Time since fire as a driver of taxonomic and phylogenetic patterns of grassland plant communities.

Fire plays a key role in grasslands, determining the distribution and evolution of species and boundaries with neighboring ecosystems. Evidence of community-wide responses to fire is largely based on taxonomic and functional descriptors, while the phylogenetic dimension is overlooked. Here we evaluated how the taxonomic and phylogenetic structure of grassland plant communities responded to a time since fire (TSF) gradient. We sampled 12 communities in Southern Brazil under varying TSF and calculated taxonomic species richness (S) and dominance (D), phylogenetic diversity (PD), and mean phylogenetic distances (MPD). We used Structural Equation Models to test the relationships between the environmental gradient and community descriptors. Communities with longer TSF presented higher PD and MPD but lower species richness and increased taxonomic dominance. These sites were dominated by monocots, specifically C4 grasses, but also presented exclusive clades, whereas recently-burned sites presented lower taxonomic dominance and more species distributed in a wider variety of clades. Our results indicate that these scenarios are interchangeable and dependent on fire management. Fire adaptation was not constrained by phylogenetic relatedness, contrasting with previous findings for tropical savannahs and indicating that temperate and tropical non-forest ecosystems from South America respond differently to fire, possibly due to different evolutionary histories.

Climate change dominates the interannual variation of carbon export efficiency in each season in the Northern Gulf of Mexico during 1998-2011.

Carbon export efficiency is a key indicator of the capacity of biological pump, but the controlling mechanism of the efficiency remains unclear. Our findings revealed that interannual variations in seasonal carbon export efficiency are determined by direct factors including riverine nutrient fluxes, stratification, residence time. These direct factors are finally attributed to two indirect factors (human activities and climate change). We quantified the absolute contributions of direct and indirect factors to carbon export efficiency. The results showed that the carbon export efficiency in the northern Gulf of Mexico in spring (summer; autumn; winter) was driven by human activities, which accounted for an absolute contribution of 16.02% (7.20%; 4.00%; 8.49%, respectively) through riverine nutrient fluxes, and by climate change, which accounted for an absolute contribution of 33.51% (21.43%; 25.73%; 15.80%, respectively) through stratification and water residence time. Moreover, carbon export efficiency could be predicted by MEI of 8 months earlier.

American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus: Reptilia: Crocodilidae) visiting the facilities of a freshwater aquaculture of the Northern Pacific region, Costa Rica, carry tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli.

Apex predators are exposed to antimicrobial compounds and resistant microbes, which accumulate at different trophic levels of the related ecosystems. The study aimed to characterize the presence and the antimicrobial resistance patterns of fecal Escherichia coli isolated from cloacal swab samples obtained from wild-living American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) (n = 53). Sampling was conducted within the distinctive context of a freshwater-intensive aquaculture farm in Costa Rica, where incoming crocodiles are temporarily held in captivity before release. Phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were determined in all isolates, while resistant isolates were subjected to whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics analyses. In total, 24 samples contained tetracycline-resistant E. coli (45.3%). Isolates carried either tet(A), tet(B), or tet(C) genes. Furthermore, genes conferring resistance to ß-lactams, aminoglycosides, fosfomycin, sulfonamides, phenicol, quinolones, trimethoprim, and colistin were detected in single isolates, with seven of them carrying these genes on plasmids. Genome sequencing further revealed that sequence types, prevalence of antibiotic resistance carriage, and antibiotic resistance profiles differed between the individuals liberated within the next 24 h after their capture in the ponds and those liberated from enclosures after longer abodes. The overall presence of tetracycline-resistant E. coli, coupled with potential interactions with various anthropogenic factors before arriving at the facilities, hinders clear conclusions on the sources of antimicrobial resistance for the studied individuals. These aspects hold significant implications for both the aquaculture farm's biosecurity and the planning of environmental monitoring programs using such specimens. Considering human-crocodile conflicts from the One Health perspective, the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance underscores the importance of systematical surveillance of antibiotic resistance development in American crocodiles.

Small Felids Coexist in Mixed-Use Landscape in the Bolivian Amazon.

In the face of global species loss, it is paramount to understand the effects of human activity on vulnerable species, particularly in highly diverse, complex systems. The Greater Madidi Landscape in the Bolivian Amazon includes several biodiverse protected areas that were created with the goal of sustaining healthy and diverse ecosystems while not impeding the livelihoods of local indigenous peoples. In this study, we sought to use camera trap data and single-species occupancy analysis to assess the impacts of different forms of human activity on four species of small felids: ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), margays (Leopardus wiedii), jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi), and oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus). We modeled both human variables (proximity to indigenous communities, roads, and tourist camps) and non-human variables (terrain ruggedness, proximity to rivers, canopy height, prey availability, and large cat abundance). Margay occupancy was unaffected by any of these human variables and ocelots showed only weak evidence of being affected by tourism. Ocelots were particularly pervasive throughout the study area and were consistently estimated to have high occupancy probability. We did not obtain sufficient data on jaguarundi or oncilla to reliably model these effects. Our results indicate that small cats successfully coexist both with each other and with the surrounding human activity in this unique landscape, which serves as a model for global protected area management.

A multidisciplinary approach to analyze the antimicrobial resistance in natural ecosystems.

