A Review on the Antibiotic Resistance of Shigella Strains in Iran.

Shigella infection is commonly related to diarrhea and has been a noteworthy source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. There is a wide range of symptoms associated with these contagious microorganisms, from watery diarrhea to fulminant dysentery manifesting with recurrent bloody stools, fever, and prostration. While the mortality rate from Shigellosis has decreased significantly during the past three decades, it remains a principal cause of death in the world. The use of antibiotics in Shigella treatment remarkably lowers the mortality rates and even the prevalence of the infection. However, strains are becoming increasingly resistant, while antibiotics are becoming increasingly ineffective. Shigella species, which were previously susceptible to common antibiotics such as nalidixic acid, co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin, have become resistant to cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and macrolides like azithromycin. These strains have caused many Shigellosis outbreaks. Men who have had sex with men (MSM) and travelers have contributed to the spreading of multiresistant Shigella strains across continents, which has prompted new antibiotic recommendations. People should be informed about the threat of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, so a periodic report of antibiotic susceptibility after analysis is essential for antibiotic treatment guidance. The present study provides a brief overview of the pathogenicity of Shigella spp., and the antibiotic resistance patterns of two common Shigella species during the last seven years in Iran were evaluated.

Being human as praxis: for people with learning disabilities.

The paper posits that being human as praxis-in relation to the lives of People with Learning Disabilities-offers a significant and original insight into critical and social theory across the social sciences and humanities. Drawing on postcolonial and critical disability theory I suggest that being human as praxis of People with Learning Disabilities is sophisticated and generative but is always enacted in a deeply disablist and ableist world. I explore being human as praxis in (i) a culture of disposability; (ii) the midst of absolute otherness and (iii) the confines of a neoliberal-ableist society. For each theme I start with a provocation, follow up with an exploration and end with a celebration (with the latter referencing the activism of people with learning disabilities). I conclude with some thoughts on simultaneously decolonising and depathologising knowledge production, the importance of recognition and writing for rather than with People with Learning Disabilities.

O percurso categorial da natureza e da história: pertinência para os estudos sobre o ser social e sua corporeidade no âmbito da Educação Física / The categorical path of nature and history: relevance for studies on the social being and its corporeality in the scope of Physical Education / El camino categórico de la naturaleza y la historia: relevancia para los estudios sobre el ser social y su corporeidad en el ámbito de la Educación Física

O presente trabalho acompanha o desenvolvimento das categorias natureza e história no pensamento filosófico-social ocidental até o século XVIII. O estudo centrado nestas categorias as entendem como importantes pressupostos para uma ontologia do ser social marxiana-lukasciana. Também entende como necessária a revisão da elaboração destes fundamentos para se compreender o corpo e a corporeidade humana constituídos no complexo relacional destas categorias. Conclui-se que a antinomia entre o natural e histórico-social neste período não possui resoluções concretas e satisfatórias para o entendimento do complexo, mas é possível observar a tentativa de cisão e superação da natureza pelo espírito racional.

This present paper follows the development of the nature and history categories in Western social-philosophical thought until the 18th century. The study focused on these categories, understanding them as important assumptions for a Marxian-Lukascian ontology of social being. It is also understood as necessary to review the elaboration of these foundations in order to understand the human body and corporeality constituted in the relational complex of these categories. It is concluded that the antinomy between the natural and the historical-social in this period does not have concrete and satisfactory resolutions for the understanding of the complex, but it is possible to observe the attempt to split and overcome nature by the rational spirit.

Este ensayo sigue el desarrollo de las categorías naturaleza e historia en el pensamiento socio-filosófico occidental hasta el siglo XVIII. El estudio centrado en estas categorías, las entiende como presupuestos importantes para una ontología del ser social presente en la obra de Marx, Engels y Lukács. Entiende también como necesaria, la revisión de la elaboración de estos fundamentos para comprender el cuerpo y la corporeidad humana constituida en el complejo relacional de estas categorías. Se concluye que la antinomia entre lo natural y lo histórico-social en este período no tiene resoluciones concretas y satisfactorias para la comprensión del complejo, pero es posible observar el intento de escisión y superación de la naturaleza por parte del espíritu racional.

