Post molar choriocarcinoma with solitary renal metastasis in the absence of primary uterine tumor: a case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Choriocarcinoma is a rare and highly malignant form of gestational trophoblastic disease that may develop following pregnancy, abortion, or a hydatiform mole. Renal metastatic involvement by post molar choriocarcinoma is even rarer. In this case report, we describe a unique case of post molar choriocarcinoma with a solitary renal metastasis in the absence of a primary uterine tumor and metastases in other sites, which presented with urological symptoms and spontaneous renal hemorrhage. CASE PRESENTATION: A 41-year-old Persian woman with history of complete hydatiform mole presented with severe flank pain, nausea, vomiting, gross hematuria, and vaginal bleeding. Laboratory tests demonstrated a serum beta human chorionic gonadotropin hormone level of 60,000 mIU/mL. Imaging studies showed a lesion at the lower pole of the left kidney with active bleeding surrounded by hematoma, as well as an empty uterine cavity. Additionally, bilateral pleural effusion was detected without any lesion within the lungs. Subsequently, the patient underwent laparotomy, partial nephrectomy, and left para-ovarian cystectomy. Endometrial curettage was also carried out. The histopathology report revealed choriocarcinoma renal metastasis with high expression of beta human chorionic gonadotropin, cytokeratin 7, and Ki 67. Moreover, there were no malignant cells in the endometrial curettage specimens, and a corpus luteum cyst was found within the para-ovarian cyst. Further investigations revealed that the pleural effusion was free of malignant cells, and there was no evidence of metastatic lesions in the brain. As a result, the patient was referred to the oncology department to receive chemotherapy, and the beta human chorionic gonadotropin levels dropped to 5 mIU/mL after receiving courses of a standard regimen of etoposide, methotrexate, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine/oncovin over 3 weeks. Finally, monthly measurements of beta human chorionic gonadotropin levels for 6 months indicated that levels have constantly remained within normal ranges, showing no evidence of recurrence or new metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: Urological symptoms such as hematuria or spontaneous renal hemorrhage might be the only presentation of post molar choriocarcinoma with renal involvement. Thus, it can be beneficial to measure serum beta human chorionic gonadotropin levels among females of childbearing age who present with unexplained urological symptoms, especially if there is a history of prior hydatiform mole.

A twin pregnancy with partial hydatidiform mole and a coexisting normal fetus delivered at term: A case report and literature review.

Hydatiform mole occurs in 1/1000 singleton and 1/20000-100,000 twin pregnancies. Although the pregnancy often ends in a miscarriage or presents with many obstetric complications such as preeclampsia, vaginal bleeding, hyperthyroidism, prematurity, or fetal malformations, in some cases of twin pregnancy, one of the fetuses can develop normally. Coexistence of a viable fetus in a twin molar pregnancy is more commonly described for cases of complete hydatiform moles than partial hydatiform moles. A partial hydatiform mole coexisting with a normal fetus was suspected in a 40-year-old woman, G2P1, at twelve weeks of gestation of a twin dichorionic diamniotic pregnancy. Serial antenatal ultrasound scans and serial evaluations of human chorionic gonadotropin were performed, and a healthy baby was delivered at term without any obstetric or neonatal complications. A twin pregnancy with partial hydatidiform mole and a coexisting normal fetus is a rare obstetric condition that can result, under proper management, in the delivery of a healthy baby without any sequelae for the mother or child.