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) poses a global threat to both human health and environmental well-being. Our study delved into Costa Rican wildlife reserves, uncovering a substantial human impact on these ecosystems and underscoring the imperative to pinpoint AMR hotspots. Embracing a One Health perspective, we advocated for a comprehensive landscape analysis that intricately intertwined geographic, climatic, forest, and human factors. This study illuminated the link between laboratory results and observed patterns of antimicrobial use, thereby paving the way for sustainable solutions. Our innovative methodology involved deploying open-ended questions to explore antimicrobial usage across livestock activities, contributing to establishing a comprehensive methodology. Non-invasive sampling in wildlife emerged as a critical aspect, shedding light on areas contaminated by AMR. Feline species, positioned at the apex of the food chain, acted as sentinels for environmental health due to heightened exposure to improperly disposed waste. Regarding laboratory findings, each sample revealed the presence of at least one antimicrobial resistance gene (ARG). Notably, genes encoding resistance to tetracyclines dominated (94.9%), followed by beta-lactams (75.6%), sulfonamides (53.8%), aminoglycosides (51.3%), quinolones (44.9%), phenicols (25.6%), and macrolides (20.5%). Genes encoding polymyxins were not detected. Moreover, 66% of samples carried a multi-resistant microbiome, with 15% exhibiting resistance to three antimicrobial families and 51% to four. The absence of a correlation between forest coverage and ARG presence underscored the profound human impact on wildlife reserves, surpassing previous estimations. This environmental pressure could potentially modify microbiomes and resistomes in unknown ways. As not all antimicrobial families encoding ARGs were utilized by farmers, our next step involved evaluating other human activities to identify the primary sources of contamination. This comprehensive study contributed crucial insights into the intricate dynamics of AMR in natural ecosystems, paving the way for targeted interventions and sustainable coexistence.

Doing occupational transitions: a constructivist grounded theory from the viewpoint of adults on the autism spectrum / Fazendo transições ocupacionais: teoria fundamentada construtivista a partir do ponto de vista de adultos no espectro do autismo

Abstract Introduction People on the autism spectrum often struggle to transition smoothly between occupations in daily life. Objective This qualitative inquiry aimed to understand the human and non-human factors that influence occupational transitions from the perspectives of adults on the autism spectrum. Method Using a constructivist grounded theory design, this study purposively gathered data from eight adults on the autism spectrum who shared their viewpoints via semi-structured interviews and self-produced written texts. Framed by the Cultural Historical Activity Theory, an iterative process of constant comparative analysis was employed, yielding six categories that constituted the assembly of a working theory on occupational transitions among adults on the autism spectrum. Results Drawn from eight participants, the six categories were: 1) getting ready, 2) the attributes of the occupation, 3) the others, 4) strategies of the moment, 5) cumulative stress, and 6) possible ends of the process. Conclusion Our findings revealed a nuanced understanding on occupational transitions for adults with autism. First, materiality (non-human entities) serves various purposes in occupational transitions, implying that in some cases, intangible materials (tacit knowledge) would be enough to initiate, aid, or terminate occupational transitions. Second, doing transitions together through the optimization of social support and resources can make occupational transitions more meaningful for adults in the autism spectrum. It is our ambition that these propositions be tested and emphasized in occupational therapy, healthcare, and social care practices.

Resumo Introdução Pessoas no espectro do autismo frequentemente enfrentam dificuldades para transitar entre as ocupações na vida cotidiana. Objetivo Esta investigação qualitativa teve como objetivo entender os fatores humanos e não-humanos que influenciam as transições ocupacionais a partir das perspectivas de adultos no espectro do autismo. Método Usando a teoria fundamentada construtivista, este estudo coletou dados intencionalmente de oito adultos no espectro do autismo, que compartilharam seus pontos de vista através de entrevistas semiestruturadas e textos escritos por eles próprios. Abordado pela Teoria da Atividade Histórico-Cultural, foi empregado um processo iterativo de análise comparativa constante, resultando em seis categorias que constituíram a montagem de uma teoria prática sobre transições ocupacionais entre adultos no espectro do autismo. Resultados Foram extraídas as seis categorias: 1. Preparação, 2. Atributos da ocupação, 3. Os outros, 4. Estratégias do momento, 5. Estresse acumulado, 6. Possíveis fins do processo. Conclusão Nossos achados revelaram uma compreensão detalhada sobre transições ocupacionais para adultos com autismo. Primeiro, a materialidade (entidades não-humanas) serve a vários propósitos nas transições ocupacionais, implicando que, em alguns casos, materiais intangíveis (conhecimento tácito) seriam suficientes para iniciar, auxiliar ou finalizar transições ocupacionais. Segundo realizar transições juntos, através da otimização do suporte social e dos recursos, pode tornar as transições ocupacionais mais significativas para adultos no espectro do autismo. É nossa ambição que essas proposições sejam testadas e enfatizadas nas práticas em terapia ocupacional, na saúde e na assistência social.

Chemical Profile of Elements in the Stingless Bee Melipona scutellaris (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) from Sites with Distinct Anthropogenic Activities.

Stingless bees are pollinators in forests and crops that, during foraging, may be exposed to several environmental xenobiotics, including metallic elements. This study evaluated the presence of magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), molybdenum (Mo), cadmium (Cd), barium (Ba), and lead (Pb) over the body surface of the stingless bee Melipona scutellaris visiting areas with different anthropogenic activity levels. The analyses were carried out using scanning electron microscopy with X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/XEDS) and all tested elements were identified. Lead was the most abundant element in all samples, whereas Mn had the lowest abundance. High amounts of Cu and Zn were detected in the areas with metallurgic industries. The presence of metals on the body surface of this stingless bee varied according to the level of human activities in the studied areas.

IDENTIFICATION OF ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT ON NATURAL HABITATS BY ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE QUANTIFICATION IN TWO NEOTROPICAL WILD CATS AND THEIR GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS.

