Antisemitism and Dermatology in Nazi Germany and Beyond.

Antisemitism, the hatred of or prejudice against Jews, was a core component of the Nazi regime's ideology. We review the chronology of events against the Jews and Jewish physicians in Germany and their conquered territories from 1933 to 1945. The complicit role that German physicians played in these events and the devastating impact on Jewish dermatologists and our specialty will be recounted. Finally, we will address the antisemitism in the United States during that same approximate period and now.

Jung's views of Nazi Germany: the first year and Jung's transition.

This article first considers Jung's response to the coming to power of the Nazis in Germany. It brings forth evidence that, besides wanting to preserve psychotherapy in Germany and maintain the international connection between the German and other communities of psychotherapists, he wanted to advance Jungian psychology - his psychology - in Germany. It also presents evidence that, although he occasionally made some anti-Semitic statements during this early period, he was not anti-Semitic in the way the Nazis were. The paper then argues that after Gustav Bally's criticisms in the Neue Zuercher Zeitung in February 1934, Jung entered into a transitional period that spring during which he became warier both of the Nazis and of making any statements that could be construed as being anti-Semitic. Schoenl and Peck (2012) have shown how Jung's views of Nazi Germany changed from 1933 to March 1936. This present article demonstrates very significant changes in Jung's views during the important early part of this period, that is from January 1933 - when Hitler became Chancellor of Germany - through to the spring of 1934. It draws on evidence from archival and other primary sources.

O fenômeno da autocracia dentro do processo grupal / The phenomenon of autocracy in a group process

Buscando levantar uma reflexão acerca da autocracia operando em sistemas grupais, foi realizada uma revisão teórica a fim de esclarecer o tema, integrada juntamente à analise do filme A Onda. A experiência autocrata retratada no filme entre professor e alunos, mostra-se compatível às teorias grupais psicanalíticas, que buscam explicar como certos tipos de grupo se formam, qual a característica de seus líderes, e quais as motivações inconscientes que delineiam o funcionamento deste grupo. O presente trabalho revisitou o governo Hitler, sendo este um dos principais modelos de autocracia totalitária da história, além de ter sido tomado como base para a constituição de grupo no filme. A teoria social-histórica e a psicanálise se integram neste trabalho em uma mesma perspectiva.

Seeking to raise a debate about autocracy in group operating systems, a literature review was performed to clarify the issue, along with integrated analysis of the film The Wave. The autocrat experience portrayed in the film between teacher and students seems compatible to psychoanalytic group theories that seek to explain how certain types of groups are formed, leader’s characteristic, and which unconscious motivations operated in this kind of group. This article revisited the Hitler government, for being one of the main models of totalitarian autocracy of history, and has been taken as the basis for the formation of the group in the film. The social-historical theory and psychoanalysis integrate this work in the same perspective.

O fenômeno da autocracia dentro do processo grupal / The phenomenon of autocracy in a group process

Buscando levantar uma reflexão acerca da autocracia operando em sistemas grupais, foi realizada uma revisão teórica a fim de esclarecer o tema, integrada juntamente à analise do filme A Onda. A experiência autocrata retratada no filme entre professor e alunos, mostra-se compatível às teorias grupais psicanalíticas, que buscam explicar como certos tipos de grupo se formam, qual a característica de seus líderes, e quais as motivações inconscientes que delineiam o funcionamento deste grupo. O presente trabalho revisitou o governo Hitler, sendo este um dos principais modelos de autocracia totalitária da história, além de ter sido tomado como base para a constituição de grupo no filme. A teoria social-histórica e a psicanálise se integram neste trabalho em uma mesma perspectiva.(AU)

Seeking to raise a debate about autocracy in group operating systems, a literature review was performed to clarify the issue, along with integrated analysis of the film The Wave. The autocrat experience portrayed in the film between teacher and students seems compatible to psychoanalytic group theories that seek to explain how certain types of groups are formed, leader’s characteristic, and which unconscious motivations operated in this kind of group. This article revisited the Hitler government, for being one of the main models of totalitarian autocracy of history, and has been taken as the basis for the formation of the group in the film. The social-historical theory and psychoanalysis integrate this work in the same perspective.(AU)

Deconstructing the myth of Pasewalk: Why Adolf Hitler’s psychiatric treatment at the end of World War I bears no relevance

Abstract Background Even more than 70 years after the end of WW II, questions regarding the personality of dictator Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) remain unresolved. Among them, there is a focus on the problem of his state of mental health, in particular on the possible relevance of the medical treatment he received for a war injury at the military hospital of the small German town of Pasewalk in the last days of WW I. Some authors have come to postulate a profound change of his personality due either to a psychic trauma suffered or a hypnotic therapy he supposedly underwent for curing a hysterical blindness. Objectives The assumptions about Hitler’s war injury which rely on only two significant sources shall be assessed for their validity. Methods Existing historical sources and inferred hypotheses will be discussed in the light of alternative interpretations. Results The mentioned suppositions reveal their highly arbitrary character: neither a hysterical blindness of Hitler’s nor a hypnotic treatment at Pasewalk military hospital can be substantiated. Discussion Given the fact that Hitler’s medical sheet is most likely irrevocably lost, the authors plea for the acceptance of the limitations of historical research, even more so since the occurrences in Pasewalk lack any deeper importance for a historic assessment of Hitler’s personality.