Ten-Year Review of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease at Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and management outcome of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) in Lady Reading Hospital. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study at Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, from January 2011 to December 2021. Hospital records of all patients with GTD were reviewed and all were included in this study except those with an incomplete record or unconfirmed histology. Treatment was analysed in terms of surgical, chemotherapy or no treatment, and outcomes were noted in terms of complete remission, disease persistence or death. RESULTS: In 10 years 353 patients were admitted with GTD, and the frequency of the disease was 3.72 cases per 1000 pregnancies. The most frequent lesions were complete mole 65.2% (n=230) followed by invasive mole 20.4% (n=72). Mortality rate was 0.56% (n=2). Maternal blood group analysis revealed that B positive 28.3% (n=100) was more frequent. O positive blood group was found more in the malignant form of the disease at 3.96% (n=14). GTD was most prevalent in 21 to 30 years of age (41.4%, n=146). Regarding treatment, in 69.97% (n=247) of cases, suction and evacuation were performed, in 4.2% (n=15) of cases hysterectomy was performed as primary therapy, and 4.8% (17) needed hysterectomy for chemoresistance. In this study 42.49% (n=150) were given single-agent chemotherapy and 4.8% (n=17) were given multi-agent therapy. We had 21.33% (32) patients with a risk score of 7-9. In the group with a risk score of 7-9, 15.62% (n=5) patients were directly started on multi-agent therapy because of evidence of metastasis or choriocarcinoma; the remaining 84.37% (n=27) of patients who had no evidence of metastasis, no prior chemotherapy, no choriocarcinoma and International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology (FIGO) stage 1 were given single-agent methotrexate with folinic acid (eight days) after informed consent. In 18.75% of patients (n=6) hysterectomy was performed as the primary treatment either for haemorrhage or with age > 40, family completed, or reluctance to undergo chemotherapy. They all had a complete cure. In 3.1% (n=1) of cases, resistance to single-agent therapy was found and multi-agent treatment was started. Overall, in 96.29% of patients, complete remission was achieved with single-agent therapy in patients with risk scores of 7-9. CONCLUSION: The frequency of GTD was 3.4/1000 pregnancies. Complete mole was the most frequent lesion, and single-agent chemotherapy had a good outcome in low- and high-risk patients with a risk score of 7-9 (with no evidence of metastasis, prior chemotherapy, or choriocarcinoma and FIGO stage 1).

Embarazo molar cervical: diagnóstico y tratamiento quirúrgico con legrado uterino y ligadura de arterias cervicales / Cervical molar pregnancy: diagnosis and surgical treatment with uterine curettage and cervical arteries ligation

Resumen Reportamos el caso de una mujer de 28 años con atraso menstrual de 14 días, diagnosticada en el servicio de urgencia obstétrica del Hospital Félix Bulnes con un embarazo ectópico cervical mediante ultrasonido, en contexto de metrorragia grave. El tratamiento consistió en legrado uterino segmentario más ligadura de arterias cervicales. El estudio histopatológico reveló una mola hidatiforme parcial en el producto del curetaje. La paciente evolucionó favorablemente sin requerir más intervenciones. Este caso da cuenta del exitoso manejo de un embarazo cervical con tratamiento quirúrgico, dando una oportunidad de preservar la fertilidad de la paciente.

Abstract We are reporting the case of a 28-year-old woman with 14-day menstrual delay diagnosed, in the obstetric emergency department of Félix Bulnes Hospital, with a cervical pregnancy through ultrasound, in the context of severe metrorrhagia. The treatment consisted in uterine curettage and ligation of cervical arteries. A histopathological study revealed a partial hydatidiform mole in the curettage product. The patient evolved favorably without other interventions. This case its an example of the successful management of a cervical pregnancy with surgical treatment, giving a chance of preserving the fertility of the patient.

Obstetrics outcomes after complete and partial molar pregnancy: Review of the literature and meta-analysis.

The hydatidiform mole is a rare gynecological disease rising from the trophoblastic. Post-molar pregnancies have an extremely variable course, varying from repeated abortions, stillbirths, preterm births, live births, or recurring in further molar pregnancies. Literature on obstetric outcomes following molar pregnancy is poor, often including monocentric studies, and with data collected from national databases. This review and meta-analysis aim to analyze the obstetric outcomes after conservative management of complete (CHM) and partial (PHM) molar pregnancies. The meta-analysis was performed following the Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) and the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses statement (PRISMA). Six studies met the inclusion. Of the total 25,222 patients, 13,129 complete (52.1 %) and 12,093 partial (47.9 %) molar pregnancies were included. Live births rate after CHM was statistically higher (p = 0.002) compared to the live births after PHM (53.6 % vs. 51.0 %, 3266 vs. 1807 cases, respectively). Studies showed heterogeneity I2 = 57.7 %, pooled proportion = 0.2 %, and 95 % Confidence Interval (CI) 0.6 to 0.9. No statistically significant difference was demonstrated for ectopic pregnancies (p = 0.633), miscarriage (p = 0.637), preterm birth (p = 0.865), stillbirth (p = 0.911), termination of pregnancy (p = 0.572), and complete molar recurrence (p = 0.580) after CHM and PHM. Partial molar recurrence occurred more frequently after PHM than CHM (0.4 % vs. 0.3 %, 52 vs. 37 cases, respectively, p = 0.002). Careful counseling on the obstetric subsequent pregnancies outcomes should be provided to patients eager for further pregnancy and further studies are needed to confirm these results.