Human activities such as habitat degradation and fragmentation threaten biodiversity in Neotropical areas. This work proposes an analytical methodology to identify natural areas in Central America with anthropogenic impact, analyzing the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in accordance with their theoretical relationship with human-related activities. Sixteen ARGs were quantified in feces of different individuals of 13 jaguars (Panthera onca) and 13 pumas (Puma concolor) in three conservation areas in Costa Rica by real-time PCR. At least one ARG was detected in all samples. Of the ARGs encoding tetracycline resistance, the most frequent were tetQ and tetY (85% and 69%, respectively). The sulfonamides (sulI and sulII; 69% each), phenicols (catI and catII; 19% and 54%, respectively), and quinolones (qnrS; 12%) were also detected. The presence of human settlements, livestock farms (pigs, cattle, and poultry), roads, human health centers, flood zones, and rivers were identified within each area to generate an index of human activity. We found no difference between the presence of ARG by roads, agricultural activities, and human settlements (P>0.05). However, tetW showed higher percentages with porcine and bovine farms; both tetY and tetW were more frequent in jaguars than in pumas. Of concern is that many of the most contaminated samples were taken from national parks, such as Braulio Carrillo and Tortuguero, where animals should not have direct contact with humans.

Will there be an improvement of ecosystems in the world post-pandemic?

Purpose/Background. Inconsiderate human activities have led to ecological imbalances, and pollution and degradation of our natural environment. However, for humans to continue to exist on Earth in the future and for sustainable development to occur, we must preserve our ecosystems. Methodology/Approach. This paper examines some ethical considerations that are important to human interaction with the environment, by identifying conditions that existed before the Covid-19 pandemic. Results/Findings. The world is currently challenged by global inequality and global climate change, both of which adversely affect our living environment and very sensitive ecological systems. The physical confinement and social distancing measures imposed by governments worldwide during the Covid-19 pandemic produced a reduction in human interactions and activities which had a positive impact on the ecological environments around the world. Discussion/Conclusions/Contributions. As governments release their citizens from the tight restrictions, and people return to their customary activities, we can expect a return to pollution of our environments. This will occur unless, during the period of 'lockdown', humans had become more aware of the harmful effects some of their activities were having on the ecosystem and had been motivated to minimize these activities.

Propósito/Contexto. Las actividades humanas desconsideradas han llevado a desequilibrios ecológicos y a la contaminación y degradación de nuestro entorno natural, sin embargo, para que los seres humanos sigan existiendo en la Tierra en el futuro y para que se produzca un desarrollo sostenible, debemos preservar nuestros ecosistemas. Metodología/Enfoque. Este documento examina algunas consideraciones éticas que son importantes para la interacción humana con el medio ambiente, al identificar las condiciones que existían antes de la pandemia de COVID-19. Resultados/Hallazgos. Actualmente, el mundo enfrenta el desafío de la desigualdad global y el cambio climático global, los cuales afectan negativamente nuestro entorno de vida y sistemas ecológicos muy sensibles. Las medidas de confinamiento físico y distanciamiento social impuestas por los gobiernos de todo el mundo durante la pandemia de COVID-19 produjeron una reducción en las interacciones y actividades humanas que tuvieron un impacto positivo en los entornos ecológicos de todo el mundo. Discusión/Conclusiones/Contribuciones. A medida que los gobiernos liberan a sus ciudadanos de las estrictas restricciones y las personas regresan a sus actividades habituales, podemos esperar un regreso a la contaminación de nuestro medioambiente. Esto ocurrirá a menos que, durante el periodo de "bloqueo", los humanos se hayan vuelto más conscientes de los efectos nocivos que algunas de sus actividades tenían en el ecosistema y se hayan motivado a minimizar estas actividades.

Finalidade/Contexto. Atividades humanas imprudentes levaram a desequilíbrios ecológicos, poluição e degradação do nosso ambiente natural. No entanto, para que os humanos continuem a existir na Terra no futuro e para que o desenvolvimento sustentável ocorra, devemos preservar nossos ecossistemas. Metodologia/Abordagem. Este artigo examina algumas considerações éticas que são importantes para a interação humana com o meio ambiente, identificando as condições que existiam antes da pandemia de Covid-19. Resultados/Descobertas. O mundo é atualmente desafiado pela desigualdade global e pelas mudanças climáticas globais, que afetam negativamente nosso ambiente de vida e sistemas ecológicos muito sensíveis. As medidas de confinamiento físico e distanciamento social impostas pelos governos em todo o mundo durante a pandemia de Covid-19 produziram uma redução nas interações e atividades humanas que tiveram um impacto positivo nos ambientes ecológicos em todo o mundo. Discussão/Conclusões/Contribuições. À medida que os governos liberam seus cidadãos das rígidas restrições e as pessoas retornam às suas atividades habituais, podemos esperar um retorno à poluição de nossos ambientes. Isso ocorrerá a menos que, durante o período de 'lockdown', os humanos tenham se tornado mais conscientes dos efeitos nocivos que algumas de suas atividades estavam causando no ecossistema e tenham sido motivados a minimizar essas atividades.

Variations in the tropospheric concentration of NO2 in the central west of Brazil, MS, and their relationship with the COVID-19.

COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) started in late 2019 in Wuhan, China. Subsequently, the disease was disseminated in several cities around the world, where measures were taken to control the spread of the virus through the adoption of quarantine (social isolation and closure of commercial sectors). This article analyzed the environmental impact of the COVID-19 outbreak in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, regarding the variations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the atmosphere. NO2 data from the AURA satellite, in the period before the beginning of the epidemic (2005-2019) and during the adoption of the preventive and control measures of COVID-19 in 2020, were acquired and compared. The results obtained from the analysis showed that the blockade from COVID-19, beginning in March 2020, improved air quality in the short term, but as soon as coal consumption in power plants and refineries returned to normal levels (since June 2020), due to the resumption of works, the pollution levels returned to the level of the previous years of 2020. NO2 levels showed a significant decrease, since they were mainly associated with the decrease in economic growth and transport restrictions that led to a change in energy consumption and a reduction in emissions. This study can complement the scientific community and policy makers for environmental protection and public management, not only to assess the impact of the outbreak on air quality, but also for its effectiveness as a simple alternative program of action to improve air quality.

