Wound healing activity of the hydroethanolic extract of the leaves of Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. Ex Reis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Maytenus ilicifolia has analgesic, healing, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study evaluated effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of M. ilicifolia leaves on skin wound repair. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: Wounds were induced on mice and treated with the extract. The treatment was performed daily, until day 7 after wound induction. Wound closure was measured and the features of the repaired tissue were investigated, including mast cell quantification, neutrophil and macrophage activities, collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and pro-metalloproteases and metalloproteases 2 and 9 activity (pro-MMPs and MMPs). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The M. ilicifolia extract accelerated the closure of wounds. The extract at a concentration of 4% was found to be effective, presenting anti-inflammatory effects and hemoglobin increased, along with increased soluble, total and type III collagens in the wound. In addition, there was an increase in pro-MMP9 and MMP9 activity after day 7th of treatment. The phenolic compounds and tannins present in this plant could be associated with the anti-inflammatory and healing activities observed in this study. Therefore, the ability to modulate essential parameters for accelerated and adequate healing as shown here suggests that the use of standardised extracts of M. ilicifolia and its fractions enriched in polyphenols may represent a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of wounds.

Antifungal Activity of Peruvian Banana Peel (Musa paradisiaca L.) on Candida albicans: An In Vitro Study.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to compare the antifungal activity of three concentrations of a hydroethanolic extract of the Musa × paradisiaca peel against Candida albicans strain ATCC 10231. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The agar diffusion method was used, and the culture medium used was Sabouraud agar. Petri dishes were prepared with concentrations of 10, 30, and 50% of hydroethanolic extract of the M. × paradisiaca peel; nystatin was used as a positive control, and 96% ethanol was used as a negative control. After 24 hours of incubation, each plate was examined, and the diameters (mm) of the growth inhibition halos were measured around each well using a digital vernier caliper. RESULTS: The results showed that the antifungal activity of the extract varied, depending on the concentration, as shown using analysis of variance (ANOVA; p < 0.05). When comparing the different concentrations, it was found by Duncan test that the greatest activity was obtained at 50%. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the hydroethanolic extract of M. × paradisiaca at 50% exerted a greater antifungal effect on the strain of C. albicans than did the extract at lower concentrations. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: By knowing the antimicrobial effect of M. × paradisiaca, this substance can be effectively used in products aimed to cure candidiasis infection.

Hydroethanolic Extract of Lampaya Medicinalis Phil. (Verbenaceae) Decreases Proinflammatory Marker Expression in Palmitic Acid-exposed Macrophages.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a major health problem associated with increased comorbidities, which are partially triggered by inflammation. Proinflammatory macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue of individuals with obesity increases chronic inflammation. Obesity is associated with elevated plasma levels of saturated fatty acids, such as palmitic acid (PA), which promotes inflammation in vivo and in vitro. Infusions of Lampaya medicinalis Phil. (Verbenaceae) are used in the folk medicine of Northern Chile to counteract inflammation of rheumatic diseases. Hydroethanolic extract of lampaya (HEL) contains spectrophotometrically defined compounds that may contribute to the observed effect on inflammation. METHODS: We evaluated the phytochemical composition of HEL by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization- tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). We assessed whether the exposure to HEL affects PA-induced expression of proinflammatory factors in THP-1 macrophages. RESULTS: HPLC-DAD and LC-ESI-MS/MS analyses showed the presence of considerable amounts of flavonoids in HEL. The PA-induced phosphorylation of the inflammatory pathway mediators IKK and NF-κB, as well as the elevated expression and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α), were reduced in cells pre-exposed to HEL. CONCLUSION: These findings give new insights about the effect of HEL reducing IKK/NF-κB proinflammatory pathway, likely explained by the number of flavonoids contained in the extract. More studies would be needed to define the possible role of Lampaya as a preventive approach in subjects with obesity whose circulating PA might contribute to chronic inflammation.

Hydroethanolic extract from Endopleura uchi (Huber) Cuatrecasas and its marker bergenin: Toxicological and pharmacokinetic studies in silico and in vivo on zebrafish.

