Effectiveness of STEMI networks with out-of-hospital triage: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) is recommended for ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Countries have designed various STEMI network models to optimize out-of-hospital triage, timely treatment, and patient outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of STEMI network implementation including out-of-hospital triage in improving STEMI case-fatality and long-term mortality, and its effect on the proportion of patients presenting with heart failure, their ischemia time, and time to pPCI. METHODS: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Searches of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases covering January 2000 to December 2023, study selection, and data extraction were completed by 3 independent reviewers. RESULTS: A total of 32 articles were selected. STEMI network implementation with out-of-hospital triage was associated with reductions of 35% in case-fatality (95%CI, -23% to -45%), 27% in long-term mortality (95%CI, -22% to -32%), and in the proportion of patients with Killip III-IV at admission, ischemia, time and time to pPCI (-17%, 95%CI, -35% +6%; -19%, 95%CI, -6% to -31%; -33%, 95%CI, -16% to -47%, respectively). Networks based on emergency transport systems and those involving the entire health system, including primary care centers and hospitals without pPCI capabilities, showed similar effectiveness. Greater effectiveness was observed in urban vs rural areas and high-income vs middle- and low-income countries. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of out-of-hospital triage-based STEMI networks is effective in reducing STEMI case-fatality and long-term mortality, independently of the geographic and socioeconomic conditions of the region. Participation of the emergency transport system is the key element of successful networks.

Prevalence and prognostic implications of the no-reflux phenomenon in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention at a university center in a middle-income country.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence of no-reflow and the 30-day mortality in a university center in a middle-income country. METHOD: We analyzed 2463 patients who underwent primary PCI from January 2006 to December 2021. The outcome measure was 30-day mortality. RESULTS: Of a total of 2463 patients, no-reflow phenomenon was found in 413 (16.8%) patients, 30-day mortality was 16.7 vs. 4.29% (p < 0.001). Patients with no-reflow were older 60 (53-69.5) vs. 59 (51-66) (p = 0.001), with a higher delay in onset of symptom to emergency department arrival 270 vs. 247 min (p = 0.001). No-reflow patients also had had fewer previous myocardial infarction, 11.6 vs. 18.4 (p = 0.001) and a Killip class > 1, 37 vs. 26% (p < 0.001). No-reflow patients were more likely to have an anterior myocardial infarction (55.4 vs. 47.8%; p = 0.005) and initial TIMI flow 0 (76 vs. 68%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: No-reflow occurred in 16.8% of STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI and was more likely with older age, delayed presentation, anterior myocardial infarction and Killip class > 1. No-reflow was associated with a higher mortality at 30-day follow-up.

OBJETIVOS: Analizar la prevalencia de no reflujo y la mortalidad a 30 días en un centro universitario de un país de ingresos medios. MÉTODO: Analizamos 2,463 pacientes que se sometieron a ICP primaria desde enero de 2006 hasta diciembre de 2021. La medida de resultado fue la mortalidad a los 30 días. RESULTADOS: Del total de 2,463 pacientes, se encontró fenómeno de no reflujo en 413 (16.8%), la mortalidad a los 30 días fue del 16.7 vs. 4.29% (p < 0.001). Los pacientes sin reflujo tenían mayor edad 60 (53-69.5) vs. 59 (51-66) (p = 0.001), con mayor retraso del inicio de los síntomas a la llegada a urgencias, 270 vs. 247 min (p = 0.001). Los pacientes sin reflujo también tenían menos infarto de miocardio previo, 11.6 vs. 18.4 (p = 0.001), y una clase Killip > 1, 37 vs. 26% (p < 0.001). Los pacientes sin reflujo tenían más probabilidades de tener un infarto de miocardio anterior (55.4 vs. 47.8%; p = 0.005) y flujo TIMI inicial 0 (76 vs. 68%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIÓN: Ocurrió ausencia de reflujo en el 16.8% de los pacientes con IAMCEST sometidos a ICP primaria y fue más probable con la edad avanzada, presentación tardía, infarto de miocardio anterior y clase Killip > 1. El no reflujo se asoció con una mayor mortalidad a los 30 días de seguimiento.

