[Association between cooking fuel and chronic diseases among Chinese housewives from 2015 to 2017].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between the use of different household cooking fuels(including solid fuels and clean fuels) and hypertension, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma among Chinese housewives. METHODS: 15616 housewives aged over 18 years were selected from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2015-2017, and their basic information investigation, physical examination and laboratory examination were carried out. Using multiple adjustment logistic regression analysis to compare the risk of using clean fuels and solid fuels in hypertension, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. And living areas(urban or rural) were used as stratified factors for stratified logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Among 15616 Chinese housewives, 9539(61.08%) used clean cooking fuels and 6077(38.92%) used solid cooking fuels at that time. There were significant differences in the composition of urban and rural areas, age groups, body mass index, education level, household annual income, smoking and drinking, second-hand smoke exposure level and whether to participate in physical examination within one year. After multivariable adjustment, using solid cooking fuels increased the risk of hypertension(OR=1.14, 95% CI 1.05-1.23), stroke(OR=1.44, 95% CI 1.18-1.75), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(OR=1.20, 95% CI 1.03-1.40) and asthma(OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.09-1.63). After stratified by urban and rural areas, the result showed that using solid cooking fuels among rural housewives significantly increased the risk of the above four diseases(hypertension: OR=1.11, 95% CI 1.01-1.22; stroke: OR=1.49, 95% CI 1.17-1.91; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: OR=1.20, 95% CI 1.00-1.42; asthma: OR=1.40, 95% CI 1.09-1.79). While in urban housewives, except that using solid cooking fuels might increase the risk of hypertension, the risk of stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma has not increased significantly, but there was still an increasing tendencies(hypertension: OR=1.18, 95% CI 1.02-1.36; stroke: OR=1.37, 95% CI 0.99-1.90; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: OR=1.20, 95% CI 0.89-1.60; asthma: OR=1.20, 95% CI 0.82-1.74). CONCLUSION: The use of solid cooking fuels is a risk factor for Chinese housewives in hypertension, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma, and is more significant among rural housewives.

Remedies for the housewife's nervousness: Life advice in Abraham Myerson's popular self-help texts, 1920-1930.

In 1920, the psychiatrist Abraham Myerson published a self-help book titled The Nervous Housewife. In his book, he argued that the living conditions in urban-industrial America were responsible for a significant increase in the number of housewives who suffered from nervous symptoms. He also warned that women were consequently becoming increasingly discontent with the role and were beginning to desire a life outside motherhood and housewifery. Accordingly, The Nervous Housewife offered housewives and their husbands directions on how to improve her living conditions. This would allow readers to manage and prevent the emergence of nervous symptoms so that women would continue to desire a life as housewife and mother. Throughout the 1920s, Myerson would continue to publish health advice for housewives on how they could manage and eliminate their nervous symptoms. This article analyzes how Myerson connected the everyday experiences and conditions of the housewife's life to her nervousness in his texts and reveals how his motivation was to keep women satisfied with what he deemed was their proper societal role, that of housewife and mother. In doing so, it will also compare his work to other self-help texts on nervousness to illuminate how his how-to guide was innovative, while examining both scholarly and popular reviews of his book to reveal what his peers and readers perceived as the benefits of his advice.

Development and psychometric assessment an instrument for investigating Women's attitude toward home safety.

BACKGROUND: Approximately half of the Iranian population are women, and they play a vital role in the home. The women's attitude can play a critical role in the safety of homes. Best of our knowledge, there is not a valid and reliable instrument to measure their attitude toward home safety. So, the present study aimed to design a psychometrics tool to assess women's attitudes toward home safety. METHODS: The researchers designed an instrument based on the home safety concept as the first instrument to measure housewives' attitudes toward home safety. The developed instrument distributed among 686 women in Tabriz health centers. Content validity, confirmatory, and exploratory factor analysis were used to examine the construct validity, and Cronbach's alpha and test-retest were employed to examine the reliability and reproducibility of the instrument. RESULTS: In the face validity section, the impact score of all items was determined to be above 1.5. In the content validity section, 4 items were excluded from the 39 questionnaire items due to low Content Validity Ratio (CVR). The mean CVR of all items was 0.842. By conducting exploratory factor analysis, it was found that the questionnaire has six dimensions. Three questions were removed from the study due to lack of connection with other items. Also, Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the questionnaire is equal to 0.924, which indicates the appropriate reliability of the instrument. CONCLUSIONS: This study aimed to develop a questionnaire to assess the safety attitudes of housewives toward home safety. It was found that the prepared tool has acceptable validity and reliability.