Determination of six arsenic species in human urine by HPLC-ICP-MS / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo establish an High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry （HPLC-ICP-MS） method for determination of six arsenic species in human urine，including arseniccholine （AsC）， arsenobetaine （AsB）， arsenite （As3+）， dimethylarsinic acid （DMA5+）， monomethylarsonic acid （MMA5+）， and arsenate （As5+）. MethodsThe pH value of mobile phase and the content of anhydrous ethanol were optimized. Ammonium carbonate （50 mmol·L-1， containing 2% anhydrous ethanol， pH-8.5） mobile phase was selected. Cl- interference was eliminated by He mode. The arsenic species in 10-fold diluted human urine samples were separated by an Hamilton PRP X-100 anionic column. A method for the determination of six arsenic species was established. ResultsSix arsenic species could be separated in 13 minutes. The linear correlation coefficients were above 0.999. The limits of detection were 0.10‒0.20 μg·L-1， and the limits of quantification were 0.30‒0.50 μg·L-1. Precision experiments showed that RSD ranged from 5.96% to 9.07% when adding concentration 0.20 μg·L-1； from 2.48% to 6.38% when adding concentration 2.00 μg·L-1； and from 1.41% to 2.57% when adding concentration 5.00 μg·L-1. Accuracy test showed that the recoveries were 80%‒125%. ConclusionThe established HPLC-ICP-MS method for determination of six arsenic species in human urine is rapid， accurate and sensitive. It can be applied to the determination of arsenic species in human urine.

Concepção de ser humano na Clínica Ampliada: uma proposta de orientação analítico-existencial / Expanded Clinic conception of human being: an existential-analytical approach / Concepción del ser humano en la Clínica Ampliada: una proposición analítico-existencial

A Clínica Ampliada é uma das diretrizes que a Política Nacional de Huma-nização propõe, a fim de qualificar o modo de se fazer saúde pública. Está fundamentada em ideias que remetem à revisão do entendimento tradicional da saúde, o qual privilegia doença, sintoma e cura, objetivismo positivista e intervenção prioritariamente orgânica. Como alternativa, a Clínica Ampliada propõe a valorização do humano em seu contexto e em sua história de vida. O artigo desenvolve o pensamento de que a essa ampliação da clínica subjaz uma concepção de ser humano, uma vez que a caracterização de qualquer fenômeno humano implica um entendimento a respeito de como é o humano. Argumenta-se que a concepção analítico-existencial de ser humano, elabo-rada pelo filósofo Martin Heidegger, é compatível com a visão de ser humano implícita na abordagem da Clínica Ampliada à saúde, uma vez que também amplia a visão tradicional de ser humano, ao descrevê-lo como ser-no-mundo.

The Expanded Clinic is one of the National Humanization Policy's guidelines, which aims to improve the public healthcare. It is based on ideas that rethink traditional healthcare which is characterized by emphasis on diseases, symp-toms and cure, positivistic objectivity and primarily organic intervention. Alternatively, The Expanded Clinic approach highlights the priority of valuing the human in its context and in its life history. The article unfolds arguing that rethinking traditional healthcare practices implies an underlying conception of human being, since the definition of any human phenomenon is related to an understanding of what it is to be human. It is stated that Martin Heidegger's existential-analytical conception of human being is in line with the implicit vision of human being of the Expanded Clinic's approach, in so far as it broa-dens the long-established conception of the human being by describing it as being-in-the-world.