Endopleura uchi, is used for the treatment of inflammatory disease and related to the female reproductive tract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of the Endopleura uchi stem bark hydroethanolic extract (EEu) in zebrafish, emphasizing the histopathological and biochemical parameters, as well as evaluating the in silico pharmacokinetic and toxicological parameters of the phytochemical/pharmacological marker, bergenin, as their metabolites. The animals were orally treated with EEu at a single dose of 75 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg and 3000 mg/kg. the oral LD50 of the EEu higher to the dose of 3000 mg/kg. Behavioral, biochemical and histopathological changes were dose dependent. In silico pharmacokinetic predictions for bergenin and its metabolites showed moderate absorption in high human intestinal absorption (HIA) and Caco-2 models, reduced plasma protein binding, by low brain tissue binding and no P-glycoprotein (P-Gp) inhibition. Their metabolism is defined by the CYP450 enzyme, in addition to bergenin inhibition of CYP2C9, CYP3A4 and CYP2C19. In the bergenin and its metabolites in silico toxicity test it have been shown to cause carcinogenicity and a greater involvement of the bergenin with the CYP enzymes in the I and II hepatic and renal metabolism's phases was observed. It is possible to suggest that the histopathological damages are involved with the interaction of this major compound and its metabolites at the level of the cellular-biochemical mechanisms which involve the absorption, metabolization and excretion of these possible prodrug and drug.

Evaluation of anti-HSV-1 activity and toxicity of hydroethanolic extract of Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip. (Asteraceae).

BACKGROUND: Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) is widely distributed throughout the world's population. The virus spreads through direct contact with an infected individual. After primary infection, the virus remains in a latent state, and the recurrence of herpetic lesions is common. Standard treatment is performed with nucleoside analogues, but the selection of resistant strains have occurred, thus requiring the continual search for new antiviral agents. Plant extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds are a good source for studying possible antiviral compounds. HYPOTHESIS: Among plants with antiviral activity, the crude extract of aerial parts of Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip. (Asteraceae) have previously shown to inhibit HSV-1 infection in vitro. METHODS: The present study investigated the chemical composition of a crude hydroethanolic extract (CHE) of T. parthenium, and in vivo safety and therapeutic efficacy against HSV-1 infection. RESULTS: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that the CHE was composed of phenolic acids (chlorogenic acids) and sesquiterpene lactones (parthenolide). Acute and subchronic toxicity and genotoxicity tests in vivo showed that oral CHE administration did not result in signs of toxicity, with no genotoxic potential. The CHE was also safe for topical administration, in which no irritation of the epidermis was observed in treated animals. Tests of topical and oral therapeutic efficacy showed that the CHE was effective against HSV-1 infection. Topical administration was the most effective, the results for which were comparable to acyclovir. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that the CHE from aerial parts of Tanacetum parthenium has in vivo anti-HSV-1 activity and is safe for oral and topical application.

Toxicological evaluation of a standardized hydroethanolic extract from leaves of Plantago australis and its major compound, verbascoside.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Plantago australis is a perennial plant widely distributed in Latin America, and its seeds and leaves are used in folk medicine to treat many diseases and conditions. Among its various chemical compounds, verbascoside is one of the most present, and has several pharmacological activities described, but there is not much information about its toxicity. AIMS OF THE STUDY: The aims of this study were to optimize the extraction of verbascoside from P. australis leaves with ultrasound methods, to develop a validated HPLC method to quantify verbascoside, and to evaluate the toxicological safety of the extract and verbascoside using in vitro and in vivo assays. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dried leaves of P. australis were submitted to different extraction methods (percolation and ultrasound). The optimization of the ultrasound extraction was carried out by complete factorial design (22) and response surface methodology (RSM), followed by HPLC analysis for marker compounds. HPLC analysis was performed to verify the presence of the marker compounds aucubin, baicalein, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid and verbascoside. Mutagenicity was assessed by Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were evaluated in V79 cells by reduction of tetrazolium salt (MTT) and neutral red uptake (NRU) assays, and alkaline comet assay, respectively. Verbascoside phototoxicity was assessed in 3T3 cells by the NRU phototoxicity assay. Wistar rats were used to perform the acute and sub-chronic toxicity tests. RESULTS: Among the marker compounds, only verbascoside was found in the hydroethanolic extract of P. australis leaves (PAHE); its highest concentration was obtained with the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method, optimized in 40 min and 25 °C, and the method validation was successfully applied. Neither PAHE nor verbascoside showed mutagenic or genotoxic activities. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that both PAHE and verbascoside reduced cell viability only at the highest concentrations, and verbascoside had no phototoxic properties. The in vivo toxicity evaluation of PAHE suggested that the LD50 is higher than 5000 mg/Kg, indicating that this extract is safe for use. In addition, no signs of toxicity were found in subchronic exposure. CONCLUSION: The HPLC method to quantify verbascoside was validated, and the extraction of verbascoside from P. australis leaves through ultrasound method was optimized, yielding an extract with 6% verbascoside. Our results suggest the toxicological safety of PAHE and verbascoside, corroborating the use of P. australis in folk medicine, and also indicate verbascoside as a potential ingredient in topical formulations.