Sex differences in delay times in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: A cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The present study analyzes a cohort of consecutive patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI), evaluating the ischemia-reperfusion times from the perspective of gender differences (females versus males), with a long-term follow-up. METHODS: Single-center analytical cohort study of patients with STEMI in a tertiary hospital, between January 2015 and December 2020. RESULTS: A total of 2668 patients were included, 2002 (75%) men and 666 (25%) women. The time elapsed from the onset of symptoms to the opening of the artery was 197min (IQR 140-300) vs 220min (IQR 152-340), p=0.004 in men and women respectively. A delay in health care significantly impacts the occurrence of cardiovascular adverse events at follow-up, HR 1.34 [95%CI 1.06-1.70]; p=0.015. CONCLUSIONS: Women took longer to go to health care services and had a longer delay both in the diagnosis of STEMI and in coronary reperfusion. It is imperative to emphasize the necessity of educating women about the recognition of ischemic heart disease symptoms, empowering them to raise early alarms and seek timely medical attention.

Perfil clínico y pronóstico de pacientes jóvenes con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST tratados en la red Codi IAM / Clinical profile and prognosis of young patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction managed by the emergency-intervention Codi IAM network

Introducción y objetivos: Los datos sobre el perfil clínico y los resultados de los pacientes jóvenes con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (SCACEST) son escasos. Este estudio compara las características y los resultados clínicos entre pacientes de edades<45 años y ≥ 45 con IAMCEST atendidos por el sistema catalán Codi IAM. También se analizaron las diferencias por sexo en el grupo de menores de 45 años.Métodos: Entre 2015 y 2020, se incluyó a todos los pacientes ingresados por IAMCEST. Los objetivos primarios fueron la mortalidad por cualquier causa en los primeros 30 días, a 1 año y 2 años.Resultados: Se incluyó a 18.933 pacientes (el 23% mujeres). De ellos, 1.403 (7,4%) eran menores de 45 años. Los pacientes más jóvenes eran más fumadores (p<0,001) y presentaron tasas más altas de muerte súbita y flujo TIMI 0 antes de la ICPp (p<0,05), pero el tiempo desde el primer contacto médico hasta el paso de la guía fue más corto en comparación con el grupo de más edad (p<0,05). Se observaron tasas de mortalidad por cualquier causa más bajas en los pacientes menores de 45 (p<0,001). Con respecto a las diferencias estratificadas por sexo en los pacientes más jóvenes, el shock cardiogénico fue más frecuente en las mujeres que en los varones (p=0,002) y el tiempo desde el inicio de los síntomas hasta la reperfusión fue más largo (p<0,05) en el grupo de las mujeres. En comparación con los varones de menos de 45, las mujeres más jóvenes tenían menos probabilidades de tratarse con ICPp (p=0,004).Conclusiones: Pese a presentar características de alto riesgo al ingreso, los pacientes jóvenes que sufren un IAMCEST tienen mejor pronóstico que sus contrapartes mayores. Se observaron diferencias en los tiempos de isquemia y tratamiento entre varones y mujeres.(AU)

Introduction and objectives: Data on the clinical profile and outcomes of younger patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is scarce. This study compared clinical characteristics and outcomes between patients aged<45 years and those aged ≥ 45 years with STEMI managed by the acute myocardial infarction code (AMI Code) network. Sex-based differences in the younger cohort were also analyzed.Methods: This multicenter study collected individual data from the Catalonian AMI Code network. Between 2015 and 2020, we enrolled patients with an admission diagnosis of STEMI. Primary endpoints were all-cause mortality within 30 days, 1 year, and 2 years.Results: Overall, 18 933 patients (23% female) were enrolled. Of them, 1403 participants (7.4%) were aged<45 years. Younger patients with STEMI were more frequently smokers (P<.001) and presented with cardiac arrest and TIMI flow 0 before pPCI (P<.05), but the time from first medical contact to wire crossing was shorter than in the older group (P<.05). All-cause mortality rates were lower in patients aged<45 years (P<.001). Among younger patients, cardiogenic shock was most prevalent in women than in their male counterparts (P=.002), with the time from symptom onset to reperfusion being longer (P<.05). Compared with men aged<45 years, younger women were less likely to undergo pPCI (P=.004).Conclusions: Despite showing high-risk features on admission, young patients exhibit better outcomes than older patients. Differences in ischemia times and treatment were observed between men and women.(AU)