Adolf Hitler and His Parkinsonism.

Research works have suggested almost incontrovertibly, that Adolf Hitler suffered from Parkinsonism. However, the precise nature of his illness had always been controversial and post-encephalitic and idiopathic varieties were the ones which were most commonly thought as the possible etiology. He displayed features like oculogyric crisis, palilalia, and autonomic symptoms which strongly implicate post-encephalitic etiology in the genesis of his illness. Others on the contrary, observed premorbid personality traits like non-flinching mental rigidity, extreme inflexibility, and awesome pedantry; which are often observed in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Moreover, nonmotor symptoms like disturbed sleep, proneness to temper tantrums, phases of depression, suspiciousness, and lack of trust on colleagues have also been described by various authors. Additionally, he was prescribed methamphetamine by his personal doctor and that might have led to the development of some of the later traits in his personality.

Hitler's parkinsonism.

Of the multitude of medical and psychiatric conditions ascribed to Hitler both in his lifetime and since his suicide in April 1945, few are more substantiated than parkinsonism. While the timeline of the development of this condition, as well as its etiology, are debated, there is clear evidence for classic manifestations of the disease, most prominently a resting tremor but also stooped posture, bradykinesia, micrographia, and masked facial expressions, with progression steadily seen over his final years. Though ultimately speculation, some have suggested that Hitler suffered from progressive cognitive and mood disturbances, possibly due to parkinsonism, that affected the course of events in the war. Here, the authors discuss Hitler's parkinsonism in the context of the Third Reich and its eventual destruction, maintaining that ultimately his disease had little effect on the end result.

Understanding the Influence of Parkinson Disease on Adolf Hitler's Decision-Making during World War II.

Parkinson disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence of Lewy bodies and a reduction in the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia. Common symptoms of PD include a reduction in control of voluntary movements, rigidity, and tremors. Such symptoms are marked by a severe deterioration in motor function. The causes of PD in many cases are unknown. PD has been found to be prominent in several notable people, including Adolf Hitler, the Chancellor of Germany and Führer of Nazi Germany during World War II. It is believed that Adolf Hitler suffered from idiopathic PD throughout his life. However, the effect of PD on Adolf Hitler's decision making during World War II is largely unknown. Here we examine the potential role of PD in shaping Hitler's personality and influencing his decision-making. We purport that Germany's defeat in World War II was influenced by Hitler's questionable and risky decision-making and his inhumane and callous personality, both of which were likely affected by his condition. Likewise his paranoid disorder marked by intense anti-Semitic beliefs influenced his treatment of Jews and other non-Germanic peoples. We also suggest that the condition played an important role in his eventual political decline.

Hitler's Jewish Physicians.

The mystery behind the behavior of infamous personalities leaves many open questions, particularly when related to the practice of medicine. This paper takes a brief look at two Jewish physicians who played memorable roles in the life of Adolf Hitler.

Jung's evolving views of Nazi Germany: from 1936 to the end of World War II.

This article first shows Jung's evolving views of Nazi Germany from 1936 to the beginning of World War II. In a lecture at the Tavistock Clinic, London, in October 1936, he made his strongest and most negative statements to that date about Nazi Germany. While in Berlin in September 1937 for lectures to the Jung Gesellschaft, his observations of Hitler at a military parade led him to conclude that should the catastrophe of war come it would be far more and bloodier than he had previously supposed. After the Sudetenland Crisis in Fall 1938, Jung in interviews made stronger comments on Hitler and Nazi Germany. The article shows how strongly anti-Nazi Jung's views were in relation to events during World War II such as Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland, the fall of France, the bombings of Britain, the U.S. entry into the War, and Allied troops advancing into Germany. Schoenl and Peck, 'An Answer to the Question: Was Jung, for a Time, a "Nazi Sympathizer" or Not?' (2012) demonstrated how his views of Nazi Germany changed from 1933 to March 1936. The present article shows how his views evolved from 1936 to the War's end in 1945.

Hitler's hysterical blindness: fact or fiction? / A cegueira histérica de Hitler: fato ou ficção?

This article deals with a little known episode that occurred near the end of the Great War in a military reserve hospital located in the small town of Pasewalk, part of the distant region of Pomerania in northern Poland. The story is centered around the transient visual loss of a 29-year-old Austrian messenger of the 16th Bavarian Infantry Regiment. His name: Adolf Hitler.

Este artigo trata de um episódio mal conhecido, ocorrido próximo ao final da Primeira Grande Guerra, em um hospital militar da reserva, situado na pequena cidade de Pasewalk, na distante região da Pomerania ao norte da Polônia. No centro desta história, a perda visual transitória de um cabo austríaco de 29 anos, mensageiro do 16º Regimento Bávaro de Infantaria. Seu nome: Adolf Hitler.