Tirotoxicosis por enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional: revisión a partir de 3 casos / Thyrotoxicosis due to gestational trophoblastic disease: clinical cases

La enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional (ETG) es una complicación del embarazo poco común. Corresponde a un espectro de lesiones proliferativas del tejido trofoblástico: Mola Hidatiforme (MH) en sus formas parcial y completa, Coriocarcinoma, Tumor Trofoblástico y Tumor Trofoblástico Epiteloide. Los distintos tipos de ETG presentan en común la hipersecreción de gonadotrofina coriónica humana (hCG). La hCG es una hormona glicoproteica con una estructura muy similar a la TSH, por lo cual puede estimular la función tiroidea en condiciones fisiológicas y en algunas condiciones patológicas. La ETG puede cursar con hipertiroidismo, el cual puede variar en intensidad, desde una presentación asintomática con alteración leve de hormonas tiroideas a un cuadro de hipertiroidismo manifiesto. Se presentan 3 casos clínicos de pacientes con ETG, específicamente MH que evolucionaron con tirotoxicosis transitoria. Los casos presentaron un cuadro leve de hipertiroidismo con pocos síntomas asociados. La taquicardia fue el único síntoma en la mayoría de los casos. En todas las pacientes las hormonas tiroideas se normalizaron después del tratamiento de la ETG. Conclusión: Se debe tener presente la posibilidad de hipertiroidismo en toda paciente con ETG. Un alto nivel de sospecha permitirá identificar a aquellas pacientes que cursen con hipertiroidismo, permitiendo así un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno.

Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a rare complication of pregnancy. GTD includes a group of proliferative lesions of trophoblastic tissue: partial and complete hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma, epithelioid trophoblastic tumor, and placental site trophoblastic tumor. The different types of GTD have in common the hypersecretion of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). HCG is a glycoprotein hormone with a similar structure to TSH. In physiological and pathological conditions hCG can stimulate thyroid function. GTD can present with hyperthyroidism, which can vary in intensity, from an asymptomatic presentation with mild alteration of thyroid hormones to a manifest hyperthyroidism. We present 3 clinical cases of patients with GTD thyrotoxicosis. All cases presented mild hyperthyroidism. Tachycardia was the only symptom in most cases. In all patients thyroid hormones return to normal after treatment of GTD. Conclusion: In patients with GTD the possibility of hyperthyroidism should be kept in mind. A high level of suspicion will allow to identifying patients with hyperthyroidism.

Mola hidatiforme como manifestación ginecobstétrica en el curso de las enfermedades reumáticas / Hydatiform mole as a gynecological manifestation in the course of rheumatic diseases

Las enfermedades reumáticas pertenecen a un grupo que provocan manifestaciones clínicas en varios sistemas de órganos de la anatomía humana. Las complicaciones ginecobstétricas no son las que con mayor frecuencia se presentan. La enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional agrupa un conjunto de lesiones benignas como la mola hidatiforme y la neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional. Este trabajo se propone presentar un caso con los elementos clínicos e imagenológicos que permiten llegar al diagnóstico de una mola hidatiforme. Se trata de una paciente de 48 años de edad, con diagnóstico de lupus eritematoso sistémico, que acude con manifestaciones clínicas que permitieron llegar al diagnóstico de enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional con mola hidatiforme completa. Las enfermedades reumáticas, en especial el lupus eritematoso sistémico, provocan complicaciones ginecobstétricas. La enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional con mola hidatiforme completa, a pesar de ser una rara entidad, afecta considerablemente el bienestar biopsicosocial de las pacientes y disminuye su percepción de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud(AU)