Turbo-extraction of glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana using a fractional factorial design

ABSTRACT Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni, Asteraceae, leaf extract has recently called the attention of food industry as a proposal for natural sweetener. The sweet flavor is attributed to the glycosides, in especial stevioside and rebaudioside A, which are the plant main chemical markers. The aim of the work reported here was to optimize the turbo-extraction of stevia leaves using water, ethanol 70% and 90% (w/w) as green solvents. A 25-2 factorial design was applied to study the linear effects of the drug size, solvent to drug ratio, temperature, time and also the turbolysis speed on the extraction of glycosides. The glycosides exhaustive extraction showed that ethanol 70% gave better results and was used for turbo-extraction. The stevioside and rebaudioside A contents were quantified by a validated method by high performance liquid chromatographic with photodiode array detector. The contents of stevioside and rebaudioside A in fluid extract increased with the drug size, but decreased at high shearing speeds and solvent to drug ratio, while their yields decreased at higher temperature and were not affected by turbo speed. An increase in solvent to drug ratio reduced significantly the glycosides percent in dried extract. Optimal solution for S. rebaudiana leaves turbo-extraction was determined by desirability functions. The optimal extraction condition corresponded to drug size of 780 µm, solvent to drug ratio of 10, extraction time of 18 min; temperature of 23 ºC and turbo speed of 20,000 rpm, resulting in yields of 4.98% and 2.70%, for stevioside and rebaudioside A, respectively. These yields are comparable to the ones recently published for dynamic maceration, but with the advantage of shorter extraction times. This work demonstrates that turbolysis is promising for S. rebaudiana glycosides extraction and stimulate new research on the purification of these extracts, which may become an interesting source of income for developing countries such as India and Brazil.

Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br (Convolvulaceae) relieved nociception and inflammation in mice - A topical herbal medicine against effects due to cnidarian venom-skin contact.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Ipomoea pes-caprae is known as bayhops, beach morning glory or goat's foot, and in Brazil as salsa-de-praia. Its leaves are used in worldwide folk medicine for the relief of jellyfish-stings symptoms. The literature only reports the neutralizing effects of nonpolar plant derived over jellyfish venoms, without validating the popular use or exploring the mechanism of action. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to evaluate and validate the topical effects of a semisolid containing hydroethanolic extract obtained from the aerial parts of I. pes-caprae using different models of paw- and ear-oedema and spontaneous nociception in mice, attempting to better understand the mechanism involved in its effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Leaf and stem of I. pes-caprae were extracted by ethanol 50% (v/v) and the soft-extract was incorporated in Hostacerin® cream base at 0.5%, 1.0% and 2% (w/w). The anti-hypersensitivity effects were evaluated by injecting the Physalia physalis venom into the right mice's hindpaw pre-treated either with the semisolid containing the I. pes-caprae extract or with the isolated majority compound 3,5-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (ISA). The topical anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using both preclinical models: paw oedema induced by trypsin, bradykinin (BK), histamine and carrageenan, and ear oedema induced by capsaicin. Additionally, the model of spontaneous nociception induced by trypsin and capsaicin were used to verify the topical antinociceptive activity. RESULTS: The animals pre-treated with the semisolid containing I. pes-caprae extract or with the intraplantar injection of the major component (ISA) had the mechanical hypersensitivity induced by P. physalis venom significantly reduced. Significant inhibition was also observed in paw-oedema induced by trypsin, histamine and BK, and in a less extent in carrageenan-induced paw oedema. Similar effect was observed in mice challenged to the capsaicin-induced ear-oedema. Besides the vascular effects, the extract interfered with leukocyte migration induced by histamine injection. Finally, the semisolid presented significant inhibition in trypsin- and capsaicin-induced spontaneous nociception. CONCLUSIONS: The hydroethanolic extract of I. pes-caprae showed compliance with the topical popular use of the herbal product to relieve the symptoms evoked by the cnidarian venom-skin contact, such as neurogenic oedema and nociception. The extract components seem to interfere with the effects resulting from the TRPV1, B2R and PAR-2 activation, once it interfered with painful-behaviour and oedema induced by capsaicin, BK and trypsin, pointing the histaminergic system as the main target, once it is an important mediator in the signalling pathway of the aforementioned receptors.