Association of Hours of Paid Work with Dietary Intake and Quality in Japanese Married Women: A Cross-Sectional Study.

This study investigated the association of hours of paid work with dietary intake and diet quality among Japanese married women. This cross-sectional study was a secondary analysis of a nationwide population survey in 2013. The analytic sample included 644 married women aged 20-59 years. The participants were categorized into five groups according to hours of paid work per week: 0 (housewives), 1-14, 15-34, 35-42, and ≥43 h. Dietary intake was assessed by a self-administered diet history questionnaire. The Nutrient-Rich Food Index 9.3 (NRF9.3) was used to measure the dietary quality. The association of hours of paid work with dietary intake and NRF9.3 score was assessed using a multivariable general linear regression analysis with adjustments for confounders. Hours of paid work were associated with a higher intake of rice and lower intake of vegetables, potatoes, soy products, and seaweeds and nutrients including protein, dietary fiber, and most vitamins and minerals. Hours of paid work were negatively associated with the NRF9.3 score. This study showed that Japanese married women engaging in paid work, especially those who work long hours, have less healthy diets. Efforts to improve the dietary intake of married women with paid work might be needed.

Parvovirus B19 Seroprevalence in Women with Bad Obstetric History in Kirkuk.

BACKGROUND: In the Iraqi community, abnormal pregnancy forms a major social and psychological health problem. The underlying etiology of this health phenomenon was varied and included sets of infections and autoimmune diseases. Globally human parvovirus 19 infection is common and the infection attributes to bad obstetric outcomes. The global maternal parvovirus B19 remote infection rate was within a range of 13.2% to 97.9%, while the range of acute infection was between 0.5% to 97.9%. In Arab countries, the IgG seroprevalence was from 53.3% to 74%, while IgM seroprevalence range was 2.2% to 84%. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of ParvovirusB19 as an etiology of bad obstetric outcome in women in Kirkuk, Iraq. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive Case Control Study. Women included in the study were recruited from Kirkuk General Hospital and their age ranged from 14 to 48 years. A total of 663 women were included in the study, of them 237 were not pregnant, while 215 were pregnant. Additionally, the study included 211 women with inevitable abortion. Control group (306 women) women with a history of normal pregnancy included (Pregnant= 149; non-pregnant= 157). Clinical and laboratory investigations were conducted on all patients and control groups to exclude other causes. Medical and obstetric data and demographic characteristics were gathered through interviews according to a previously designed questionnaire. ELISA kits were used to determine Parvovirus B19 IgM and IgG antibodies. RESULTS: The overall parvovirus seroprevalence was 93% and with no significant difference between women with normal (89.5%) and those with abnormal (93.1%) pregnancy outcomes. In addition, parvovirus IgM overall seroprevalence was at56.3%. Furthermore, current parvovirus infection was higher in women with BOH (52.6%) than that in women with normal pregnancy (49.7%) outcomes. Parvovirus IgM seroprevalence was 52.6% in women with BOH and 49.7% in women with normal pregnancy, however, the difference was not statistically significant. In contrast, the acute infection with parvovirus was significantly (X2=11.8, P=0.001) lower in women with normal pregnancy (49.7%) than in those with inevitable abortion (64.9%). While the IgG seroprevalence difference was not significant between the two groups, infection seroprevalence was more frequent in housewives, uneducated women, large families, non-smokers, in rural areas, non-animal exposure areas, women with repeated abortion, congenital anomalies and anaemia. CONCLUSION: Parvovirus B19 infection may be with bad obstetric outcomes if occurred during pregnancy and OR confirmed a significant association of the infection with parvovirus with smoking, occupation, crowding index, education, animal exposure and the number of repeated abortion.