Rheumatic diseases fit in a group that cause clinical manifestations in various organ systems of the human anatomy. Gyneco-obstetric complications are those that occur less frequently. Gestational trophoblastic disease groups together benign lesions such as hydatidiform mole and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. This paper intends to present a case with the clinical and imaging elements that allow the diagnosis of hydatidiform mole. We present a 48-year-old female patient with a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus, who presents with clinical manifestations that led to the diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic disease with complete hydatidiform mole. Rheumatic diseases, especially systemic lupus erythematosus, cause gyneco-obstetric complications. Although being a rare entity, the gestational trophoblastic disease with complete hydatidiform mole greatly affects the biopsychosocial wellbeing of patients and decreases their perception of health-related quality of life(AU)

Mola hidatiforme como manifestación ginecobstétrica en el curso de las enfermedades reumáticas / Hydatiform mole as a gynecological manifestation in the course of rheumatic diseases

Las enfermedades reumáticas pertenecen a un grupo que provocan manifestaciones clínicas en varios sistemas de órganos de la anatomía humana. Las complicaciones ginecobstétricas no son las que con mayor frecuencia se presentan. La enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional agrupa un conjunto de lesiones benignas como la mola hidatiforme y la neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional. Este trabajo se propone presentar un caso con los elementos clínicos e imagenológicos que permiten llegar al diagnóstico de una mola hidatiforme. Se trata de una paciente de 48 años de edad, con diagnóstico de lupus eritematoso sistémico, que acude con manifestaciones clínicas que permitieron llegar al diagnóstico de enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional con mola hidatiforme completa. Las enfermedades reumáticas, en especial el lupus eritematoso sistémico, provocan complicaciones ginecobstétricas. La enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional con mola hidatiforme completa, a pesar de ser una rara entidad, afecta considerablemente el bienestar biopsicosocial de las pacientes y disminuye su percepción de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud(AU)

Rheumatic diseases fit in a group that cause clinical manifestations in various organ systems of the human anatomy. Gyneco-obstetric complications are those that occur less frequently. Gestational trophoblastic disease groups together benign lesions such as hydatidiform mole and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. This paper intends to present a case with the clinical and imaging elements that allow the diagnosis of hydatidiform mole. We present a 48-year-old female patient with a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus, who presents with clinical manifestations that led to the diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic disease with complete hydatidiform mole. Rheumatic diseases, especially systemic lupus erythematosus, cause gyneco-obstetric complications. Although being a rare entity, the gestational trophoblastic disease with complete hydatidiform mole greatly affects the biopsychosocial wellbeing of patients and decreases their perception of health-related quality of life(AU)

Mola hidatiforme en una paciente con lupus eritematoso sistémico

El lupus eritematoso sistémico es una enfermedad sistémica, inflamatoria y crónica que se afecta fundamentalmente a mujeres jóvenes, aunque también puede realizarse el diagnóstico alrededor de los 50 años de edad. Desde el punto clínico se reporta una amplia gama de manifestaciones que afectan cualquier órgano o sistema de órganos del cuerpo humano. La afectación reproductiva y ginecológica no es de las de mayor frecuencia de presentación, pero pueden presentarse de distintas formas clínicas. Se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina de 48 años, con diagnóstico de lupus eritematoso sistémico de 8 años de evolución, a la cual se le realiza el diagnóstico de mola hidatiforme.

Systemic lupus erythematosus is an inflammatory disease that mainly affects women of childbearing age. There are multiple implications of this entity on pregnancy, and pregnancy can be an activator of disease activity. It has advanced by leaps and bounds in the clinical management of patients suffering from this condition, as well as in the monitoring, management and control of pregnancy; but despite this there are still complications very difficult to detect in the prenatal stage that affect the perception of quality of life related to the health of both the patient and their relatives. We present the case of a newborn with a cystic hygroma of a 33 year old patient diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Factores de riesgo, diagnóstico histológico y concentraciones de beta-hCG en pacientes con mola hidatiforme / Risk factors, histological diagnosis and beta-hCG concentrations in patients with hydatidiform mole