Effect of sun mushroom extract in pork sausage and evaluation of the oxidative and microbiological stability of the product / Efeito da adição de extrato de cogumelo do sol em linguiça suína e avaliação da estabilidade oxidativa e microbiológica do produto

The prevention of lipid oxidation is one of the meat industrys target and, consequently, the search for natural antioxidants has been increased in last years. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of hydroethanolic extract from sun mushroom (Agaricus blazei Murrill) on the oxidative and microbiological stability of pork meat sausage during storage at 4ºC. The extract was added to sausages in 0 %, 0.5 %, 1.0 % and 2.0 % (v/w) concentrations. There was done the proximate composition, pH, instrumental color (L*, a*, b*, C* e h*), TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances) and microbiological analyzes. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, in randomized completely design. The results from proximate composition and microbiological analyzes at day 0 were according to the Brazilian legislation. At 1st day of storage, control treatment showed higher (p<0,05) a* value (red) than the other treatments, while b* value (yellow) has increased (p<0,05) during the storage period in all treatments. At 21st day of storage, TBARS values of sausages with 2.0 % extract addition was lower (0,705±0,01 mg MDA/kg sample) (p<0,05) than the control (1,097±0,11mg MDA/kg sample). The extract has not shown effect on the microbiological stability of the sausages. Nevertheless, the hydroethanolic extract from sun mushroom was effective on the oxidative stability of pork meat sausage when added in a 2.0 % concentration, improving its shelf-life up to 21 days of storage at 4 °C, and it is possible the use as a natural antioxidant source.

A prevenção da oxidação lipídica é uma das buscas da indústria cárnea, consequentemente, a pesquisa de antioxidantes naturais foi notavelmente aumentada nos últimos anos. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o efeito do extrato hidroetanólico de cogumelo do sol (Agaricus blazei Murril) sobre a estabilidade oxidativa e microbiológica de linguiça de carne suína durante o armazenamento a 4ºC. O extrato foi utilizado nas concentrações de 0 %, 0,5 %, 1,0 % e 2,0 % (v/p) nas linguiças. Foram realizadas as análises de composição centesimal, pH, cor instrumental (L*, a*, b*, C* e h*), TBARS (Substâncias Reativas ao Ácido Tiobarbitúrico) e análises microbiológicas. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de ariância, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os resultados obtidos na composição centesimal e análises microbiológicas realizadas no dia 0 estão de acordo com o exigido pela legislação brasileira. No 1º dia de armazenamento, o tratamento controle apresentou valor de a* (cor vermelha) maior (p<0,05) do que os demais tratamentos, enquanto que o valor de b* (cor amarela) apresentou aumento (p<0,05) ao longo do período de armazenamento em todos os tratamentos. Ao 21º dia de armazenamento, o valor de TBARS para as linguiças com 2,0 % de extrato foi inferior (0,705±0,01 mg MDA (malonaldeído)/kg de amostra) (p<0,05) ao do controle (1,097±0,11mg MDA/kg de amostra). O extrato não possuiu efeito sobre a estabilidade microbiológica dos produtos. No entanto, o extrato hidroetanólico de cogumelo do sol foi efetivo sobre a estabilidade oxidativa de linguiça de carne suína quando adicionado na concentração de 2,0 %, estendendo a vida útil até 21 dias de armazenamento a 4°C, sendo viável sua aplicação como uma fonte antioxidante natural.(AU)

Effect of sun mushroom extract in pork sausage and evaluation of the oxidative and microbiological stability of the product / Efeito da adição de extrato de cogumelo do sol em linguiça suína e avaliação da estabilidade oxidativa e microbiológica do produto