La proteína meteorin-like se asocia a un perfil de mayor riesgo y predice un peor pronóstico en pacientes con IAMCEST / Meteorin-like protein is associated with a higher risk profile and predicts a worse outcome in patients with STEMI

Introducción y objetivos: La proteína meteorin-like (Metrnl) es una citocina implicada en la atenuación de la inflamación asociada a mal pronóstico en la insuficiencia cardiaca. En este estudio se evalúan los niveles circulantes de Metrnl y su valor pronóstico en el infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (IAMCEST).Métodos: Se incluyó a pacientes con IAMCEST tratados con angioplastia primaria. Se determinaron los niveles de Metrnl en sangre periférica a las 12 horas del inicio de los síntomas. El criterio de evaluación primario fue muerte por cualquier causa o infarto de miocardio no mortal a 3 años.Resultados: Se estudiaron 381 pacientes (edad media 61 años, 21% mujeres, 8% clase Killip III/IV). Los niveles de Metrnl se asociaron con la edad, los factores de riesgo cardiovascular y la extensión de la enfermedad coronaria, pero también con complicaciones del infarto, especialmente insuficiencia cardíaca y shock cardiogénico. En la regresión multivariante de Cox Metrnl fue un predictor independiente del criterio de evaluación combinado (HR = 1,86; IC95%, 1,23-2,81; p=0,003). Además, los pacientes en el tercil más alto (> 491,6 pg/ml) presentaron mayor riesgo que en los terciles inferiores (HR = 3,24; IC95%, 1,92-5,44; p <0,001), incluso después de ajustar por edad, diabetes, paro cardíaco, clase Killip-Kimball III/IV, fracción de eyección y aclaramiento de creatinina (HR = 1,90; IC95%, 1,10-3,29; p=0,021).Conclusiones: En los pacientes con IAMCEST, los niveles circulantes de Metrnl se asocian con las complicaciones durante la fase aguda y predicen de forma independiente un peor pronóstico.(AU)

Introduction and objectives: Meteorin-like protein (Metrnl) is a cytokine involved in the attenuation of inflammation. In patients with heart failure, high levels of this biomarker are associated with a worse outcome. In this study, we evaluated the circulating levels and prognostic value of Metrnl in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).Methods: We enrolled STEMI patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulating Metrnl levels were measured in peripheral blood 12hours after symptom onset. The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality or nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) at 3 years.Results: We studied 381 patients (mean age 61 years, 21% female, 8% Killip class III/IV). Metrnl levels were associated with age, cardiovascular risk factors and the extent of coronary artery disease, as well as with STEMI complications, particularly heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed that Metrnl independently predicted all-cause death or nonfatal MI at 3 years (HR, 1.86; 95%CI, 1.23-2.81; P=.003). Moreover, patients in the highest tertile (> 491.6 pg/mL) were at higher risk for the composite endpoint than those in the lowest tertiles (HR, 3.24; 95%CI, 1.92-5.44; P <.001), even after adjustment by age, diabetes mellitus, cardiac arrest, Killip-Kimball III/IV class, left ventricular ejection fraction, and creatinine clearance (HR, 1.90; 95%CI, 1.10-3.29; P=.021).Conclusions: Circulating Metrnl levels are associated with complications during the acute phase of STEMI and independently predict a worse outcome in these patients.(AU)