Resumen Introducción: La mola hidatiforme es la forma más común de enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional. La cuantificación de beta-hCG sérica tiene importante valor en su diagnóstico y pronóstico, no obstante en Colombia no se cuenta con referencias de sus niveles según el tipo de mola o factores de riesgo. Objetivo: Estudiar el comportamiento de los valores de beta-hCG según el tipo de mola y los factores de riesgo. Materiales y Métodos: Se estudiaron 74 casos con diagnóstico de mola hidatiforme en el departamento de patología de la Universidad Industrial de Santander entre los años 2005 y 2014. Se registró a partir de los datos proporcionados por la historia clínica: hábito de fumar, hemoclasificación, indicación de régimen EMA-CO, antecedentes sociodemográficos y ginecoobstétricos y la concentración de beta-hCG previa al tratamiento evacuador. Resultados: 63 casos presentaron mediciones válidas de beta-hCG. En el análisis se utilizaron pruebas no paramétricas con un nivel de significancia del 10%. La mediana de beta-hCG para mola completa y parcial fue 270 852 UI/L y 40 379 UI/L respectivamente. Hubo una diferencia significativa para los valores de beta-hCG entre grupos de mola (p<0,0001). Para el diagnóstico de mola completa un punto de corte de 170 000 U/L presentó una sensibilidad del 91,5% y una especificidad del 75%. La indicación de EMA-CO presentó una asociación significativa con los valores de beta-hCG (p=0,066); no alcanzaron significancia las asociaciones con el tabaquismo (p=0,118) y la multiparidad (p=0,111). Conclusión: La cuantificación de beta-hCG ayuda a clasificar el tipo de mola aunque su rendimiento diagnóstico es modesto. MÉD.UIS. 2018;31(1):39-46.

Abstract Introduction: Hydatidiform mole is the most common form of gestational trophoblastic disease. The quantification of serum beta-hCG has important value in its diagnosis and prognosis, however in Colombia there are no references of its values according to the type of mole or risk factors. Objective: To study the behavior of beta-hCG values according to the type of mole and the risk factors. Materials and Methods: 74 cases with diagnosis of hydatidiform mole were studied in the pathology department of the Industrial University of Santander between 2005 and 2014. It was recorded from the data provided by the clinical history: smoking habit, blood sample, indication of the EMA-CO regimen, sociodemographic and gyneco-obstetric antecedents and the beta-hCG concentration prior to the evacuation treatment. Results: 63 cases presented valid measurements of beta-hCG. In the analysis nonparametric tests with a level of significance of 10% were used. The median beta-hCG for complete and partial mole was 270 852 IU / L and 40 379 IU / L respectively. There was a significant difference for beta-hCG values between mola groups (p <0.0001). For the diagnosis of complete mole, a cut-off point of 170,000 U / L showed a sensitivity of 91.5% and a specificity of 75%. The EMA-CO indication showed a significant association with beta-hCG values (p = 0.066); associations with smoking (p = 0.118) and multiparity (p = 0.111) were not significant. Conclusion: The quantification of beta-hCG helps to classify the type of mole although its diagnostic performance is modest. MÉD.UIS. 2018;31(1):39-46.

Doença trofoblástica gestacional: diagnóstico e tratamento / Gestational trophoblastic disease: diagnosis and treatment

Objetivos: A doença trofoblástica gestacional (DTG) é um conjunto de doenças heterogêneas do trofoblasto com potencial de se transformar em doença maligna e, por isso, é um importante diagnóstico diferencial nos casos de sangramento na primeira metade da gestação. Essa revisão tem como objetivo fazer uma abordagem atual sobre o tema e esclarecer sobre os principais aspectos da DTG com vistas à aplicabilidade clínica. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura utilizando a base de dados do PubMed dos últimos 20 anos. Resultados: A mola hidatiforme (MH) decorre de uma aberração na fertilização e pode ser do tipo completa, quando apenas existe material genético paterno, ou incompleta, quando origina um embrião triploide com material genético materno, paterno e fetal. Essa diferenciação é importante na medida em que orienta o tratamento. A investigação inicial inclui exame físico e história clínica. Ultrassonografia (USG) transvaginal e gonadotrofina coriônica humana (ß-hCG) devem ser solicitados para todos os casos. Na suspeita de metástases à distância, exames de imagem devem ser solicitados. O tratamento de DTG é feito com vácuo-aspiração e análise histológica. No caso de neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional (NTG), a complementação do tratamento requer mono ou poliquimioterapia e o seguimento é realizado com dosagens quantitativas seriadas de ß-hCG. Conclusões: Essa revisão reúne os principais aspectos da DTG, seus achados clínicos, diagnóstico, manejo e seguimento. Algumas questões sobre o tema ainda são controversas e necessitam de mais estudos consistentes.