The prevention of lipid oxidation is one of the meat industrys target and, consequently, the search for natural antioxidants has been increased in last years. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of hydroethanolic extract from sun mushroom (Agaricus blazei Murrill) on the oxidative and microbiological stability of pork meat sausage during storage at 4ºC. The extract was added to sausages in 0 %, 0.5 %, 1.0 % and 2.0 % (v/w) concentrations. There was done the proximate composition, pH, instrumental color (L*, a*, b*, C* e h*), TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances) and microbiological analyzes. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, in randomized completely design. The results from proximate composition and microbiological analyzes at day 0 were according to the Brazilian legislation. At 1st day of storage, control treatment showed higher (p<0,05) a* value (red) than the other treatments, while b* value (yellow) has increased (p<0,05) during the storage period in all treatments. At 21st day of storage, TBARS values of sausages with 2.0 % extract addition was lower (0,705±0,01 mg MDA/kg sample) (p<0,05) than the control (1,097±0,11mg MDA/kg sample). The extract has not shown effect on the microbiological stability of the sausages. Nevertheless, the hydroethanolic extract from sun mushroom was effective on the oxidative stability of pork meat sausage when added in a 2.0 % concentration, improving its shelf-life up to 21 days of storage at 4 °C, and it is possible the use as a natural antioxidant source.

A prevenção da oxidação lipídica é uma das buscas da indústria cárnea, consequentemente, a pesquisa de antioxidantes naturais foi notavelmente aumentada nos últimos anos. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o efeito do extrato hidroetanólico de cogumelo do sol (Agaricus blazei Murril) sobre a estabilidade oxidativa e microbiológica de linguiça de carne suína durante o armazenamento a 4ºC. O extrato foi utilizado nas concentrações de 0 %, 0,5 %, 1,0 % e 2,0 % (v/p) nas linguiças. Foram realizadas as análises de composição centesimal, pH, cor instrumental (L*, a*, b*, C* e h*), TBARS (Substâncias Reativas ao Ácido Tiobarbitúrico) e análises microbiológicas. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de ariância, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os resultados obtidos na composição centesimal e análises microbiológicas realizadas no dia 0 estão de acordo com o exigido pela legislação brasileira. No 1º dia de armazenamento, o tratamento controle apresentou valor de a* (cor vermelha) maior (p<0,05) do que os demais tratamentos, enquanto que o valor de b* (cor amarela) apresentou aumento (p<0,05) ao longo do período de armazenamento em todos os tratamentos. Ao 21º dia de armazenamento, o valor de TBARS para as linguiças com 2,0 % de extrato foi inferior (0,705±0,01 mg MDA (malonaldeído)/kg de amostra) (p<0,05) ao do controle (1,097±0,11mg MDA/kg de amostra). O extrato não possuiu efeito sobre a estabilidade microbiológica dos produtos. No entanto, o extrato hidroetanólico de cogumelo do sol foi efetivo sobre a estabilidade oxidativa de linguiça de carne suína quando adicionado na concentração de 2,0 %, estendendo a vida útil até 21 dias de armazenamento a 4°C, sendo viável sua aplicação como uma fonte antioxidante natural.

Evaluation of acute toxicity, antibacterial activity, and mode of action of the hydroethanolic extract of Piper umbellatum L.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Piper umbellatum L., Piperaceae, is a shrub that grows up to 3m high. It is commonly known as "capeba" or "pariparoba" in Brazil. Tea prepared using the leaves of this plant is employed in the treatment of infections and inflammatory processes in different countries. Approximately 50 compounds, notably from the flavonoid, alkaloid, terpene, and sterol classes, have been isolated from the leaves of Piper umbellatum. To evaluate the acute toxicity, antibacterial activity, and mode of action of the hydroethanolic extract of Piper umbellatum leaves (HEPu). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Acute toxicity of HEPu against CHO-K1 cells was evaluated using a cytotoxicity assay with Alamar Blue and that against mice was assessed by the Hippocratic test. Antibacterial activity of HEPu was tested using the broth microdilution method using a panel of clinically relevant bacteria, and the effects of HEPu on the bacterial membrane were analyzed in detail. A preliminary phytochemical analysis based on coloration/precipitation was performed according to procedure described in the literature. Secondary metabolites detected were analyzed and confirmed by thin layer chromatography (TLC), spectrophotometry, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS: Piper umbellatum did not appear to be toxic in the in vitro (IC50>200 µg/mL) cytotoxicity test. When administered in vivo at doses up to 2000 mg/kg p.o., HEPu did not cause any signs or symptoms of toxicity in mice. It demonstrated a good spectrum of antibacterial activity and its mode of action appeared to be associated with changes in the permeability of bacterial membranes; it led to increased entry of hydrophobic antibiotics, efflux of K(+), and nucleotide leakage. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, and sterols in the extract. Spectrophotometric and HPLC analysis revealed the presence of the flavonoids rutin and quercetin. CONCLUSION: In summary, HEPu has antibacterial activity and low acute toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Its mode of action appears to be associated with changes in the permeability of the bacterial cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane, which can at least be partly attributed to the flavonoids present in the extract.

