Different, but the same: Inferring the hunting behaviour of the hypercarnivorous bush dog (Speothos venaticus) through finite element analysis.

Cerdocyonina is a clade composed by the South-American canids in which the bush dog (Speothos venaticus) is one of the most elusive species. Known for its unique morphology within the group, this small, bear-like faced canid is the only member of the clade adapted to hypercarnivory, an almost exclusively meat-based diet currently present only in usually large, pack-hunting canids such as the grey wolf (Canis lupus). However, much of the biology of the bush dog is poorly understood, and inferences about its ecology, hunting strategies and diet are usually based on observation of captive individuals and anecdotal records, with reduced quantitative data to offer support. Here, we investigated the craniomandibular functional morphology of the bush dog through finite element analysis (FEA). FEA was employed to model the biting behaviour and to create extrinsic and intrinsic functional scenarios with different loads, corresponding to different bites used to subdue and process the prey. For comparison, the same modelling was applied to the skull of a grey wolf and a grey fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus). Our analysis showed that the bush dog's responses to loading are more similar to the wolf's than to the fox's in most scenarios, suggesting a convergent craniomandibular functional morphology between these two hypercarnivorous species, despite their distinct phylogenetic positions and body sizes. Differences between the three taxa are noteworthy and suggested to be related to the size of the usual prey. The modelled bite force for the bush dog is relatively strong, about half of that estimated for the wolf and about 40% stronger than the fox's bite. The results strengthen with quantitative data the inferences of the bush dog as a pack-hunting predator with prey size similar to its own, such as large rodents and armadillos, being specialised in subduing and killing its prey using multiple bites. Its similarity to the wolf also confirms anecdotal accounts of predation on mammals that are much larger than itself, such as peccaries and tapirs. These data highlight the ecological specialisation of this small canid in a continent where large, pack-hunting canids are absent.

Evolución de lassocialidad, estrategias alimentrias y anatomía cráneodental enn la subfamilia caninae / Evolution of Sociality, Diet, and Craniodental Anatomy in the Subfamly Caninae

Los carnívoros sociales afectan parámetros poblacionales, ecología, comportamiento, y probabilidades de especiación y extinción de presas y otros carnívoros simpátricos. Así, los carnívoros sociales pudieron influenciar la evolución de la estructura y organización de las comunidades ancestrales y modernas de mamíferos. Por tanto, es importante identificar qué especies de carnívoros fósiles pudieron ser sociales y establecer cuándo, dónde y bajo qué contexto ecológico evolucionaron. Para esto se requiere determinar si existe alguna asociación entre la variación en rasgos morfológicos, susceptibles de ser preservados en el registro fósil, y diferencias en niveles de socialidad en carnívoros actuales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue establecer si existe alguna asociación entre la variación de la conformación y propiedades mecánicas cráneodentales con diferencias en niveles de socialidad, hábitos alimentarios y sexo en cánidos modernos. Para esto utilizamos una muestra de 972 especímenes de 33 especies de cánidos. Los resultados indican que los cánidos sociales e hipercarnívoros presentan conformaciones y propiedades mecánicas que los diferencian del resto de especies de cánidos actuales, y que la variación morfológica de las regiones analizadas no está asociada con el sexo. Estos resultados sirven de base para determinar qué especies fósiles de la subfamilia Caniane pudieron ser sociales e hipercarnívoras. Los resultados también sugieren que la evolución de la sociabilidad está asociada con relaciones filogenéticas y depende de factores ecológicos, entre los últimos están abundancia de presas de gran tamaño y existencia de carnívoros simpátricos competidores.

Social carnivores affect population parameters, ecology, behavior and speciation and extinction rates of their prey and other sympatric carnivores. Therefore, social carnivores may have influenced the evolution of the structure and organization of ancestral and modern mammal communities. Thus, it is important to identify what extinct carnivore species may have been social and to determine when, where and under which environmental contexts they evolved. The first step is to establish if there is an association between morphological traits, susceptible of being preserved in the fossil record, and differences in the degree of sociality of present day carnivores. The aim of this research was to establish if there is an association between variation in shape and variables related to mechanical properties of the skulls, and differences in sociality level, diet and sex in modern canids. The sample included 972 specimens of 33 canid species. We analyzed the shape of the lateral side of the cranium, zygomatic arch, dentary bone and mandibular corpus, as well as 20 variables related to mechanical properties of the skull. Results suggest that hypercarnivorous social canids have shapes and mechanical properties that are different from other modern canids. We found that morphological variation is not affected by sex. Results may be used to identify extinct Caninae species that were social and hypercarnivorous. Results also suggest that the evolution of sociality is dependent on phylogenetic relationships and ecological context, particularly the abundance of large prey and the presence of sympatric carnivores.