La Clínica Ampliada es uno de los lineamientos que propone la Política Nacional de Humanización, para calificar la forma de hacer salud pública; se basa en ideas que se refieren a la revisión de la comprensión tradicional de la salud, que privilegia la enfermedad, el síntoma y la cura, el objetivismo positivista y la intervención principalmente orgánica. Como alternativa, la Clínica Ampliada propone valorar al humano en su contexto y en su historia de vida. El artículo desarrolla el pensamiento de que a esta revisión subyace una concepción del ser humano, una vez que la caracterización de cualquier fenómeno humano implica un entendimiento de cómo es el ser humano. Se propone que la concepción analítico-existencial del ser humano, elaborada por el filósofo Martín Heidegger, es compatible con la visión del ser humano implícita en la abordaje de la Clínica Ampliada, ya que también expande la visión tradicional del ser humano, al describirlo como un ser-en-el-mundo.

Sociohumanistic Knowledge and the Future of Science.

The author's understanding of the role of the social sciences and humanities in preserving and developing science as a sociocultural phenomenon is substantiated. This justification is built as an explication and critical analysis of the program of philosophical research in science and technology, the main content and results of which are presented in the monograph by I.T. Kasavin Science As a Humanistic Project (2020). This article describes how the search for new strategies for the study of science is carried out within the framework of Russian philosophy. The historicity of science is analyzed, and the complex topology of its genesis is shown, which does not fit into the linear scheme of historical continuity, reflecting the synchronous coexistence of different variations of science as a cultural phenomenon. The historicity of science makes us turn to the question of its cultural and historical agency; it is substantiated that this agency acquires a political character in the current activity. How can the political agency of science be perceived and consistently combined with the ethos of the expert community? According to the author, political agency and the range of interests that scientists defend in public are determined by understanding the essence of science as a cultural phenomenon. The existential and cultural-creative functions of science are emphasized; on this basis the author's interpretation of the humanistic project suggested by Kasavin is proposed as a program for the humanization of technoscience.

La regla de los 14 días a debate: un análisis crítico desde la bioética / La regla dels 14 dies a debat: una anàlisi crítica des de la bioètica / The 14-day rule under debate: A critical analysis from Bioethics

The aim of this article is to critically analyze the arguments used in defense of the 14-day rule, which refers to research and experimentation with human embryos. This rule was first proposed more than forty years ago, and many countries have adopted it and included it in their respective legislation. However, after four decades, science today demands an international debate in which the limit imposed by the rule is urgently reviewed, which makes it impossible for scientists to be able to investigate with embryos created in the laboratory beyond the 14 days limit. To this end, we will examine two fundamental texts in which the rule originated, analyzing from bioethics whether the arguments contained in them are coherent and whether they can currently be sustained. In addition, we will consider to the reasons offered by science for its extension, bearing in mind that any change in the rule must alwayscorrespond to the values present in society at the time.(AU)

El objetivo que perseguimos con el presente artículo es analizar críticamente los argumentos utilizados en defensa de la regla de los 14 días, referida ésta a la investigación y experimentación con embriones humanos. Dicha regla fue propuesta por primera vez hace ya más de cuarenta años, siendo muchos los países que se acogieron a ella incluyéndola en sus respectivas legislaciones. No obstante, después de cuatro décadas, la ciencia exige hoy un debate internacional en el que sea revisado con urgencia el límite que la norma impone, la cual imposibilita a los científicos poder investigar con embriones creados en el laboratorio más allá de la frontera de los 14 días. Para ello, repararemos en dos textos fundamentales en los que la regla tuvo su origen, analizando desde la bioética si los argumentos contenidos en ellos son coherentes y si pueden actualmente sostenerse. Además, atenderemos a las razones ofrecidas desde la ciencia para llevar a cabo su ampliación, teniendo en cuenta que cualquier cambio en la norma deberá tener siempre su correspondencia con los valores presentes en la sociedad del momento.(AU)