Development of hydroethanolic extract of Ipomoea pes-caprae using factorial design followed by antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory evaluation

Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br., Convolvulaceae, is a medicinal plant that grows abundantly as a pan-tropical stand plant. The 3² (two factors and three levels) factorial design, was applied to determine the best time and drug/solvent proportion to maximize the flavonoid content in the hydroethanolic extract by maceration process. The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects were studied at 5-20 mg/kg, i.p., using the writhing test and carrageenan-induced pleurisy models in mice. The optimized extract was able to inhibit more than 50% of abdominal writhing at 20 mg/kg, with 55.88%±2.4 of maximum inhibition. Indomethacin, used as positive control, inhibited 64.86% at 10 mg/kg. In the pleurisy model, the extract produced dose-dependent inhibition of the first phase of inflammation (4 h) in the pleural cavity induced by injection of carrageenan (1%) in mice. It inhibited 50%±0.82 (p<0.01) of exudation induced by carrageenan, and 60.88%±0.14 (p<0.01) of leukocyte migration to the pleural cavity. In conclusion, the results validate the technological conditions of the maceration process to produce an optimized bioactive herb extract for the development of analgesic and anti-inflammatory phytopharmaceuticals using 70 ºGL ethanol, a plant to solvent ratio of 12.5% (w/v), and ten days of maceration.

Gingko biloba leaves extract on growth and morphology of trypanosomatids / Efecto del extracto de las hojas de Gingko biloba en el crecimiento y la morfología de tripanosomátidos

Gingko biloba has been one of the most used medicinal plants all over the world in the past years. In this study, our group has studied the effect of a hydroethanolic extract from the aerial parts of this plant on the growth and morphological differentiation of trypanosomatids. Herpetomonas samuelpessoai and Herpetomonas sp were used in this study. The extract was obtained in a Soxhlet apparatus (50 oC, 2 hours). This extract was aseptically added to Roitman’s medium in different concentrations (4, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/ml). The growth rate was determined using a Newbauer chamber to count numbers of cells after the extract inoculation (24 and 72 hours later). Smears stained by the Panotic method was used to determine the percentages of pro, para and opisthomastigote forms. The extract inhibited Herpetomonas sp growth in concentrations higher than 20 mg/ml. H. samuelpessoai has been inhibited in doses higher than 40 mg/ml. No morphological differentiation was observed in Herpetomonas sp cell. However, morphological differentiations could be noticed in H. samuelpessoai cell using doses higher than 40 mg/ml. These alterations are probably related to the cell division process, since cells with 3 or 4 nucleus were observed. Also, cytoplasmatic expansions, representing unsuccessful process of cell division were frequently found out. Further ultrastructural analysis using a transmission electron microscope showed cells with homogeneous nucleus or the absence of it. Protozoan protein profile was also analyzed. It was possible to notice changes in both trypanosomatids used in this study. H. samuelpessoai has shown over expression and accumulation of proteins which its degradation is essential to continue the cell differentiation. Also, it is possible to suggest that this extract acts through the modulation of the genetic expression and may be harmful to human cells if not purified.