Queer eye for the housewife: Julianne Moore, radical femme-ininity, and destabilizing the suburban family.

This article uses the concept of "radical femme-ininity" to signal the queering of femininity as a political gesture, one that relies on misinterpretations of cisgender femininity as straight in order to disrupt normative expectations around gender roles and gendered behavior. I situate my analysis in relation to theories about femme identity, femininity in heteronormative spaces, and queerness/lesbianism as a productively destabilizing lens with which to engage media representation. I focus on the role of the housewife as one of the most seemingly banal and yet fraught positions historically presented to (white, middle-class) women. Particularly, I examine how actor Julianne Moore embodies these roles via a radically femme-inine representation that queers and refuses social convention. Normative articulations of the housewife writ large cast her as a guardian of familial and marital integrity. As such, housewife characters can destabilize ideas around marriage, domestic labor, motherhood, and feminine virtue from within the context of legible-but not always actual-heteronormativity. Moore often plays characters who question feminine behavioral norms and operate under the cloak of femme-ness (both straight and queer) to buck social expectation. This essay explores two of Moore's films in which her character's radical femme-ninity and lesbian identification unsettle expectations of her role as a housewife: The Hours and The Kids are All Right.

Sociodemographic Factors of Mental Health Literacy Among Housewives Living in Low Cost Apartments in Puchong, Selangor, Malaysia

@# Evaluation of mental health literacy is important in assisting the development of intervention and policies toward preventing mental health problems. This study aims to explore mental health literacy and its sociodemographic predictors in a group of housewives living in low-cost apartments in Selangor, Malaysia. Methods: A Malay version of the self-administered Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLS) was used in this cross-sectional study. Age, ethnicity, religion, educational level and family income were tested using one-way ANOVA and independent t-test. Result: A total of 103 eligible respondents participated in the study. Most respondents were from the age group of 30 and above, from the Malay ethnic group, Muslims, had formal education up to secondary level with a monthly family income below RM4000 (USD980). The overall mean (sd) mental health literacy score was low 106.65 (11.21) and was significantly associated with ethnicity, religion, educational level and family income (p>0.05). Conclusion: Mental health literacy scores were low and showed variations within sociodemographic groups. Keywords: Socio demographic factors; Mental Health Literacy; Housewife; Low cost apartment

Clinical and microbial epidemiology of otomycosis in the city of Yasuj, southwest Iran, revealing Aspergillus tubingensis as the dominant causative agent.

PURPOSE: Otomycosis is a mycotic infection of the external auditory canal and can be caused by a wide range of fungal species. In this study, we aimed to identify fungal isolates from patients suspected of otomycosis. METHODOLOGY: External ear canal samples were taken from patients referred to the outpatient department of Shahid-Mofatteh Clinic in the city of Yasuj, Iran, and examined by direct microscopy and culture. DNA of the isolated fungi was tested by internal transcribed spacer PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for identification of yeasts and ß-tubulin sequencing for identification of Aspergillus species. RESULTS: Among 275 patients suspected of otomycosis, 144 cases (83 female and 61 male) were confirmed with otomycosis. For 89% (n=128) of positive cultures, microscopy was also positive, while there were no cases with a microscopy-positive and culture-negative result. The predominant predisposing factor was self-cleaning of the external ear using unhygienic tools, and the main risk occupation was 'housewife'. The most common isolated fungi were typically Aspergillus (n=120), including 73 isolates of Aspergillus section Nigri, 43 of section Flavi, 3 of section Terrei and 1 of section Fumigati. After sequencing, 44 out of 73 strains primarily identified as Aspergillus niger turned out to be Aspergillus tubingensis. Thirty-five isolates were identified as Candida, including Candida parapsilosis (n=22), Candida albicans (n=12) and Candida tropicalis (n=1). CONCLUSION: Aspergillus tubingensis was the most common species involved in otomycosis. This work corroborates the difficulty of precise identification of species within the black Aspergilli by morphological characteristics.