L'objectiu que perseguim amb el present article és analitzar críticament els arguments utilitzats en defensa de la regla dels 14 dies, referida aquesta a la recerca i experimentació amb embrions humans. Aquesta regla va ser proposada per primera vegada fa ja més de quaranta anys, sent molts els països que es van acollir a ella incloent-la en les seves respectives legislacions. No obstant això, després de quatre dècades, la ciència exigeix avui un debat internacional en el qual sigui revisat amb urgència el límit que la norma imposa, la qual impossibilita als científics poder investigar amb embrions creats en el laboratori més enllà de la frontera dels 14 dies. Per a això, repararem en dos textos fonamentals en els quals la regla va tenir el seu origen, analitzant des de la bioètica si els arguments continguts en ells són coherents i si poden actualment sostenir-se. A més, atendrem les raons ofertes des de la ciència per a dur a terme la seva ampliació, tenint en compte que qualsevol canvi en la norma haurà de tenir sempre la seva correspondència amb els valors presents en la societat del moment.(AU)

The Principle of the Primacy of the Human Subject and Minimal Risk in Non-Beneficial Paediatric Research.

Non-beneficial paediatric research is vital to improving paediatric healthcare. Nevertheless, it is also ethically controversial. By definition, subjects of such studies are unable to give consent and they are exposed to risks only for the benefit of others, without obtaining any clinical benefits which could compensate those risks. This raises ethical concern that children participating in non-beneficial research are treated instrumentally; that they are reduced to mere instruments for the benefit of science and society. But this would make the research incompatible with the widely endorsed principle of the primacy of the human subject (henceforth PP), which stipulates that the interests of the participating individual should prevail over the interests of science and society. This paper deals with this conflict. It analyses solutions to this problem developed in the literature, and shows that they are unsuccessful. Finally, it offers a new idea of how to reconcile the conduct of non-beneficial paediatric research with the PP. The paper argues for a new formula of the PP, and shows that it implies a specific non-comparative definition of the minimal risk threshold.

Relics and Historical Uses of Human Zootherapeutic Products in Contemporary Spanish Ethnoveterinary Medicine.

(1) Background: this review documents the wide repertoire of practices and remedies based on the use of human-derived products in Spanish ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM) from the early 20th century to the present. These practices are compared with historical data and those of other countries; (2) Methods: a search using advanced functions in the most important databases in the fields of ethnobiology, EVM, folklore, and ethnography was performed. Information was obtained from 29 documentary sources; (3) Results: from the search of the literature, 46 use-reports related to the veterinary use of human urine, menstrual fluid, saliva, breast milk, and faeces were recorded. These zootherapeutic resources are/were used to treat 20 animal diseases, in particular dermatological ailments. In addition, many practices of the magical-religious type are documented; (4) Conclusions: the veterinary uses described and analysed here are fundamental to the development of therapeutic tools and creating teaching and learning processes in new popular veterinary practices adapted to the users and those who demand them. The information collected could form a scientific foundation for future inventories of local veterinary knowledge (LVK) and research addressing the discovery of new drugs for livestock. This work contributes to the inventory of some uses, traditional practices, and rituals seriously threatened by the progressive loss of LVK in Europe.

Taking the principle of the primacy of the human being seriously.

This paper targets an orphan topic in research ethics, namely the so called principle of the primacy of the human being, which states that the interests of the human subject should always take precedence over the interests of science and society. Although the principle occupies the central position in the majority of international ethical and legal standards for biomedical research, it has been commented in the literature mainly in passing. With a few notable exceptions, there is little in-depth discussion about the meaning and role of the principle. Several authors note that the principle is vogue, ambiguous and apparently conflicting with the accepted practice of conducting non-beneficial research on individuals unable to give consent. There are opinions that it is just "a vacuous figure of speech" and should be abandoned. This paper argues that the primacy principle is far from being "a vacuous figure of speech", rather it should be seen as a threefold concept: a fundamental interpretative rule, a procedural rule, and a substantive rule aimed at protecting research subjects from instrumental treatment and unacceptable risks. This interpretation tracks back to the principle regulatory and normative origins in the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975, but also acknowledges changes in research ethics and practice, which took place at the turn on the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Thus, the proposed reading of the principle is not only original, but also historically grounded and normatively fruitful. It provides a fresh and ethically rich perspective on extensively debated, but still controversial problem of an upper limit of permissible risks in non-beneficial studies.