Geogenic lanthanoid signature in coastal and marine waters from the southern Gulf of California.

Lanthanoids in the southern Gulf of California (GC) seawater are reported for the first time. Lanthanoids showed differences between peninsular and continental coastline, coastal or marine ecosystems, and dry or rainy season. The chondrite-normalized values showed high variability but followed a same pattern. Light lanthanoids were more enriched than heavy ones. Values of ∑Ln and La/Lu were higher in continental than peninsular coastlines, coastal than adjacent marine ecosystems, and rainy than dry season. Differences were related to the lithology and perturbation degree of the ecosystem watersheds. The chondrite-normalized patterns are typical of geological origin. Slightly negative Ce anomaly was related to the low levels of oxygen in water for the oxidation of Ce (III) to Ce (IV) and its posterior scavenging. Negative δEu anomaly is explained by an influx of fluvial and eolian materials from the upper continental, while a positive Eu anomaly related to hydrothermal vent inputs was non-evidenced.

Caracterización de intereses y roles de trabajadores prejubilables de una institución universitaria del suroccidente colombiano / Description of Interests and Roles of Early Retirement Workers of a University Institution in South-western Colombia

Introducción: Los intereses y roles permiten comprender la manera en que las personas son motivadas a realizar las actividades que llenan sus vidas y a establecer patrones de comportamiento; estos elementos conforman la vida cotidiana, afectan el proceso de jubilación y el desempeño ocupacional posterior. Objetivo: Caracterizar los intereses y roles de los trabajadores prejubilables de la Universidad del Valle, Campus San Fernando, Cali, Colombia. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal a 52 trabajadores prejubilables, a los cuales se les aplicó dos instrumentos: el Listado de Intereses modificado de Kielhofner y Neville (1983) y el Listado de Roles de Oakley, Kielhofner y Barris (1985). Los datos fueron analizados mediante distribuciones de frecuencia. Resultados: Las actividades que plantearon los trabajadores prejubilables se correlacionan con sus intereses y estos con la participación que tienen y desean tener en el presente y en el futuro. Los roles se encuentran internalizados, pero existen diferencias en la asignación de valor, entre hombres y mujeres y se observa una disminución en la brecha de participación laboral por sexo. Conclusiones: Para enfrentar los cambios venideros después de la jubilación es necesario un ajuste en las actividades y transformaciones en los roles a desempeñar por los prejubilados que se incorporen a su cotidianidad, para así tener más posibilidades de reaccionar con formas adaptativas positivas a su nueva realidad(AU)

Introduction: Interests and roles allow us to understand the way in which people are motivated to carry out the activities that fill their lives and to establish patterns of behavior; these elements make up daily life, they affect the retirement process and subsequent occupational performance. Objective: To characterize the interests and roles of early retirement workers at Universidad del Valle, San Fernando Campus, Cali, Colombia. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 52 early retirement workers, to whom two instruments were applied: the modified List of Interests by Kielhofner and Neville (1983) and the List of Roles by Oakley, Kielhofner and Barris (1985). The data were analyzed using frequency distributions. Results: The activities proposed by the early retirement workers correlate with their interests and their interests with their participation and what they wish to have in the present and in the future. The roles are internalized, but there are differences in assigning values between men and women. Additionally, a decrease in the labor participation gap by sex is observed. Conclusion: To face the changes after retirement, it is necessary to adjustment the activities and transformations of the roles to be played by early retirees when they joint heir daily lives; thus they would have greater possibility of reacting with positive adaptive ways to their new reality(AU)

Towards the comprehension of fasciolosis (re-)emergence: an integrative overview.

The increasing distribution and prevalence of fasciolosis in both human and livestock are concerning. Here, we examine the various types of factors influencing fasciolosis transmission and burden and the interrelations that may exist between them. We present the arsenal of molecules, 'adjusting' capabilities and parasitic strategies of Fasciola to infect. Such features define the high adaptability of Fasciola species for parasitism that facilitate their transmission. We discuss current environmental perturbations (increase of livestock and land use, climate change, introduction of alien species and biodiversity loss) in relation to fasciolosis dynamics. As Fasciola infection is directly and ultimately linked to livestock management, living conditions and cultural habits, which are also changing under the pressure of globalization and climate change, the social component of transmission is also discussed. Lastly, we examine the implication of increasing scientific and political awareness in highlighting the current circulation of fasciolosis and boosting epidemiological surveys and novel diagnostic techniques. From a joint perspective, it becomes clear that factors weight differently at each place and moment, depending on the biological, environmental, social and political interrelating contexts. Therefore, the analyses of a disease as complex as fasciolosis should be as integrative as possible to dissect the realities featuring each epidemiological scenario. Such a comprehensive appraisal is presented in this review and constitutes its main asset to serve as a fresh integrative understanding of fasciolosis.