Social participation and quality-of-life of patients with traumatic brain injury living in the community: A mixed methods study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the quality-of-life (QoL) and social participation of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) living in the community in Japan. METHODS: A mixed-methods study of 29 post-TBI patients and 12 family members was conducted. Objective scales were used to evaluate QoL (Short Form Health Survey SF-36), depression (Zung Self-rating Depression Scale) and psychosocial function (Sydney Psychosocial Reintegration Scale, 2nd edition). Subjective views of changes in social functioning, participation and suitability of family support were obtained by a semi-structured interview. Participants were classified into 'change' and 'no-change' groups for social participation and between-group comparisons of QoL and determinant factors of QoL were evaluated. RESULTS: The SF-36 social role component was significantly associated with the suitability of family support, followed by their understanding. However, QoL was not significantly associated with changes in social participation. Social participation was particularly influenced by the absence of rehabilitation support for low-skill labourers and housewives, whether they lost their employment or not. CONCLUSIONS: Advances in rehabilitation services are required, particularly to meet the specific needs of housewives and low-skill labourers. Families should receive sufficient education and short- and long-term strategies for providing suitable support to patients and their families should be implemented.

What are the probable predictors of urinary incontinence during pregnancy?

Objectives. The frequency, predisposing factors and impact of urinary incontinence (UI) on quality of life (QoL) during pregnancy were investigated. Materials and Method. A preliminary cross-sectional survey was studied among pregnant women between January and July of 2014. A total of 132 pregnant women were recruited using a questionnaire form for sociodemographic features, the Turkish version of the International Consultation on Incontinence-Short Form (ICIQ-SF), for the characteristics of UI and Wagner's Quality of Life scale to assess impact on QoL. p < 0.05 was set significant. Results.Urinary incontinence was present in 56 out of 132 pregnant women (42.4%, UI-present group): mean age, 26.7 ± 5.4y(p = 0.780); median height, 160 cm (min-max: 153-176, p = 0.037); median BMI, 28.7 kg/m(2)(min-max: 22.4-50.0, p = 0.881); urine leakage occurred per week once (n = 18, 32.1%), twice or thrice (n = 8, 14.3%); per day few times (n = 14, 25%), once (n = 5, 8.9%) and always (n = 8, 14.3%) with mainly a small amount of urine leakage (n = 33, 58.9%) or a moderate (n = 4, 7.1%). There were statistically significant relationships between QoL scores and frequency of UI (p = 0.002) or amount of leakage (p = 0.002). Impact on QoL scores ranged from mild (n = 33, 58.9%), moderate (n = 4, 7.1%) to severe (n = 4, 7.1%) levels in daily life. UI impacted the daily life activities of women by making them less likely to undertake activities outside their homes (23.2%), by affecting their working performance and friendships (8.9%), their daily home activities (7.1%), their general health status (12.5%), their sexual relations (12.5%), by making them more nervous or anxious (10.7%) and by the need to wear pads or protectors (25%). ANOVA, Tukey, and Tamhane tests as the minimal important difference model yielded significant relevance between statistical analyses and clinical outcomes by using standard deviations (p = 0.001, 0.001 and 0.005 respectively). The following features favored the occurence of UI: Age (OR = 0.845, 95% CI [0.268-2.669]), being a housewife (OR = 1.800, 95% CI [0.850-3.810]), anemia (OR = 0.939, 95% CI [0.464-1.901]), parity (OR = 0.519, 95% CI [0.325-0.829]), miscarriage (OR = 1.219, 95% CI [0.588-2.825]) and living in rural areas (OR = 1.800, 95% CI [0.887-3.653]). Height (p = 0, 037), educational status (0.016), miscarriage (0.002), parity (0.006) and place of living (0.020) were significant factors. Conclusions.Many pregnant women are suffering from UI, which warrants a significant public health consideration in the region. Age, height, being a housewife or graduation level higher than primary school, living in rural, parity, miscarriage, and anemia were the factors in favor of the onset of UI. The authors plan a health promotion program in the region according to the results in order to provide information to health caregivers, especially family physicians, and to educate women about the predictors of UI and pelvic floor exercises for primary prevention and secondary relief of UI during and after pregnancy and provide some hygienic supplies to the poor in this aspect.

