Survey of nurses' knowledge and practice regarding medication administration using enteral tubes.

AIM AND OBJECTIVES: To identify the practice variation of the individual practitioners in medications' formulation modification for patients using enteral feeding tubing and to support health practitioners involved in this process. BACKGROUND: Blockage of enteral tubes is a common problem that can sometimes be resolved but may require replacement of the tube. Medications are a common culprit. DESIGN: A survey of 73 registered nurses' practices around medication administration via enteral feeding tubes. METHODS: A questionnaire study was undertaken within a district general hospital across a broad variety of wards to explore nurses' experiences of medication administration via enteral tubes. The study is reported in accordance with the squire 2.0 guidelines from the EQUATOR network. RESULTS: Seventy-three nurses responded. Twenty-six per cent reported never checking about drug modification for administration via a tube, 12% check every time and 61% when unsure about a new drug. The volume of fluid flushes administered after medication ranged from 7.5-150 ml. Seventy-one per cent of participants reported stopping feed when medications are required, varying from 1-60 min. Sixty per cent had experienced a blocked tube and 52% the tube being removed for these reasons. The clinical nurse specialist was the commonest first point of call to help. Staff named 15 medications as the most problematic to administer, lactulose and omeprazole were the top two. CONCLUSIONS: Practice varies significantly amongst nurses around medication administration. Theoretically, this may contribute to blocked tubes and excessive fluid administration to some patients. Barriers to medication administration were thematically grouped into: time, difficulty modifying medication, medication interactions and knowledge. Areas identified to support staff include training, devices to crush medications, medication suitability, multidisciplinary approach to streamline care and quick reference guides. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Health professionals may use these results to reduce and ultimately avoid problems with administering medications through feeding tubes. Organisations may use these results to develop their local practice pathways for prescribing, dispensing and training around administration of medications through enteral tubes. In a community setting, this paper may improve the awareness of patients, caregivers and prescribers of the possible implications of tubing blockages.

Antineoplastic drug contamination in the urine of Canadian healthcare workers.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to quantify the urine concentration of non-metabolized cyclophosphamide (CP), a commonly administered antineoplastic drug, among potentially exposed Canadian healthcare workers and to identify factors associated with the drug concentration levels. METHODS: Participants were asked to provide two sets of 24-h urine samples (at two different sampling events), and the level of CP was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In addition to demographic information, participants were surveyed regarding their frequency of handling of antineoplastic drugs, safe drug handling training, and known contact with CP on their work shift. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed. A backward stepwise linear mixed effect model was conducted to identify the factors associated with urine concentration levels. RESULTS: We collected 201 urine samples, and 55 % (n = 111) had levels greater than the LOD of 0.05 ng/mL. The mean urinary CP concentration was 0.156 ng/mL, the geometric mean was 0.067 ng/mL, the geometric standard deviation was 3.18, the 75th percentile was 0.129 ng/mL, and the range was

Antineoplastic drug contamination on the hands of employees working throughout the hospital medication system.

We previously reported that antineoplastic drug contamination is found on various work surfaces situated throughout the hospital medication system (process flow of drug within a facility from initial delivery to waste disposal). The presence of drug residual on surfaces suggests that healthcare workers involved in some capacity with the system may be exposed through dermal contact. The purpose of this paper was to determine the dermal contamination levels of healthcare employees working throughout a hospital and to identify factors that may influence dermal contamination. We selected participants from six hospitals and wiped the front and back of workers' hands. Wipe samples were analyzed for cyclophosphamide (CP), a commonly used antineoplastic drug, using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Participants were asked about their frequency of handling antineoplastic drugs, known contact with CP on their work shift, gender, job title, and safe drug handling training. In addition, participants were surveyed regarding their glove usage and hand washing practices prior to wipe sample collection. We collected a total of 225 wipe samples. Only 20% (N = 44) were above the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.36ng per wipe. The average concentration was 0.36ng per wipe, the geometric mean < LOD, the geometric standard deviation 1.98, and the range < LOD to 22.8ng per wipe. Hospital employees were classified into eight different job categories and all categories had some dermal contamination levels in excess of the LOD. The job category with the highest proportion of samples greater than the LOD were those workers in the drug administration unit who were not responsible for drug administration (volunteer, oncologist, ward aide, dietician). Of note, the highest recorded concentration was from a worker who had no known contact with CP on their work shift. Our results suggest that a broader range of healthcare workers than previously believed, including those that do not directly handle or administer the drugs (e.g. unit clerks, ward aides, dieticians, and shipper/receivers), are at risk of exposure to antineoplastic drugs. A review of control measures to minimize antineoplastic drug exposure that encompasses a wide array of healthcare workers involved with the hospital medication system is recommended.

Occupational Exposure to Antineoplastic Drugs: Identification of Job Categories Potentially Exposed throughout the Hospital Medication System.

