habitat processing and the processing of CHM. It is believed that the integration accords with the development trend of history, which is a good way to solve the problem of the quality of Chinese materia medica. Suggestion is given that we should pay more attention to the basic research, in-depth the industry research, the promotion of the industry legislation, and through the supervision of the industry, to the ensurence of the healthy and orderly development of the integration.

Critical review of forensic trace evidence analysis and the need for a new approach.

The historical development, contributions and limitations of the two traditional approaches to trace evidence analysis are reviewed. The first approach was as generalist practitioner, looking broadly at an assemblage of many different particle types. The second was that of specialist practitioner, with attention focused on one specific particle type. Four factors have significantly impacted the effectiveness of these approaches: (1) increasing technological capabilities, (2) increasing complexity in the character of manufactured materials, (3) changes in forensic laboratory management, and (4) changing scientific and legal expectations. The effectiveness of each approach is assessed within the context of these changes. More recently, new technologies have been applied to some trace evidence problems, intended to address one or more limitations. This has led to a third approach founded on discrete, highly technical methods addressing specific analytical problems. After evaluating the contributions and limitations of this third approach, we consider the different ways that technologies could be developed to address unmet needs in forensic trace evidence analysis. The route toward effective use of new technologies is contrasted with how forensic science laboratories are currently choosing and employing them. The conclusion is that although new technologies are contributing, we are not on a path that will result in their most effective and appropriate use. A new approach is required. Based on an analysis of the contributions of each of the three exisiting approaches, seven characteristics of an effective trace evidence analysis capability were determined: (1) particle traces should be a major problem-solving tool, (2) there should be readily available, straightforward methods to enable their use, (3) all available and potentially useful particle types should be considered, (4) decisions to use them should be made in the context of each case, guided by what they can contribute to the case and how efficiently they can do so, (5) analyses should be conducted using appropriate technologies, (6) findings should be timely and directly integrated with case-specific problems, and (7) new technologies should be used to improve the overall effectiveness of the capability. Clearly new technologies have the potential to revolutionize forensic trace evidence, but just as clearly some of the traditional capabilities have been rendered ineffective, or lost entirely, by the way we have come to approach the problem. Having critically defined the current limitations of and the desired outcomes, the next focus should be consideration of alternative approaches that might achieve such a result.

La enseñanza-aprendizaje de la asignatura Ortodoncia en la carrera de estomatología en Cuba / The teaching and learning of the subject Orthodontics in the dentistry career in Cuba

Fundamento: La didáctica de las ciencias estomatológicas cubanas acumula experiencias que justifican las características actuales del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en la asignatura Ortodoncia de la carrera de estomatología. Objetivo: Identificar los aspectos históricos que distinguen el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en la asignatura Ortodoncia, en la educación estomatológica cubana. Metodología: Se empleó el método analítico-sintético, el histórico-lógico y el análisis documental con la revisión de bases de datos médicas de reconocido prestigio. Desarrollo: Se logró establecer una secuencia lógica de hechos trascendentes en la enseñanza-aprendizaje de la asignatura Ortodoncia desde sus inicios, cuatro décadas posteriores al comienzo de la estomatología, su evolución con variaciones en la denominación, inclusión de temáticas, ubicación en el plan de estudios e identificación de insuficiencias, presentes en la actualidad Conclusiones: A pesar del perfeccionamiento ascendente aún existen deficiencias en la enseñanza-aprendizaje de la asignatura Ortodoncia que se pueden superar al asumir lo más actual de la didáctica contemporánea.

Background: The didactics of Cuban stomatological sciences accumulates experiences that justify the current characteristics of the teaching-learning process in the subject of Orthodontics in the dentistry career. Objective: To identify the historical aspects that distinguish the process of teaching and learning in the subject of Orthodontics in Cuban stomatological education. Methodology: the analytic-synthetic method, logical and historical method and document analysis with review of medical databases of well-recognized prestige were used. Development: It was possible to establish a logical sequence of significant events in the teaching and learning of the subject of Orthodontics since its inception, four decades after the start of stomatology, its evolution with variations on the name, including themes, location in the study plan and identifying shortcomings, currently present. Conclusions: Despite the ascending improvement there are still shortcomings in the teaching and learning of the subject of Orthodontics that can be overcome by taking the most contemporary of didactic teaching today.