Atividades humanas na terapia ocupacional: construção e compromisso / Human activities in occupational therapy: construction and commitment

Resumo Apresenta-se uma síntese propositiva sobre os usos e compreensões do termo "atividades humanas" que, a partir da década de 1990, passou a ser privilegiado na produção de conhecimentos da terapia ocupacional brasileira. É feita uma descrição sobre a construção epistemológica e social em torno das atividades, apontando suas dimensões como instrumento e/ou elemento centralizador e orientador do processo terapêutico ocupacional e, por fim, propomos um debate crítico contemporâneo. Tem-se como referência quatro movimentos históricos e marcadores teórico-metodológicos da produção da terapia ocupacional para abordar o deslocamento das compreensões até um conceito humano, cultural, plural e polissêmico, sobretudo voltado para a dinâmica viva das pessoas e coletivos. As perspectivas das Terapias Ocupacionais do Sul e da Terapia Ocupacional como Produção de Vida são apresentadas para contribuir com o debate propositivo, sustentado pelo compromisso ético-político-cultural deste campo de saberes e práticas, contextualizado na realidade brasileira. Ao indicar desafios e urgências das atividades humanas, vê-se que as mudanças não cessarão e, portanto, novas compreensões e ressignificações são importantes. Valoriza-se as contribuições epistemológicas e sociais que mobilizam construções culturalmente coerentes com a transformação social, que enfrenta os domínios e poderes hegemônicos, com abertura para a inventividade e solidariedade profissional.

Abstract We presented in the study, a propositional synthesis about the uses and understandings of the term human activities, which from the 1990s, became privileged in the production of knowledge of Brazilian occupational therapy. There is a description of the epistemological and social construction around the activities, pointing out its dimensions as a tool and/or centralizing and guiding element of the occupational therapy process and, finally, we propose a contemporary critical discussion. Using as reference four historical movements and theoretical-methodological markers of the production of occupational therapy to address the displacement of understandings to a human, cultural, plural, and polysemic concept, above all, focused on the living dynamics of people and collectives. The perspectives of Occupational Therapies in the South and Occupational Therapy as Production of Life are presented to contribute to the propositional debate, supported by the ethical-political-cultural commitment of this field of knowledge and practices, contextualized in the Brazilian reality. By indicating challenges and urgencies of human activities, we have that changes will not stop and, therefore, new understandings and reframes are important. The epistemological and social contributions that mobilize constructions that are culturally consistent with social transformation are valued, facing the hegemonic domains and powers, with openness to inventiveness and professional solidarity.

Despojo, conflictos socioambientales y violación de derechos humanos. Implicaciones de la gran minería en América Latina / Spoliation, socio-environmental conflicts and human rights violation Implications of large scale mining in Latin America

RESUMEN Los gobiernos latinoamericanos han impulsado al sector minero energético en sus territorios, con el propósito de atraer inversión extranjera directa. El artículo expone hallazgos de una revisión documental sobre implicaciones territoriales que, en el marco de un modelo neoliberal, ha traído consigo la implementación y el fortalecimiento de la minería a gran escala, en América Latina. A partir del análisis, se presenta información de tres categorías: principales afectaciones ambientales y sociosanitarias asociadas a la minería a gran escala, en los territorios latinoamericanos, emergencia de conflictos ambientales vinculados con la actividad y las condiciones que, dentro de los países y en relación con la minería a gran escala, favorecen la violación de derechos humanos. Se concluye sobre la relevancia de pensar la actividad extractiva a gran escala, en clave de justicia social y ambiental, poniendo en la balanza los "beneficios" que genera, pero también, las externalidades y las afectaciones que deja a su paso.

ABSTRACT Latin American governments have given an important boost to the mining sector in their territories, in order to attract foreign investment. The article exposes the findings of a documentary review that sought to identify and to describe territorial implications that, within the framework of a neoliberal model, has brought with it the implementation and strengthening of large-scale mining in Latin America. From the analysis process, information is presented in three categories: main impacts associated with large-scale mining in Latin American territories, emergence of environmental conflicts linked to the activity and the conditions that, within the countries and in relation to the large-scale mining, favor the violation of human rights. It concludes on the relevance of thinking about the large-scale extractive activity in the key of social and environmental justice, putting in the balance the "benefits" that it generates, but also the externalities and affectations that it leaves in its wake.

Functional and self-care capacity of people with multiple sclerosis / Capacidade funcional e de autocuidado de pessoas com esclerose múltipla / Capacidad funcional y de autocuidado de personas con esclerosis múltiple

Objective: describe the self-care and functionality levels of patients with multiple sclerosis and determine whether sociodemographic, clinical and functional variables interfere with self-care and/or functionality. Method: correlational, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach performed with individuals in outpatient follow-up. We collected sociodemographic and clinical data and applied the Appraisal of Self-care Agency Scale, the Barthel index, the Lawtton and Brody Scale, and the instrument to investigate the performance in Advanced Activities of Daily Living. We performed descriptive and inferential analysis. Results: most patients were classified as "having self-care" (82.14%); with moderate dependence (51.19%) for the basic activities of daily living, partial dependence for the instrumental activities of daily living (55.95%), and more active for the advanced activities of daily living (85.71%). Patients with longer disease duration had a higher number of disabilities and, in those with better socioeconomic and educational profile, the functionality was better. Conclusion: disease duration was strongly correlated with a higher number of disabilities and better socioeconomic and educational profiles showed to be protective factors for functionality. Care planning should consider the needs observed by the multidisciplinary team, stimulating the development of self-care, functionality and sociability.