Bird Fancier's Disease Due to Exposure to Birds Via a Desert Cooler.

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an immunologically mediated pulmonary disease caused by various organic particles and some non-organic chemicals. HP is mostly associated with some occupations such as farming and bird breeding. We report a case of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in a housewife without any prior history of occupational exposures. The disease was developed due to indirect exposure of the patient to doves antigens via a desert cooler ducts.

Housewives' obesity determinant factors in iran; national survey - stepwise approach to surveillance.

BACKGROUND: Women suffer more from obesity than men in Iran do. In this study, we compared obesity risk and its contributors regarding the job categories as housewives (HWs) or employees to deeply explore the risk of obesity in housewives in Iran. METHODS: Based on WHO stepwise approach, in 2005, 33472 women aged 15 to 65 years old (excluding all men) were examined for the major risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Obesity was determined by Body Mass Index>30kgm(-2) in adults (>20 years) and by girl BMI percentiles according to WHO 2007 Growth Reference 5-19 years in adolescents. We modeled obesity by logistic regression and entered all the known/potential predictors, including job categories. RESULTS: The participation rate was more than 99%. The weighted prevalence of overweight and obesity in HWs were 34.5% and 24.5% respectively. Employed women were about 4% and 10% less overweight and obese than the HWs, respectively (P< 0.01). HWs vs. employed women had the adjusted OR 1.39 (CI95%, 1.18-1.63) for obesity. Older women, with higher educational level and socioeconomic status, lower physical activities and those living in urban areas were at risk of obesity. In comparison to HWs, working as an Official Clerk (OR=0.66) associated with a decrease in odds of obesity significantly, while others did not. CONCLUSION: Being as HW is an independent significant factor for obesity in women. Preventive health care programs to reduce risk of obesity in women should be applied, considering their occupation for achieving more effectiveness.

Donas de casa: classes diferentes, experiências desiguais / Housewives: different classes, unequal experiences

Este artigo apresenta resultados de uma pesquisa de mestrado. Esta buscou mostrar a condição de mulheres de diferentes classes sociais que, nos dias atuais, se mantêm como donas de casa, indo na contramão do "novo" modelo feminino. Foram entrevistadas três mulheres donas de casa de diferentes classes sociais: baixa, média e alta. A análise do discurso das entrevistas gerou três categorias: (a) significado do trabalho doméstico, (b) condição feminina e vida privada e (c) satisfação e (des)valorização do trabalho doméstico. Concluiu-se que as desigualdades socioeconômicas entre as participantes contribuíram para as diferentes significações dadas ao trabalho doméstico e às experiências decorrentes. As falas das mulheres revelaram o peso da realidade socioeconômica na significação e no valor atribuído às suas funções e à condição feminina.(AU)

This article presents results of a master degree research regarding the condition of women of different social classes who stay home as housewives, going apparently against the "new" female model. We interviewed three housewives from the following social classes: low, medium and high. Discourse analysis of the interviews appointed three categories: (a) the meaning of domestic labor; (b) feminine condition and private life; and (c) satisfaction and (or versus) (de)value (devaluation) of housework. The discourse of the women revealed the weight of the economic reality in the meaning and value they attributed to their functions and status as women.(AU)

Donas de casa: classes diferentes, experiências desiguais / Housewives: different classes, unequal experiences