Análisis de una red de atención al IAMCEST: impacto pronóstico del tipo de primer contacto médico / Performance analysis of a STEMI network: prognostic impact of the type of first medical contact facility

Introducción y objetivos: El tipo de primer contacto médico (PCM) en una red de angioplastia (ICPP) para el infarto con elevación del ST (IAMCEST) se asocia con diferentes grados de demora hasta ICPP y podría condicionar el pronóstico. Métodos: Registro de IAMCEST tratados con ICPP (2010-2020) en la red Codi Infart. Analizamos la mortalidad al año por cualquier causa según el tipo de PCM: servicio de emergencias médicas (SEM), hospital comarcal (HC), hospital de angioplastia (H-ICP) y centro de atención primaria (CAP). Resultados: Incluimos 18.332 pacientes (SEM 34,3%; HC 33,5%; H-ICP 12,3%; CAP 20,0%). La proporción de clases Killip III-IV fue: SEM 8,43%, HC 5,54%, H-ICP 7,51%, CAP 3,76% (p <0.001). Comorbilidades y complicaciones en el PCM fueron más frecuentes en los grupos SEM y H-ICP (p <0.05), y menores en el grupo CAP. El grupo H-ICP obtuvo el mejor tiempo PCM-ICPP (mediana 82 min); el grupo SEM consiguió el menor tiempo total de isquemia (mediana 151 min); el grupo HC obtuvo los mayores retrasos (p <0.001). En un modelo de regresión logística ajustado, los grupos H-ICP y HC se asociaron con mayor mortalidad, OR=1,22 (IC95% 1,00-1,48; p=0.048) y OR=1,17 (IC95% 1,02-1,36; p=0,030) respectivamente, y el grupo CAP con menor mortalidad que el grupo SEM, OR=0,71 (IC95% 0,58-0,86; p <0.001). Conclusiones: El PCM con H-ICP y HC se asoció con mayor mortalidad ajustada a 1 año en comparación con el SEM. El grupo CAP se asoció con mejor pronóstico a pesar de reperfusiones más tardías.(AU)

Introduction and objectives: Prognosis in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is determined by delay in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). The impact of first medical contact (FMC) facility type on reperfusion delays and mortality remains controversial. Methods: We performed a prospective registry of primary coronary intervention (PCI)-treated STEMI patients (2010-2020) in the Codi Infart STEMI network. We analyzed 1-year all-cause mortality depending on the FMC facility type: emergency medical service (EMS), community hospital (CH), PCI hospital (PCI-H), or primary care center (PCC). Results: We included 18 332 patients (EMS 34.3%; CH 33.5%; PCI-H 12.3%; PCC 20.0%). Patients with Killip-Kimball classes III-IV were: EMS 8.43%, CH 5.54%, PCI-H 7.51%, PCC 3.76% (P <.001). All comorbidities and first medical assistance complications were more frequent in the EMS and PCI-H groups (P <.05) and were less frequent in the PCC group (P <.05 for most variables). The PCI-H group had the shortest FMC-to-PCI delay (median 82 minutes); the EMS group achieved the shortest total ischemic time (median 151 minutes); CH had the longest reperfusion delays (P <.001). In an adjusted logistic regression model, the PCI-H and CH groups were associated with higher 1-year mortality, OR, 1.22 (95%CI, 1.00-1.48; P=.048), and OR, 1.17 (95%CI 1.02-1.36; P=.030), respectively, while the PCC group was associated with lower 1-year mortality than the EMS group, OR, 0.71 (95%CI 0.58-0.86; P <.001). Conclusions: FMC with PCI-H and CH was associated with higher adjusted 1-year mortality than FMC with EMS. The PCC group had a much lower intrinsic risk and was associated with better outcomes despite longer revascularization delays.(AU)