Objetivo: descrever os níveis de autocuidado e funcionalidade dos pacientes com esclerose múltipla e verificar se as variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e funcionais interferem no autocuidado e/ou funcionalidade. Método: estudo correlacional, transversal, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado com indivíduos em seguimento ambulatorial. Coletamos dados sociodemográficos e clínicos e aplicamos a Escala de Avaliação da Competência para o Autocuidado, o Índice de Barthel, a Escala de Lawton e Brody e o instrumento para investigar a realização de Atividades Avançadas da Vida. Realizamos análise descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: a maior parte dos pacientes foi classificada como "Tendo autocuidado" (82,14%); com moderada dependência (51,19%) para as atividades básicas da vida diária, dependência parcial para as instrumentais (55,95%) e mais ativos para as avançadas (85,71%). Os pacientes com a doença há mais tempo apresentaram maior número de incapacidades e, naqueles com melhor perfil socioeconômico e educacional, a funcionalidade encontrava-se melhor. Conclusão: a duração da doença esteve fortemente correlacionada a um maior número de incapacidades e os melhores perfis socioeconômico e educacional mostraram-se fatores protetores para a funcionalidade. O planejamento do cuidado deve levar em consideração as necessidades observadas pela equipe multidisciplinar, estimulando o desenvolvimento do autocuidado, a funcionalidade e sociabilidade.

Objetivo: describir los niveles de autocuidado y funcionalidad de los pacientes con esclerosis múltiple y verificar si las variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y funcionales interfieren en el autocuidado y/o funcionalidad. Método: estudio correlacional, transversal, con enfoque cuantitativo realizado con individuos en seguimiento de un ambulatorio. Se recogieron datos sociodemográficos y clínicos y fueron aplicadas la Escala de Evaluación de la Competencia para el Autocuidado, el Índice de Barthel, la Escala de Lawtton y Brody y el instrumento para investigar la realización de Actividades Avanzadas de la Vida Diaria. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo e inferencial. Resultados: la mayor parte de los pacientes fue clasificada como "Realiza autocuidado" (82,14 %); con moderada dependencia (51,19 %) para las actividades básicas de la vida diaria, dependencia parcial para las instrumentales (55,95 %) y más activos para las avanzadas (85,71 %). Los pacientes con mayor duración de la enfermedad presentaron un mayor número de incapacidades y, en aquellos con mejor perfil socioeconómico y educativo, la funcionalidad se encontraba mejor. Conclusión: la duración de la enfermedad estuvo fuertemente correlacionada con un mayor número de incapacidades y los mejores perfiles socioeconómico y educativo se revelaron factores favorables a la funcionalidad. La planificación del cuidado debe tener en cuenta las necesidades observadas por el equipo multidisciplinario, estimulando el desarrollo del autocuidado, la funcionalidad y la sociabilidad.

Social desire and physical psychological manifestations and their relationship to the performance of artistic gymnastics skills / Desejo social, manifestações físicas e psicológicas e sua relação com o desempenho nas habilidades de ginástica artística

ABSTRACT knowing the desire of female students to belong to the community through the social desirability, and to identify the physical psychological manifestations and this is reflected in the level of performance of artistic gymnastics skills on the four devices, the relationship between the social desire and the physical psychological manifestations and performance of the artistic gymnastics skills. The sample of the research female students of the second stage in the faculty of physical education and sports sciences at the University of Babylon-Iraq. with number (30) for the year 2017-2018, use the approach descriptive in the method interconnections relationship and standard level, and use statistical instruments, Arithmetic mean, Standard deviation, Standard level, chi-square x2, cronbach alpha(α) and Kuder-Richardson for stability the scales, and after the distribution of the two scals on the sample and applying the tests of the skills of the gymnastic, the results showed moderate, high and good values, direct and inverse relationships, the results showed that the social desire and the performance of artistic gymnastics skills in the moderate level, physical psychological manifestations in the higher level, the conclusions there is an direct relationship between social desirability and performance of artistic gymnastics skills, and inverse relationship between the physical psychological manifestations with the skills of ground movements and direct with skills of the other device

RESUMO Conhecer o desejo das alunas de pertencer à comunidade por meio da desejabilidade social, e identificar as manifestações psicológicas físicas se reflete no nível de atuação das habilidades de ginástica artística nos quatro aparelhos. O principal objetivo do estudo foi verificar a relação entre o desejo social e as manifestações psicológicas e físicas no desempenho das habilidades de ginástica artística. A amostra foi constituída por das alunas s da segunda etapa na faculdade de educação física e ciências do esporte da Universidade da Babilônia-Iraque. número (30) para o ano de 2017-2018, utilizam a abordagem descritiva na relação de interconexões do método e nível padrão, e uso de instrumentos estatísticos, média aritmética, desvio padrão, nível padrão, qui-quadrado x2, cronbach alfa (α) e Kuder-Richardson para estabilidade das escalas, e após a distribuição das duas scals na amostra e aplicando os testes das habilidades da ginástica, os resultados mostraram entre moderada, alta e bons valores e relações diretas e inversas. Os resultados mostraram que o desejo social e o desempenho de habilidades de ginástica artística se situaram no nível moderado, o resultado que o manifestações psicológicas físicas no nível superior e uma relação direta entre desejabilidade social e desempenho de habilidades de ginástica artística, ocorreu relação inversa entre as manifestações psicológicas físicas com as habilidades dos movimentos terrestres e direta com habilidades dos outros dispositivo.

Alterações do perfil ocupacional da população em situação de sem-abrigo na cidade de Leiria / Changes in the occupational profile of the homeless population at the city of Leiria

Introdução:O conceito de pessoa em situação de rua, também designado por pessoa em situação de sem-abrigo, representa qualquer indivíduo que esteja destituído de uma habitação e privado dos bens essenciais. Isto acarreta problemas a nível físico, psicossocial e emocional, podendo alterar os hábitos, rotinas e papéis destes indivíduos. Objetivo: Conhecer e descrever as alterações do perfil de saúde, em concreto do perfil ocupacional, da população em situação de sem-abrigo na cidade de Leiria, antes e na atual situação. Métodos: Estudo de caso descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa, com recurso à recolha de dados por entrevista semiestruturada. A análise de conteúdo foi efetuada por meio do software webQDA de apoio à análise de dados qualitativos num ambiente colaborativo e distribuído. Amostra: Quatro indivíduos na situação de sem-abrigo residentes na cidade de Leiria, agregados ao Centro de Acolhimento de Leiria. Resultados/Conclusão: São identificadas alterações de Papéis e Contextos e Ambientes nos indivíduos em situação de sem-abrigo, onde se destacam a perda de papéis sociais e de relações familiares, as condições habitacionais precárias e o recurso continuado a apoios sociais. Sobrepõe-se a destruturação das rotinas o que conduz ao desequilíbrio ocupacional