Este artigo apresenta resultados de uma pesquisa de mestrado. Esta buscou mostrar a condição de mulheres de diferentes classes sociais que, nos dias atuais, se mantêm como donas de casa, indo na contramão do "novo" modelo feminino. Foram entrevistadas três mulheres donas de casa de diferentes classes sociais: baixa, média e alta. A análise do discurso das entrevistas gerou três categorias: (a) significado do trabalho doméstico, (b) condição feminina e vida privada e (c) satisfação e (des)valorização do trabalho doméstico. Concluiu-se que as desigualdades socioeconômicas entre as participantes contribuíram para as diferentes significações dadas ao trabalho doméstico e às experiências decorrentes. As falas das mulheres revelaram o peso da realidade socioeconômica na significação e no valor atribuído às suas funções e à condição feminina.

This article presents results of a master degree research regarding the condition of women of different social classes who stay home as housewives, going apparently against the "new" female model. We interviewed three housewives from the following social classes: low, medium and high. Discourse analysis of the interviews appointed three categories: (a) the meaning of domestic labor; (b) feminine condition and private life; and (c) satisfaction and (or versus) (de)value (devaluation) of housework. The discourse of the women revealed the weight of the economic reality in the meaning and value they attributed to their functions and status as women.

'DESPERATE HOUSEWIVES' AND THE DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENT IN POST-WAR BRITAIN: INDIVIDUAL PERSPECTIVES.

This article examines the recollections of middle-class British housewives who experienced symptoms of neurosis, anxiety or depression during the post Second World War period. It specifically addresses the claim made by feminist commentators, that the banality and stultification of the domestic role caused mental illness in women. The oral testimonies suggest that, in many cases, housewives of the 1950s and 1960s found contentment in their role, identifying instead problematic interpersonal relationships or trauma during childhood as the cause of their symptoms. The article argues that the causes of anxiety and depression were more complex than has previously been suggested and seeks to provide a more sophisticated analysis of women's experience.

A Comparison of Growth Development and Nutrient Intakes between Double Income Families' and Full-Time Housewives' Preschool Children

The purpose of this study was to examine the comparison of growth development, bone mineral density and nutrient intakes between double income families' preschool children(DIFPC) and full-time housewives' preschool children(FHPC). Subjects were 111 preschool children. Anthropometric characteristics and bone mineral density in right forearm were measured. The questionnaire was composed of health status, life style, dietary behaviors, and dietary intakes and was completed by the children's mothers. The average age of the DIFPC(n=60) was 53.02 months and that of the FHPC(n=51) was 54.80 months. The birth height and weight of the subjects were 50.47cm and 3.27Kg for DIFPC and 50.85cm and 3.36Kg for FHPC, respectively. The average height, weight, % body fat, and obesity index were 108.50cm, 18.35Kg, 15.35%, 96.71% in DIFPC and 111.46cm, 19.64Kg, 16.80%, 97.31% in FHPC, respectively. The bone mineral density in forearm of two groups were 0.24g/cm2 in all. The infant feeding method was significantly different between DIFPC and FHPC; 58.9% of DIFPC was fed formula, while 44.4% of FHPC was fed breast milk(p<0.05). Proportions of children for their regular meal were 59.4%, 89.6%, and 61.0% for breakfast, lunch, and dinner, respectively. The major reasons for irregular meal were lack of time and poor appetite for breakfast and snacks for lunch and dinner. Most of the children answered they have snack over once a day, and 60.0% have unbalanced diet. The intakes of energy, calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin B1, niacin, and vitamin C did not meet the Korean RDAs. The intakes of K and vitamin A for DIFPC were significantly higher than those of FHPC(p<0.05, p<0.05). In conclusion, double income families' preschool children more have a low frequency of breast feeding and low intakes of micro nutrients, such as K and vitamin A than full-time housewives' ones.