Natureza e história na filosofia idealista de Hegel: indícios ontológicos para a compreensão do ser e da corporeidade humana / Naturaleza e historia en la filosofía idealista de Hegel: indicios ontológicos para la comprensión del ser y de la corporeidad humana / Nature and history in Hegel's idealist philosophy: ontological clues for understanding the being and corporeality

Resumo A presente revisão de literatura visa apresentar o desenvolvimento das categorias natureza e história na obra hegeliana. Entende-se que neste filósofo encontram-se indícios mais sólidos, ainda que abstratos, de um percurso para uma ontologia do ser social. Tal percurso permite observar o trato lógico-conceitual destas categorias, assim como torna possível a compreensão inicial sobre o corpo - tema tão presente no debate da Educação Física - no interior deste processo. Conclui-se que tal desenvolvimento apresenta uma operação lógico-dialética acerca destas categorias e sobre a própria noção sobre o corpo. Porém, ainda apresenta limites quanto ao trato excessivamente abstrato ao apostar no espírito e na lógica para tratar destas e de outras categorias.

Resumen La presente revisión de literatura tiene como objetivo presentar el desarrollo de las categorías naturaleza e historia en la obra hegeliana. Se entiende que en los escritos de este filósofo se encuentran indicios más sólidos, aunque abstractos, de un recorrido hacia una ontología del ser social. Tal recorrido permite observar el tratamiento lógico-conceptual de estas categorías y hace posible la comprensión inicial sobre el cuerpo -tema tan presente en los debates de la Educación Física- en el interior de este proceso. Se concluye que tal desarrollo presenta una operación lógico-dialéctica acerca de estas categorías y sobre la propia noción sobre el cuerpo. Sin embargo, aún presenta límites en cuanto al enfoque excesivamente abstracto al apostar por el espíritu y la lógica para abordar estas y otras categorías.

Abstract This literature review presents the development of nature and history as categories in Hegel's work. More solid - albeit abstract - indications are found in his work of a path towards an ontology of social being. Such a path enables us to observe the logical-conceptual treatment of these categories and to achieve an initial comprehension about the body - a major topic in the Physical Education debate - within this process. We conclude that such development presents a logical-dialectical operation about these categories and about the notion of the body itself. However, it is still limited in its excessively abstract treatment, by focusing on spirit and logic to address these and other categories.

Being human: Why and in what sense it is morally relevant.

The debate on the question of the moral status of human beings and the boundaries of the moral community has long been dominated by the antagonism between personism and speciesism: either certain mental properties or membership of the human species is considered morally crucial. In this article, I argue that both schools of thought are equally implausible in major respects, and that these shortcomings arise from the same reason in both cases: a biological notion of being human. By contrast, I show to what extent being human is morally relevant in a non-biological sense. I establish the living human form as the essential criterion for belonging to the moral community, and defend it against a number of possible objections. This new morphological approach is capable of capturing essential elements of personism and speciesism without sharing their faults, and of reconstructing widespread moral intuitions.

Psicologia, saúde e concepção de homem: um estudo de orientação heideggeriana / Psychology, health and conception of man: a heideggerian study

É corrente em publicações de psicologia sobre saúde a rejeição ao modelo biomédico e a compreensão de que seus fundamentos estão no pensamento cartesiano. Como contraponto, os trabalhos de psicologia enfatizam a visão biopsicossocial, os aspectos contextuais e o papel do comportamento e do estilo de vida no processo saúde-doença. Subjacente a este debate, há uma concepção de ser humano, a partir da qual os trabalhos de psicologia estudam o fenômeno da saúde. A proposta deste artigo é desenvolver a ideia de que a concepção de ser humano, implícita, em trabalhos de psicologia sobre saúde é compatível com o entendimento do modo de ser humano apresentado pelo filósofo alemão Martin Heidegger, em sua obra Ser e Tempo. Para isso, faz-se uma aproximação entre argumentos presentes em publicações de psicologia acerca da saúde e o entendimento heideggeriano do modo de ser humano como ser-no-mundo