Introduction: The homeless person concept represents any individual who is deprived of a habitation and essential needs. These facts increase physical, psychosocial and emotional problems and may modify the habits, the routines and the roles of these individuals. Objective: To know and describe the changes in the occupational profile of the homeless population in the city of Leiria, before and in the current situation. Methods: Descriptive case study, with a qualitative approach, using data collection by semi-structured interview. Content analysis was performed using webQDA software to support qualitative data analysis in a collaborative and distributed environment.Sample: Four homeless people, residents in the city of Leiria, added to the Centro de Acolhimento de Leiria. Results/Conclusion: Changes in Roles and Contexts/Environments are identified in homeless individuals, in which the loss of social roles and family relationships, poor housing conditions and continued use of social support are highlighted. It overlaps the

Felicidade e atividades prazerosas de idosos: um estudo comparativo / Happiness and pleasurable activities in the elderly: a comparative study

Introdução: O Bem-Estar Subjetivo (BES) é um constructo por meio do qual a ciência avalia a Felicidade das pessoas. Melhores estados de BES são associados à melhor saúde e longevidade. Contudo, não há um consenso sobre as relações entre a Hemodiálise (HD) e BES de idosos que fazem o tratamento. Objetivo: O principal objetivo foi analisar as associações do BES com: as características sociodemográficas e clínicas; o número de doenças e autoavaliação do estado de saúde; a realização de atividades e a agradabilidade percebida sobre as mesmas; e o uso do tempo entre os idosos em HD e aqueles que residem na comunidade e não realizam o tratamento. Materiais e método: Trata-se de um estudo observacional, quantitativo e comparativo com delineamento transversal, realizado em três etapas: a) aferição psicométrica dos instrumentos; b) estudo comparativo entre grupos (HD e Comunidade) quanto às variáveis de interesse; e c) estudo da associação entre a Felicidade, medida por meio da satisfação com a vida, afetos positivos e negativos, com variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas, atividades prazerosas e uso do tempo. A amostra populacional consistiu em idosos em HD no Serviço de Nefrologia de São Carlos-SP e pareada por gênero e idade de idosos da comunidade cadastrados no Programa HIPERDIA e voluntários do mesmo município. Para as entrevistas, foram utilizados os instrumentos: a) Questionário Sociodemográfico e Clínico; b) Mini Exame do Estado Mental; c) Escala de Depressão em Geriatria - versão reduzida; d) Escala de Satisfação com a Vida; e) Escala de Afetos Positivos e Negativos; e) Older Person's Pleasant Events Schedule - BR; e f) Relógio de Atividades. Dados clínicos foram coletados dos prontuários médicos. Foram realizadas Análises Fatoriais Confirmatórias dos instrumentos. Para comparação entre grupos, foram usados testes t de Student e Análises de Variância - ANOVAS e, para associação entre as variáveis, foi calculado Coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa conforme Ofício nº 074/2016. Resultados: Os instrumentos apresentaram propriedades psicométricas adequadas para uso. Participaram 42 idosos no grupo HD e 84 no grupo comunidade, a maioria homens (64,3%) com idade entre 60 e 81 anos. Os idosos do grupo HD eram menos escolarizados (p = 0,016) e os da comunidade apresentavam mais doenças (p = 0,024). A realização de HD não teve efeito sobre a satisfação com a vida [F (1,122) = 0,392, p = ,533, η²p = ,003 π = ,095], os afetos positivos [F (1,122) = 1,941, p = ,166, η²p = ,016 π = ,282] e afetos negativos [F (1,122) = 0,470, p = ,494, η²p = ,004 π= ,104), bem como nos sintomas depressivos [F (1,122) = 0,546, p = ,461, η²p = ,004 π= ,114]. A realização de HD reduz o tempo do idoso com a família, nas atividades de lazer e na realização diária das Atividades de Vida, independente do nível escolar e do número de doenças. Observou-se que o BES está associado positivamente à melhor autoavaliação do estado de saúde, à realização de atividades prazerosas de socialização, às atividades relaxantes e às de competência (satisfação com a vida, afetos positivos e negativos com p < 0,001 em todas as associações). Tais atividades quando percebidas como agradáveis contribuem com o BES. Mais horas destinadas às atividades de socialização, em dias da semana, associaram-se positivamente ao BES (satisfação com a vida, afetos positivos e negativos p < 0,001). Em contrapartida, os sintomas depressivos (satisfação com a vida, afetos positivos e negativos p < 0,001) e o tempo sozinho aos domingos (satisfação com a vida p < 0,05 e afetos positivos p < 0,001) apresentaram associação negativa em relação ao BES. Conclusão: A Felicidade dos idosos não esteve associada à realização de HD, ou seja, os idosos em tratamento não são menos felizes comparados aos que não fazem o tratamento. O BES dos idosos esteve associado positivamente com a melhor autoavaliação do estado de saúde, atividades de socialização, relaxantes e de competência, enquanto os sintomas depressivos e o tempo sozinho associaram-se negativamente ao constructo. O grupo de idosos em HD foi mais sensível à realização de atividades com melhora no BES.