Objectives: Gestational trophoblastic disease (DTG) is a group of heterogeneous diseases from the trophoblastic tissue with the potential to become malignant. This should be suspected as a potential diagnosis in the first trimester bleeding. The clinical aspects and the current approach of this condition are the purpose of this review. Methods: A literature review of the last 20 years was performed in the PubMed databases. Results: Hydatiform mole (HM) came from an aberration in fertilization and it is named complete when there is only paternal genetic material and incomplete when a triploid embryo is originated and it contains maternal, paternal and fetal genetic material. This is important because it guides the treatment. The initial investigation includes a physical examination and medical history. Transvaginal ultrasound and human chorionic gonadotrophin (ß-hCG) should be always requested for all cases. If metastasis is suspected, other imaging exams should be requested. The treatment of DTG is the vacuum aspiration and the histological analysis of the tissue is mandatory. In case of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (NTG), the complementary treatment includes mono or multi-chemotherapy and the follow-up is performed with serial quantitative ß-hCG dosages. Conclusions: This review describes the main aspects of the gestational trophoblastic disease, such as its clinical findings, diagnosis, management and follow-up. Some questions related to this disorder are still controversial and require more consistent studies.

[Complete molar pregancy with development of non-metastatic persistent trophoblastic diseaseA case report, reflection of rules of care and decision-making processes Forensic responsibility and the position of doctor in the general gynecologic and obstetric outpatient practice]. / Mola hydatidosa completa s prechodem do nemetastázující perzistující trofoblastické nemociKazuistika, poucení a úvaha nad pravidly dispenzarizace a rozhodovacích mechanismu Forenzní zodpovednost a postavení spádového gynekologa.

OBJECTIVE: To define the forensic responsibility and the position of doctor in the general gynecologic and obstetric outpatient practice in care of the complete molar pregancy. DESIGN: Case report and review article. SETTING: General gynecologic and obstetric outpatient practice Velké Mezirící; Sanatorium REPROMEDA, Centre of reproductive medicine and preimplantation genetics, Brno; Histopatology department of Hospital Jihlava. CASE REPORT: The changing clinical presentation of complete molar pregnancy with development of non-metastatic gestational trophoblastic disease: management. Subsequent early pregnancies outcome following complete hydatiform molar pregnancy. DISCUSSION: Discussed are the forensic responsibility and the position of doctor in the general gynecologic and obstetric outpatient practice with the collaboration of Trophoblastic Disease Center based on the detail expert knowledges: rules of care and decision-making processes and potential controversies, the pitfalls of the histopathologic diagnosis, the genetics of complete hydatiform mole: new lights on a disease, outpatient follow-up and possibility and the risks of the subsequent pregnancy. CONCLUSION: The conclusion is trying to guide quickly a doctor in the general gynecologic and obstetric outpatient practice in the decision-making processes through the crossings of any situation of the complete molar pregnancy and outpatient follow-up, alternatively with the collaboration of Trophoblastic Disease Center.

Embarazo molar de 25 semanas con feto vivo: reporte de autopsia / Molar pregnancy with 25-week fetus

Antecedentes: La mola hidatidiforme (MH) se caracteriza por la degeneración hidrópica de las vellosidades coriales, hiperplasia del trofoblasto y se clasifica en completa (MC) y parcial (MP), y difieren en su cariotipo, histopatología, clínica y riesgo de malignidad. Constituye el 1% de las pérdidas fetales en menores de 17 semanas. El objetivo de esta comunicación es exponer un caso de MP con feto de 25 semanas, al cual se le realizó autopsia en el 2014. Caso clínico: Primigesta de 21 años con pobre control prenatal y embarazo de 25 semanas con diagnóstico de preeclampsia y óbito fetal de sexo masculino de 615 g, al que se le solicitó autopsia demostrándose malformaciones múltiples con agenesia del cuerpo calloso, hidrocefalia supratentorial, hipoplasia cerebelosa, meningocele sacro, micropene, hipospadias y retardo del crecimiento intrauterino, la placenta de 750 g demostró hallazgos de enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional de tipo MP. Discusión: La MP presenta vellosidades coriónicas con hiperplasia trofoblástica y feto que tiende a fallecer en una temprana edad gestacional. El feto puede presentar anomalías congénitas secundarias a la aneuploidia y la distinción se basa en histopatología de la placenta, en casos difíciles se emplea citogenética o citometría de flujo. En el presente caso se encontraron características placentarias (degeneración hidrópica vellositaria, inclusiones e hiperplasia trofoblástica) y las malformaciones fetales relacionadas. Conclusión: El estudio histopatológico de la placenta y del producto de la gestación permiten el diagnóstico definitivo para poder determinar el seguimiento de la paciente y disminuir así las complicaciones.