Psychology publications about health tend to reject the biomedical model and point out its Cartesian origins. As a counterpoint psychologists emphasize the biopsychosocial view, the contextual aspects and the role of behavior and lifestyle in the health-disease process. Underlying this debate there is a conception of human being from which psychology publications approach the phenomenon of health. The purpose of the article is to present the idea that German philosopher Martin Heidegger's conception of human being is harmonious with psychologists' implicit conception of man displayed in publications on health. For this, psychological points of view related to health will be discussed considering their relationship to Heidegger's understanding of the human mode of being as being-in-the-world

Ecología y educación: ¿apología del mercado? / Ecology and Education: Are They an Apology of the Market?

Resumen El proyecto de la naturaleza y el proyecto del conocimiento han sido intervenidos por la razón como instrumento de la acumulación de la riqueza y el poder. La hermana naturaleza, a la cual pertenecemos, ha sido convertida en recursos extraíbles y utilizables, no como bienes de uso para un mejor vivir, sino como valor de cambio al servicio de la acumulación del capital, de allí su deterioro (y el nuestro). Ahora bien, si es la razón de la producción para el mercado, la que condujo al deterioro ambiental y a la fragmentación del saber y a la valoración ciega de lo instrumental como conocimiento prevalente, bien vale hacer un alto en el camino y, en las casas del saber, volver a pensar en libertad dos puntos nodales: el equilibrio de la naturaleza y el desarrollo del saber para la emancipación.

Abstract The project of nature and the project of knowledge have been intervened for reason as an instrument of the accumulation of wealth and power. Sister nature, to which we belong, has been converted into removable and usable resources, not as goods of use for a better living, but as a value of exchange at the service of the accumulation of capital. Hence, its deterioration (and ours). However, if it is the reason for the production for the market, which led to environmental deterioration and fragmentation of knowledge, and the blind assessment of the instrumental as prevalent knowledge, it is good to make a stop on the way. In addition, in the houses of knowledge, to rethink two nodal points in freedom: the balance of nature and the development of knowledge for emancipation.

Mandibular torus variation of Chinese ancient population / 解剖学报

Objective To present the performance of mandibular torus of Chinese in the Holocene, to analyze the age variation and the intercrowd variation of the mandibular torus and to explore related reasons. Methods Image comparison and combination description of the mandibular torus with seeds of the specified size, such as peanuts, soybeans, pumpkin seeds, etc,and compare them in different eras,genders,and locations. Results The result showed that the male's mandibular torus was distinctively stronger than that of the female. It was larger in the Neolithic Age than in the Bronze and Iron Age and the size decreased further as human beings moved into the modern era. Iri comparison of mandibular torus in different locations, Jiangjialiang was the largest, Xinjiang was the second, and Tuchengzi and Lamadong were the smallest. Conclusion During the Holocene period, the degree of bulging of the mandibular torus is reduced from time to time, and the difference in the performance of the mandibular torus may be closely related to the difference in mastication pressure caused by food differences.

[Neurogenesis in the adult human brain: morphological aspects]. / Morfologicheskie aspekty neirogeneza v golovnom mozge vzroslogo cheloveka.

The high prevalence of diseases leading to brain injury disability makes it extremely relevant to study the various mechanisms of neurorehabilitation, among which neurogenesis has recently received a great attention. Over the past 20 years, there has been ample evidence for neurogenesis in the adult animal brain. Despite the fact that the prenatal development of the human brain has been thoroughly studied, the number of works on the process by which new neurons form in the adult human brain is not so large. This review devoted to the investigations of neurogenesis in the adult human brain includes data on changes in neurogenesis with age in neurodegenerative diseases, strokes, epilepsy, various addictions, traumatic injuries, and natural and drug regulation. The conclusion lists the issues on which there is an agreement or conflicting views in the literature and indicates the unanswered aspects of the problem.