Meteorin-like protein is associated with a higher risk profile and predicts a worse outcome in patients with STEMI.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Meteorin-like protein (Metrnl) is a cytokine involved in the attenuation of inflammation. In patients with heart failure, high levels of this biomarker are associated with a worse outcome. In this study, we evaluated the circulating levels and prognostic value of Metrnl in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). METHODS: We enrolled STEMI patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulating Metrnl levels were measured in peripheral blood 12hours after symptom onset. The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality or nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) at 3 years. RESULTS: We studied 381 patients (mean age 61 years, 21% female, 8% Killip class III/IV). Metrnl levels were associated with age, cardiovascular risk factors and the extent of coronary artery disease, as well as with STEMI complications, particularly heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed that Metrnl independently predicted all-cause death or nonfatal MI at 3 years (HR, 1.86; 95%CI, 1.23-2.81; P=.003). Moreover, patients in the highest tertile (> 491.6 pg/mL) were at higher risk for the composite endpoint than those in the lowest tertiles (HR, 3.24; 95%CI, 1.92-5.44; P <.001), even after adjustment by age, diabetes mellitus, cardiac arrest, Killip-Kimball III/IV class, left ventricular ejection fraction, and creatinine clearance (HR, 1.90; 95%CI, 1.10-3.29; P=.021). CONCLUSIONS: Circulating Metrnl levels are associated with complications during the acute phase of STEMI and independently predict a worse outcome in these patients.

Clinical profile and prognosis of young patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction managed by the emergency-intervention Codi IAM network.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Data on the clinical profile and outcomes of younger patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is scarce. This study compared clinical characteristics and outcomes between patients aged<45 years and those aged ≥ 45 years with STEMI managed by the acute myocardial infarction code (AMI Code) network. Sex-based differences in the younger cohort were also analyzed. METHODS: This multicenter study collected individual data from the Catalonian AMI Code network. Between 2015 and 2020, we enrolled patients with an admission diagnosis of STEMI. Primary endpoints were all-cause mortality within 30 days, 1 year, and 2 years. RESULTS: Overall, 18 933 patients (23% female) were enrolled. Of them, 1403 participants (7.4%) were aged<45 years. Younger patients with STEMI were more frequently smokers (P<.001) and presented with cardiac arrest and TIMI flow 0 before pPCI (P<.05), but the time from first medical contact to wire crossing was shorter than in the older group (P<.05). All-cause mortality rates were lower in patients aged<45 years (P<.001). Among younger patients, cardiogenic shock was most prevalent in women than in their male counterparts (P=.002), with the time from symptom onset to reperfusion being longer (P<.05). Compared with men aged<45 years, younger women were less likely to undergo pPCI (P=.004). CONCLUSIONS: Despite showing high-risk features on admission, young patients exhibit better outcomes than older patients. Differences in ischemia times and treatment were observed between men and women.

Complete revascularization with PCI in STEMI patients with multivessel disease, when is the appropriate time? / Revascularización completa mediante ICP en pacientes con STEMI y enfermedad coronaria multivaso, ¿cuál es el momento adecuado?

Abstract Objective: The purpose was to compare the outcomes of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction and multivessel coronary artery disease undergoing one-time multivessel revascularization (OTMVR) versus in-hospital staged complete revascularization with percutaneous coronary intervention. Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective, observational, and cohort study, including data from January 2013 to April 2019. A total of 634 patients were included in the study. Comparisons were made between patients who underwent in-hospital staged complete revascularization versus OTMVR. The primary endpoint was all-cause in-hospital mortality, secondary endpoints included cardiovascular complications, all-cause new hospitalization, and mortality evaluated at 30 days and 1 year. In addition, we constructed a logistic regression model for determining the risk factors that predicted mortality. Results: Of the 634 patients, 328 were treated with staged revascularization and 306 with OTMVR. About 76.7% were men, with a mean age of 63.3 years. Less complex coronary lesions and a higher proportion of the left anterior descending artery as the culprit vessel were found in the OTMVR group. Compared with staged revascularization, the primary and secondary endpoints occurred less frequently with OTMVR strategy. Conclusions: OTMVR did not generate more complications and demonstrate better clinical outcomes than in-hospital staged revascularization.