OBJECTIVES: Studies examining healthcare workers' exposure to antineoplastic drugs have focused on the drug preparation or drug administration areas. However, such an approach has probably underestimated the overall exposure risk as the drugs need to be delivered to the facility, transported internally and then disposed. The objective of this study is to determine whether drug contamination occurs throughout a facility and, simultaneously, to identify those job categories that are potentially exposed. METHODS: This was a multi-site study based in Vancouver, British Columbia. Interviews were conducted to determine the departments where the drugs travel. Subsequent site observations were performed to ascertain those surfaces which frequently came into contact with antineoplastic drugs and to determine the job categories which are likely to contact these surfaces. Wipe samples were collected to quantify surface contamination. RESULTS: Surface contamination was found in all six stages of the hospital medication system. Job categories consistently found to be at risk of exposure were nurses, pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and pharmacy receivers. Up to 11 job categories per site may be at risk of exposure at some point during the hospital medication system. CONCLUSION: We found drug contamination on select surfaces at every stage of the medication system, which indicates the existence of an exposure potential throughout the facility. Our results suggest that a broader range of workers are potentially exposed than has been previously examined. These results will allow us to develop a more inclusive exposure assessment encompassing all healthcare workers that are at risk throughout the hospital medication system.

Occupational Exposure to Antineoplastic Drugs: Identification of Job Categories Potentially Exposed throughout the Hospital Medication System

OBJECTIVES: Studies examining healthcare workers' exposure to antineoplastic drugs have focused on the drug preparation or drug administration areas. However, such an approach has probably underestimated the overall exposure risk as the drugs need to be delivered to the facility, transported internally and then disposed. The objective of this study is to determine whether drug contamination occurs throughout a facility and, simultaneously, to identify those job categories that are potentially exposed. METHODS: This was a multi-site study based in Vancouver, British Columbia. Interviews were conducted to determine the departments where the drugs travel. Subsequent site observations were performed to ascertain those surfaces which frequently came into contact with antineoplastic drugs and to determine the job categories which are likely to contact these surfaces. Wipe samples were collected to quantify surface contamination. RESULTS: Surface contamination was found in all six stages of the hospital medication system. Job categories consistently found to be at risk of exposure were nurses, pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and pharmacy receivers. Up to 11 job categories per site may be at risk of exposure at some point during the hospital medication system. CONCLUSION: We found drug contamination on select surfaces at every stage of the medication system, which indicates the existence of an exposure potential throughout the facility. Our results suggest that a broader range of workers are potentially exposed than has been previously examined. These results will allow us to develop a more inclusive exposure assessment encompassing all healthcare workers that are at risk throughout the hospital medication system.

Patient Safety in Drug Therapy and the Influence of the Prescription in Dose Errors / Segurança do paciente na terapêutica medicamentosa e a influência da prescrição médica nos erros de dose / Seguridad del paciente en la terapéutica medicamentosa y la influencia de la prescripción médica en los errores de dosis

The aims of this study were to analyze the redaction of the prescription in dose errors that occurred in general medical units of five Brazilian hospitals and to identify the pharmacological classes involved in these errors. This was a descriptive study that used secondary data obtained from a multicenter study conducted in 2005. The population consisted of 1,425 medication errors and the sample of 215 dose errors. Of these, 44.2 percent occurred in hospital E. The presence of acronyms and/or abbreviations was verified in 96.3 percent of prescriptions; absence of the patient registration in 54.4 percent; absence of posology in 18.1 percent; and omission of date of 0.9 percent. With respect to medication type, 16.8 percent were bronchodilators; 16.3 percent were analgesics; 12.1 percent, antihypertensives; and 8.4 percent were antibiotics. The absence of posology in the prescriptions may facilitate the administration of the wrong dose, resulting in inefficiency of the treatment, compromising the quality of care provided to hospitalized patients.

Os objetivos foram analisar a redação da prescrição médica nos erros de doses, ocorridos em unidades de clínica médica de cinco hospitais brasileiros, e identificar as classes farmacológicas envolvidas nesses erros. Este é estudo descritivo que utilizou dados secundários, obtidos de pesquisa multicêntrica, realizada em 2005. A população foi composta por 1425 erros de medicação e a amostra por 215 erros de doses. Desses, 44,2 por cento ocorreram no hospital E. Verificou-se presença de siglas e/ou abreviaturas em 96,3 por cento das prescrições, ausência do registro do paciente em 54,4 por cento, falta de posologia em 18,1 por cento e omissão da data em 0,9 por cento. Com relação ao tipo de medicamento, 16,8 por cento eram broncodilatadores, 16,3 por cento eram analgésicos, 12,1 por cento, anti-hipertensivos e 8,4 por cento eram antimicrobianos. A ausência da posologia nas prescrições pode favorecer a administração de doses erradas, resultando em ineficiência do tratamento, comprometendo a qualidade da assistência prestada aos pacientes hospitalizados.

Los objetivos fueron analizar la redacción de la prescripción médica en los errores de dosis ocurridos en unidades de clínica médica de cinco hospitales brasileños e identificar las clases farmacológicas envueltas en esos errores. Se trata de estudio descriptivo que utilizó datos secundarios obtenidos de en una investigación multicéntrica realizada en 2005. La población fue compuesta de 1.425 errores de medicación y la muestra por 215 errores de dosis. De estos, 44,2 por ciento ocurrieron en el hospital E. Se verificó: presencia de siglas y/o abreviaturas en 96,3 por ciento de las prescripciones; ausencia del registro del paciente en 54,4 por ciento; falta de posología en 18,1 por ciento, y omisión de la fecha en 0,9 por ciento. Con relación al tipo de medicamento, 16,8 por ciento eran broncodilatadores; 16,3 por ciento eran analgésicos; 12,1 por ciento, antihipertensivos y 8,4 por ciento eran antimicrobianos. La ausencia de la posología en las prescripciones puede favorecer la administración de dosis equivocadas, resultando en ineficiencia del tratamiento, comprometiendo así, la calidad de la asistencia prestada a los pacientes hospitalizados.