A Novel Method for Breath Detection via Stepped-Frequency Continuous Wave Ultra-Wideband (SFCW UWB) Radars Based on Operational Bandwidth Segmentation.

Human being detection via ultra-wideband (UWB) radars has shown great prospects in many areas, such as biomedicine, military operation, public security, emergency rescue, and so on. When a person stays stationary, the main feature that separates him/her from surroundings is the movement of chest wall due to breath. There have been many algorithms developed for breath detection while using UWB radars. However, those algorithms were almost based on a basic scheme that focused on processing in the time dimension of UWB data. They did not utilize the benefits from the wide operational bandwidth of UWB radars to show potential superiority over those narrowband systems such as a continuous wave (CW) Doppler radar. In this paper, a breath detection method was proposed based on operational bandwidth segmentation. A basic theoretical model was firstly introduced, indicating that characteristics of breath signals contained in UWB echoes were consistent among the operational frequencies, while those of clutters were not. So, the method divided a set of UWB echo data into a number of subsets, each of which corresponded to a sub-band within the operational bandwidth of the UWB radar. Thus information about the operational frequency is provided for subsequent processing. With the aid of the information, a breath enhancement algorithm was developed mainly by averaging the segmented UWB data along the operational frequency. The algorithm's performance was verified by data measured by a stepped-frequency CW (SFCW) UWB radar. The experimental results showed that the algorithm performed better than that without the segmentation. They also showed its feasibility for fast detection of breath based on a short duration of data. Moreover, the method's potential for target identification and impulse-radio (IR) UWB radar was investigated. In summary, the method provides a new processing scheme for UWB radars when they are used for breath detection. With this scheme, the UWB radars have a benefit of greater flexibility in data processing over those narrowband radars, and thus will perform more effectively and efficiently in practical applications.

Spatial organization of the excretory ducts and sections of microcirculatory blood flow of the labial salivary glands in older adults.

OBJECTIVE: Introduction: Salivary glands have a significant impact on the state of the homeostasis of the human body, oral cavity in particular, sensitively responding to pathological processes. The reactivity of the salivary glands in response to pathological processes that are organically linked to morphology and functions of the organ's structures, and particularly the excretory ducts of the glands and their microcirculatory blood flow, is one of the problems which have not been solved to date. The aim of the paper was to elucidate the features of the stereomicroscopic structure of the excretory ducts and sectors of the microcirculatory blood flow in labial glands of older adults. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: The object of the study was the labial mucosa of the older adults, which was cut into 3х3 mm pieces and fixed in the buffered 4% glutaraldehyde solution with subsequent 2-hour fixation in osmium. Once the pieces were washed and dehydrated they were embedded into the Epon-812. The series of the semi-thin sections, made from the obtained epoxy blocks, were stained in phosphate buffered 0,1% toluidine blue solution. The serial semi-thin sections were subjected to histological and cytological studies and multilayered plastic reconstruction. RESULTS: Results and conclusions: The series of histological epoxy semi-thin sections, as well as graphic and plastic reconstruction of the sectors of microcirculatory blood flow and excretory ducts of the human labial glands have demonstrated a range of morphological facts that can be used to clarify the intertissue stereological relationships. They also determined the syntopic proximity of the capacitive sectors of microcirculatory blood flow to the excretory ducts of the gland. Such pattern is especially notable in the collecting venules and intralobular ducts. It has been shown that the biggest venule is the collecting venous vessel. Anastomoses between the intralobular arterioles and collecting venules have been found in the microcirculatory blood flow of the labial glands.

We Are Human Beings.

In this paper, I examine Jeff McMahan's arguments for his claim that we are not human organisms, and the arguments of Derek Parfit to the same effect in a recent paper. McMahan uses these arguments to derive conclusions concerning the moral status of embryos and permanent vegetative state (PVS) patients. My claim will be that neither thinker has successfully shown that we are not human beings, and therefore these arguments do not establish the ethical conclusions that McMahan has sought to draw from the arguments in respect of the moral status of embryos and PVS patients.