Introduction: Subjective Well-Being (SWB) is a construct through which science evaluates people's happiness. Better states of SWB are associated with better health and longevity. However, there is no consensus on the relationship between haemodialysis (HD) and SWB in the elderly who undergo the treatment. Objective: The main objective was to analyse the associations of SWB with: sociodemographic and clinical characteristics; number of diseases and self-rated health; activities performances and their perceived appreciation; and the use of time among the elderly in HD and those who community-dwelling and do not perform the treatment. Materials and method: This is an observational study, quantitative and comparative using a cross-sectional design, performed in three steps: first, psychometric assessment of instruments; second, comparative study between groups (HD and Community) regarding the variables of interest; and the study of the association between happiness, evaluated by satisfaction with life, positive and negative affect, with sociodemographic and clinical variables, pleasurable activities and time use. The population sample consisted of elderly people in HD treatment at the Nefrological Service of São Carlos-SP and matched by gender and age of the community's elderly enrolled in the public health program for systemic arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and volunteers from the same city. The following instruments were used in the interviews: a) Sociodemographic and Clinical Questionnaire; b) Mini Mental State Examination; c) Geriatric Depression Scale - brief version; d) Scale of Satisfaction with Life; e) Positive and Negative Affect Scale; e) Older Person's Pleasant Events Schedule - BR; and f) Activity Clock. Clinical data were collected from the medical records. Confirmatory Factorial Analysis of the instruments were performed. For comparison between groups, Student t-tests and Analysis of Variance - ANOVAS were used and, for association between variables, Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated. The level of significance was 5%. The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee according to Official Letter 074/2016. Results: The instruments presented adequate psychometric properties for use. Participated in the study 42 elderly in the HD group and 84 in the Community group, predominantly men (64.3%) aged between 60 and 81 years. The elderly in the HD group were less educated (p = 0.016) and those in the Community had more diseases (p = 0.024). The HD treatment had no effect on life satisfaction [F (1,122) = 0.392, p = ,533, η²p = ,003 π = ,095], positive affect [F (1,122) = 1.941, p = ,166, η²p = ,016 π = ,282] and negative affect [F (1,122) = 0.470, p = ,494, η²p = ,004 π= ,104), as well as on depressive symptoms [F (1,122) = 0.546, p = ,461, η²p = ,004 π = ,114]. HD sessions reduce the time of the elderly with the family, in leisure activities and in the daily life activities, regardless of educational level and number of diseases. It was observed that SWB is positively associated with a better self-rated health, pleasurable activities of socialization, relaxing and those of being effective (satisfaction with life, positive and negative affect with p < 0.001 in all associations). Such activities when perceived as pleasant contribute to SWB. More hours for socialization activities, on weekdays, were positively associated with SWB (satisfaction with life, positive and negative affect p < 0.001). On the other hand, depressive symptoms (life satisfaction, positive and negative affect p < 0.001) and time alone on Sundays (life satisfaction p < 0.05 and positive affect p < 0.001) had a negative association with SWB. Conclusion: Happiness of the elderly was not associated with HD, in other words, the elderly in treatment are not less happy compared to those who do not. The elderly SWB was positively associated with the better self-rated health, socialization, relaxing and being effective activities, while depressive symptoms and time alone were negatively associated with the construct. The elderly in HD were more sensitive to the performance of activities with improvement in BES.

Nível de atividade física de usuários da atenção primária: comparação entre indivíduos saudáveis e pós acidente vascular cerebral / Physical activity levels of a primary health care users: comparisons between healthy subjects and subjects with stroke

Indivíduos acometidos pelo Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) comumente apresentam um baixo nível de atividade física (AF), o que é fator de risco para recorrência do AVC, surgimento de outras doenças cardiovasculares e aumento das incapacidades. A manutenção de um bom nível de AF associa-se a uma melhora funcional e da saúde desses indivíduos. Objetivo: Comparar o nível de AF de indivíduos saudáveis e indivíduos pós-AVC usuários da atenção primária do SUS. Método: Todos os indivíduos pós-AVC (G1; n=37) usuários de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS) da cidade de Belo Horizonte, MG com condições clínicas para responder a um questionário, e indivíduos saudáveis pareados (G2; n=37), também usuários da UBS, foram avaliados quanto ao nível de AF pelo questionário Perfil de Atividade Humana (PAH). Estatísticas descritivas, teste-t de student, teste qui-quadrado e teste de Mann-Whitney foram utilizados para as análises (α=0,05). Resultados: Os grupos foram semelhantes quanto à idade, sexo e nível de exercício físico (p>0,05). Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos para todas as variáveis do PAH (0,001≤p≤0,011). Conclusão: Indivíduos pós-AVC apresentaram piores pontuações ou classificações quando comparados a indivíduos saudáveis pareados para todos os desfechos do PAH relacionados ao nível de atividade física

Subjects with stroke have a low physical activity level which may lead to recurrence of stroke events, occurrence of other cardiovascular diseases and increase of disabilities. The maintenance of an adequate physical activity level is associated with improvements on functionality and health of these subjects. Objective: To compare the physical activity levels of subjects with stroke and matched healthy subjects from a Primary Health Care unit. Method: Subjects with stroke (G1; n = 37) from a Primary Health Care unit, with clinical conditions to answer a questionnaire, and healthy matched subjects (G2; n = 37), from the same unit, were assessed for physical activity level by the Human Activity Profile (HAP) questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, t-test student, chi-square test and Mann-Whitney test were used for analysis (α = 0.05). Results: The groups were similar in age, sex and exercise level (p>0.05). There was a significant difference between groups on HAP (0.001≤p≤0.011). Conclusion: Individuals with stroke are worse classified and have worse scores on physical activities levels of the HAP, when compared to matched healthy individuals