Resumen Objetivo: El propósito fue comparar resultados de pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST y enfermedad coronaria multivaso sometidos a revascularización completa de un solo momento frente a revascularización completa por etapas mediante intervención coronaria percutánea. Métodos: Estudio cohorte observacional, retrospectivo, unicéntrico, con datos de enero de 2013 a abril de 2019, incluyendo 634 pacientes. Se compararon resultados entre pacientes sometidos a revascularización completa por etapas frente a revascularización completa en un solo momento. El objetivo primario fue valorar mortalidad intrahospitalaria por cualquier causa y como objetivos secundarios se evaluaron a 30 días y 1 año las complicaciones cardiovasculares, hospitalizaciones y mortalidad. Se construyó un modelo de regresión logística para determinar los factores de riesgo que predijeron mortalidad. Resultados: De 634 pacientes, 328 fueron tratados con revascularización por etapas y 306 con revascularización en una intervención. El 76.7% fueron hombres, con una media de edad de 63.3 años. En el grupo de revascularización de un solo tiempo se encontraron lesiones coronarias menos complejas y una mayor proporción de la arteria descendente anterior como vaso culpable. Comparado con el grupo de revascularización por etapas, los objetivos primarios y secundarios ocurrieron con menos frecuencia en el grupo de revascularización en un solo tiempo. Conclusiones: Comparada con la revascularización intrahospitalaria por etapas, la revascularización en una intervención lleva a mejores desenlaces clínicos sin generar más complicaciones.

Performance analysis of a STEMI network: prognostic impact of the type of first medical contact facility.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Prognosis in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is determined by delay in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). The impact of first medical contact (FMC) facility type on reperfusion delays and mortality remains controversial. METHODS: We performed a prospective registry of primary coronary intervention (PCI)-treated STEMI patients (2010-2020) in the Codi Infart STEMI network. We analyzed 1-year all-cause mortality depending on the FMC facility type: emergency medical service (EMS), community hospital (CH), PCI hospital (PCI-H), or primary care center (PCC). RESULTS: We included 18 332 patients (EMS 34.3%; CH 33.5%; PCI-H 12.3%; PCC 20.0%). Patients with Killip-Kimball classes III-IV were: EMS 8.43%, CH 5.54%, PCI-H 7.51%, PCC 3.76% (P <.001). All comorbidities and first medical assistance complications were more frequent in the EMS and PCI-H groups (P <.05) and were less frequent in the PCC group (P <.05 for most variables). The PCI-H group had the shortest FMC-to-PCI delay (median 82 minutes); the EMS group achieved the shortest total ischemic time (median 151 minutes); CH had the longest reperfusion delays (P <.001). In an adjusted logistic regression model, the PCI-H and CH groups were associated with higher 1-year mortality, OR, 1.22 (95%CI, 1.00-1.48; P=.048), and OR, 1.17 (95%CI 1.02-1.36; P=.030), respectively, while the PCC group was associated with lower 1-year mortality than the EMS group, OR, 0.71 (95%CI 0.58-0.86; P <.001). CONCLUSIONS: FMC with PCI-H and CH was associated with higher adjusted 1-year mortality than FMC with EMS. The PCC group had a much lower intrinsic risk and was associated with better outcomes despite longer revascularization delays.