A Study on the Indoor-Outdoor NO2 Levels and Personal Exposures to NO2 with Analysis of Factors Affecting the NO2 Concentrations: Centering on Urban Homes and Housewives / 예방의학회지

This study was conducted to establish the control program for preventing unfavorable health effects of nitrogen dioxide(NO2) exposure in homes by preparing the fundamental data for evaluation of relationships between NO2 levels and influencing factors through measurements of indoor-outdoor NO2 levels and personal NO2 exposures for housewives with questionnaire survey on 172 homes in Pusan area from April to June, 1987. NO2 measurements were made by using diffusion tube samplers(Palmes tube NO2 sampler) for one week at 4 sites in homes ; kitchen(KIT), bedroom(BED), living room(LIV), outdoor(OUT) and near the collar housewives(personal exposure livel, PNO). The details of questionnaire were number of household members(FAM), number of regular smokers(SMOKER), daily number of meals eaten(MEAL), type of housing units(HOUSE), location of house with distance from the heavy traffic roads as walking time(DIST), and of kitchen(KAREA), kind of cooking fuels(FUEL), cooking time of each meal(CTIME), usage of kitchen fan for cooking(FAN), type of heating facilities(HEAT) and so on of subject homes. The obtained results were as follows : 1) The mean NO2 level was significantly higher at indoors than outdoors(p<0.01) and the kitchen NO2 level was the highest with 33.7+/-13.6ppb(9.5-81.5ppb). The mean personal exposure level of NO2 for housewives was 20.6+/-8.8ppb(3.1-46.9ppb). 2) The mean indoor NO2 level was significantly higher in the group of household members above 5 than below 4(p<0.05), in detached dwellings than apartments(p<0.001), within 5 minutes of distance than over 5 minutes(p<0.001), in the group of unusing fan(p<0.001), in the group of longer cooking time(p<0.001), and it was in order of coal briquette, gas, electricity and oil by kind of cooking fuels(p<0.05). 3) Variables showing significant correlation(p<0.001) with indoor NO2 level were kitchen NO2 level(r=0.8677), cooking time(r=0.5921), outdoor NO2 exposure level(r=0.4615), usage of kitchen fan(r=0.3573) and location of house(r=-0.2988). 4) As a result of multiple regression analysis, the most significant influencing variable to the kitchen NO2 level was cooking time [KIT=-0.378+/-11.772(CRIME)+0.298(OUT)+3.102(FAN)], it was kitchen NO2 level to the indoor NO2 level [IND = 6.996+0.458 (KIT) + 0.230 (OUT) - 1.127 (KAREA)], and it was indoor NO2 level to the personal NO2 exposure level [PNO=15.562+0.729(IND)-4.542(DIST)-0.200(KIT)]. 5) It was recognized that artificial ventilation in the kitchen, suppression of unnecessary combustion and replacement of cooking fuel, as much as possible, were effective means for decreasing indoor NO2 levels in homes.

Study on the Attitude to Home Attendants System and Home Nursing Education of the Housewives in the City / 예방의학회지

This study was conducted in order to find out the attitude of housewives toward the home attendants system, the type of institute managing home attendants, the education for home attendants, the basic requisites for home attendants, and home nursing education, and identify the factors influencing on the housewives's attitude. The data were collected through questionnaires obtained from 401 housewives from March 1 to March 31, 1988. The results summarized were as follows; 1) 90.2 percent of total housewives favored the home attendants system, and housewives who had have their family member with health problem especially showed favorable response. 2) The favored types of institution managing home attendants appeared to be private social work agency(33.0%), half-private and half-public agency(32.2%), government agency(19.9%) and profit agency(2.2%). In particular, housewives who had experienced nursing favored half-private and half-public agency(37.6%). 3) As the basic requisites for home attendants, housewives wanted service attitude(37.2%), nursing education(34.4%) and nursing experience(28.4%). But, housewives with nursing experience favored nursing education rather than service attitude. 4) 91.1% of total housewives favored the home nursing education. In particular, housewives of high education level and nursing experience showed more favorable response to the home nursing education.