Background: Hydatidiform moles (HM) are characterized by hydropic degeneration of chorionic villi, hyperplasia of the trophoblast and is classified in complete (CM) and partial (PM), and they are different in their karyotype, histopathology, clinical and risk of malignancy. It constitutes 1% of abortion in under 17 weeks. The purpose of this communication is to present a case of PM with 25-week fetus, which fetal autopsy in 2014. Clinical case: Primigravid of 21 years old, with a pregnancy of 25 weeks diagnosed with preeclampsia and stillbirth of 615 g, autopsy demonstrating multiple malformations with agenesis of corpus callosum, hydrocephalus, hypoplasia of the cerebellum, myeloschisis in the sacral region, micropenis, hypospadias and intrauterine growth retardation, the placenta (750 g) has findings of gestational trophoblastic disease type PM. Discussion: The PM has villous tissue with trophoblastic proliferation and fetus tends to die at an early gestational age. The fetus has congenital abnormalities because the aneuploidy, diagnoses is based on histopathology of the placenta, in difficult cases cytogenetic or flow cytometry is used. In this case, placental characteristics (hydropic villus, trophoblastic proliferation and "pseudoinclusions") and related fetal malformations were found. Conclusion: The histopathological study of the placenta and the fetus allow a definitive diagnosis to determine the monitoring of the patient and thus reduce complications.

Immunohistochemistry Study of P53 and C-erbB-2 Expression in Trophoblastic Tissue and Their Predictive Values in Diagnosing Malignant Progression of Simple Molar Pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Finding a tumor marker to predict the aggressive behavior of molar pregnancy in early stages has yet been a topic for studies. OBJECTIVES: In this survey we planned to study patients with molar pregnancy to 1) assess the p53 and c-erbB-2 expression in trophoblastic tissue, 2) to study the relationship between their expression intensity and progression of a molar pregnancy to gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, and 3) to determine a cut off value for the amount of p53 and c-erbB-2 expression which might correlate with aggressive behavior of molar pregnancy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a prospective cross sectional study by using a high accuracy technique EnVision Tm system for immunohistochemistry staining of molar pregnancy samples, we evaluated p53 and c-erbB-2 expression in cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast and the correlation of their expression with progression of molar pregnancy to gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). Normal prostatic tissue and Breast cancer tissue were used as positive controls. RESULTS: We studied 28 patients with simple molar pregnancy (SMP) and 30 with GTN. Cytotrophobalst had significantly higher expression of p53 and c-erbB-2 and syncytiotrophoblast had greater expression of p53 in GTN group as compared to SMP group. The cut off values for percentage of p53 positive immunostained cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast were 5.5% and 2.5%. In c-erbB-2 positive membranous stained cytotrophoblast the cut off was 12.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggests that over expression of p53 and c-erbB-2 is associated with malignant progression of molar pregnancy. We encountered that high expression of p53 and c-erbB-2 in trophoblastic cells could predict gestational trophoblastic neoplasia during the early stages.

An unusual cause of cardiothyreosis.