Gingko biloba es una de las plantas medicinales más utilizadas en todo el mundo en los últimos años. En este estudio, nuestro grupo ha estudiado el efecto de un extracto hidroetanólico de la parte aérea de esta planta sobre el crecimiento y la diferenciación morfológica de tripanosomátidos. Herpetomonas samuelpessoai y Herpetomonas sp se utilizaron en este estudio. El extracto se obtuvo en un aparato Soxhlet (50° C/2 horas). Este extracto se agregó asépticamente a medio Roitman en diferentes concentraciones (4, 20, 40, 60, 80 y 100 mg /ml). La tasa de crecimiento se determinó utilizando una cámara de Newbauer para contar el número de células después de la inoculación de extracto (24 y 72 horas más tarde). Frotis teñidos por el método Panotic se utilizó para determinar los porcentajes de pro, para y las formas opistomastigota. El extracto inhibió el crecimiento Herpetomonas sp en concentraciones superiores a 20 mg /ml. H. samuelpessoai se ha inhibido en dosis superiores a 40 mg /ml. No se observó diferenciación morfológica en la celda Herpetomonas sp. Sin embargo, las diferenciaciones morfológicas se pudo observar en la celda H. samuelpessoai con dosis superiores a 40 mg /ml. Estas alteraciones son probablemente relacionado con el proceso de división celular, ya que las células con 3 o 4 núcleos se observaron. Además, las expansiones citoplasmáticas, lo que representa el proceso fallido de la división celular se encontraron con frecuencia hacia fuera. Un análisis más detallado ultraestructural usando microscopio electrónico de transmisión mostró células con núcleo homogéneo o la ausencia de ella. El perfil de proteínas por Protozoarios también se ha analizado. Fue posible notar cambios tanto en tripanosomátidos utilizados en este estudio. H. samuelpessoai ha demostrado a lo largo de expresión y la acumulación de proteínas que su degradación es esencial para continuar con la diferenciación celular. Además, es posible sugerir que este extracto...

Antifungal activity of extracts from Brazilian Cerrado plants on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Corynespora cassiicola / Atividade antifúngica de extratos de plantas do Cerrado brasileiro sobre Colletotrichum gloeosporioides e Corynespora cassiicola

This study aimed to determine the antifungal activity of leaf aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of 10 plants from the Brazilian Cerrado on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Corynespora cassiicola. Antifungal activity was measured through the incorporation of each extract in a culture media or spore suspension, at 50 percent concentration relative to the volume, determining respectively the mycelial growth and the spore germination. Then, the percentages of mycelial growth inhibition and spore germination inhibition were obtained based on the comparison with the control. The extracts had a variable action on the phytopathogens, from mycelial growth stimulation for Aristolochia esperanzae and Byrsonima verbascifolia extracts to complete inhibition of mycelial growth and spore germination for Myracrodruon urundeuva and Lafoensia pacari extracts. M. urundeuva, L. pacari and Caryocar brasiliense leaf extracts had antifungal activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Corynespora cassiicola; the hydroethanolic extracts presented more antifungal activity than the aqueous extracts, and spore germination of both phytopathogens was more affected than their mycelial growth.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a atividade antifúngica de extratos aquosos e extratos hidroetanólicos de folhas de 10 plantas do Cerrado brasileiro sobre Colletotrichum gloeosporioides e Corynespora cassiicola. A determinação da atividade antifúngica foi realizada pela incorporação do extrato em meio de cultura ou na suspensão de esporos, na concentração de 50 por cento em relação ao volume, determinando-se, respectivamente, o crescimento micelial e a germinação de esporos. Em seguida, pela comparação com a testemunha, foram obtidas as percentagens de inibição do crescimento micelial e da germinação dos esporos. Foi constatado comportamento variável dos extratos sobre os fitopatógenos, desde o estímulo no crescimento micelial para os extratos de Aristolochia esperanzae e Byrsonima verbascifolia, até a inibição completa do crescimento micelial e dagerminação dos esporos para os extratos de Myracrodruon urundeuva e Lafoensia pacari. Extratos de folhas de L. pacari, de M. urundeuva e de Caryocar brasiliense apresentaram atividade antifúngica sobre Colletotrichum gloeosporioides e Corynespora cassiicola; os extratos hidroetanólicos proporcionaram mais atividade antifúngica que os extratos aquosos, e a germinação de esporos de ambos os fitopatógenos foi mais afetada que o crescimento micelial.