Severe hyperthyroidism can cause cardiac complications, such as severe rhythm disturbances, heart failure and angina. Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a rare complication of pregnancy, ranging from benign hydatidiform mole to malignant form. Clinical hyperthyroidism may occur in GTD, as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) secreted by molar tissue is structurally similar to thyroid-stimulating hormone. Cardiothyreosis in this context is exceptional. We report the case of a nulligravida 42-year-old woman without thyroid or cardiac history who presented to the emergency department for dyspnoea. Examinations revealed an acute pulmonary oedema and sinus tachycardia. Serum hCG concentration was abnormally high (762 878 UI/l, N < 5). CT scan showed a voluminous uterine mass and eliminated pulmonary embolism. Cardiac output was increased in echocardiography. Complementary blood tests showed a peripheral hyperthyroidism. GTD was evoked in the context of uterine mass and high hCG concentration, which was responsible for inducing clinical hyperthyroidism and cardiothyreosis. A total hysterectomy was performed and histopathological examinations concluded to a non-invasive complete hydatidiform mole (begnin form). hCG fell to normal within 12 weeks, cardiac and thyroid functions normalized after mole evacuation.

Reproductive outcomes after hydatiform mole and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.

Gestational trophoblastic disease includes complete hydatidiform mole (CHM) or partial hydatidiform mole (PHM) and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). Given the very high-curability rate of trophoblastic disease, the risk of further molar pregnancy after CHM or PHM as well as the risk of second primary tumors and fertility compromise after chemotherapy for GTN represent major concerns. The incidence of subsequent molar pregnancy ranges from 0.7 to 2.6% after one CHM or PHM, and is approximately 10% after two previous CHMs. Among patients who have received chemotherapy, there is an increased risk of myeloid leukemia which is mainly related to the cumulative dose of etoposide. Resumption of normal menses occurs in approximately 95% of women treated with chemotherapy, but menopause occurs 3 years earlier compared with those non-treated with chemotherapy. Term live birth rates higher than 70% without increased risk of congenital abnormalities have been reported in these women, and pregnancy outcomes are comparable to those of general population, except a slightly increased risk of stillbirth. Fertility-sparing treatment for placental site trophoblastic tumor is a therapeutic option reserved to highly selected, young women who do not present markedly enlarged uterus or diffuse multifocal disease within the uterus.

[Twin pregnancy with complete hydatiform mole and coexistent fetus: Report of 4 cases and review of literature]. / Les grossesses gémellaires molaires associant une môle complète à un fœtus sain à partir de 4 cas et d'une revue de la littérature.

OBJECTIVE: Twin pregnancy with complete hydatiform mole and coexistent fetus is a rare clinical condition, occurring in 1 in 22,000 to one in 100,000 pregnancies. Continuation of pregnancy in these cases is controversial because of a high risk of immediate and long-term maternal morbidity. It allows, however, in 33 % of the case the delivery of a healthy child. METHODS: This retrospective study included all patients presenting a complete hydatiform mole coexisting with a live twin fetus antenatally diagnosed between 2007 and 2012 in the level III maternity of the Strasbourg University Hospital. Informations concerning diagnostic circumstances, pregnancy follow-up and outcome were studied. RESULTS: Four pregnancies were included in the study, all of them were spontaneous. Medical termination of pregnancies was related to maternal reasons in the four cases. One before 17 weeks of gestation, the three other after 2 weeks of gestation, leading to delivery of a healthy child. All patients developed a mild to severe preeclampsia. One patient developed a gestational trophoblastic disease, requiring chemotherapy by methotrexate. There was no fatal evolution. CONCLUSION: Twin pregnancy with complete hydatifom mole and coexistent fetus is associated with increased risk of gestational trophoblastic disease. This risk is not increased by continuation of pregnancy. In case of prenatal diagnosis of complete hydatiform mole coexisting with a live twin fetus, patients should be aware of the potential high risk of morbidity and a regular follow-up during and after the pregnancy should be intaured. In absence of maternal complications, continuation of the pregnancy is possible.

[Gestational trophoblastic disease]. / Les maladies trophoblastiques gestationnelles.

Gestational trophoblastic disease encompresses a group of interrelated diseases, following a pregnancy after a variable period of time. Hydatiform mole corresponds to premalignant disorders composed of villi with excess of paternal genetic material, with a malignant potential more important for complete mole than partial mole. Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia includes invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, placental site trophoblatic tumor and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor. Their histological diagnosis may be problematic on curettage material and needs to be correlated to serum hCG level and radiological findings. The use of chemotherapy has dramatically improved the prognosis of these lesions. All patients with this rare disease need to be registered in the national service for gestational trophoblastic disease (http://www.mole-chorio.com), which coordinates their management at the national level.