Mechanical complications in STEMI: prevalence and mortality trends in the primary PCI era. The Ruti-STEMI registry.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Mechanical complications confer a dreadful prognosis in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Their prevalence and prognosis are not well-defined in the current era of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) reperfusion networks. We aimed to analyze prevalence and mortality trends of post-STEMI mechanical complications over 2 decades, before and after the establishment of pPCI networks. METHODS: Prospective, consecutive registry of STEMI patients within a region of 850 000 inhabitants over 2 decades: a pre-pPCI period (1990-2000) and a pPCI period (2007-2017). We analyzed the prevalence of mechanical complications, including ventricular septal rupture, papillary muscle rupture, and free wall rupture (FWR). Twenty eight-day and 1-year mortality trends were compared between the 2 studied decades. RESULTS: A total of 6033 STEMI patients were included (pre-pPCI period, n=2250; pPCI period, n=3783). Reperfusion was supported by thrombolysis in the pre-pPCI period (99.1%) and by pPCI in in the pPCI period (95.7%). Mechanical complications developed in 135 patients (2.2%): ventricular septal rupture in 38 patients, papillary muscle rupture in 24, and FWR in 73 patients. FWR showed a relative reduction of 60% in the pPCI period (0.8% vs 2.0%, P<.001), without significant interperiod changes in the other mechanical complications. After multivariate adjustment, FWR remained higher in the pre-pPCI period (OR, 1.93; 95%CI, 1.10-3.41; P=.023). At 28 days and 1 year, mortality showed no significant changes in all the mechanical complications studied. CONCLUSIONS: The establishment of regional pPCI networks has modified the landscape of mechanical complications in STEMI. FWR is less frequent in the pPCI era, likely due to reduced transmural infarcts.

Infarto de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST revascularizado. Tendencias temporales de los tratamientos contemporáneos y su impacto en los resultados / Revascularized ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Temporal trends in contemporary therapies and impact on outcomes

Introducción y objetivos Evaluar en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (IAMCEST) sometidos a angioplastia primaria con qué ritmo se ha introducido en la práctica clínica (2010-2017) los tratamientos con stents farmacoactivos, ticagrelor, prasugrel y antiagregante plaquetario doble (TAPD) prolongado y su potencial impacto en el resultado a 2 años. Métodos Análisis retrospectivo de un registro prospectivo exhaustivo de 14.841 pacientes con IAMCEST sometidos a angioplastia primaria entre 2010 y 2017. Los eventos índice se obtuvieron del Registro de Código IAM de Cataluña y los eventos en el seguimiento, del conjunto mínimo de datos de altas hospitalarias. Se definió el TAPD a partir de la dispensación farmacéutica. Se evaluó el resultado a 24 meses. Las tendencias temporales de los factores de exposición y los resultados se analizaron mediante modelos de regresión. Resultados La edad> 65 años, la diabetes, la insuficiencia renal, la insuficiencia cardiaca previa y la necesidad de anticoagulación al alta fueron más frecuentes en periodos más tardíos (p <0,001). Entre 2010 y 2017 el implante de stents farmacoactivos aumentó del 31,1 al 69,8%; la prescripción de ticagrelor, del 0,1 al 28,6% y la de prasugrel, del 1,5 al 23,8%, y la media de meses consecutivos con TAPD, de 2 a 10 (p <0,001 en todos los casos). El análisis ajustado mostró una tendencia temporal a disminución del riesgo de la variable de resultado principal: el evento compuesto de muerte, infarto agudo de miocardio, ictus y nueva revascularización (reducción absoluta de la probabilidad, el 0,005% por trimestre; OR=0,995; IC95%, 0,99-0,999; p=0,028). Todos los componentes individuales excepto el ictus mostraron una reducción de la probabilidad, solo significativa para la aparición de nueva revascularización (AU)

Introduction and objectives To assess, in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who underwent primary percutaneous intervention, the pace of introduction in clinical practice (2010-2017) of drug-eluting stents (DES), ticagrelor, prasugrel, and prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) duration, and their potential impact on the risk of 2-year outcomes. Methods Prospective and exhaustive community-wide cohort of 14 841 STEMI patients undergoing primary percutaneous intervention between 2010 and 2017. Index episodes were obtained from the Catalan Codi IAM Registry, events during follow-up from the Minimum Data Set and DAPT were defined by pharmacy dispensation. Follow-up was 24 months. The temporal trend for exposures and outcomes was assessed using regression models. Results Age> 65 years, diabetes, renal failure, previous heart failure, and need for anticoagulation at discharge were more frequent in later periods (P <.001). From 2010 to 2017, the use of DES increased from 31.1% to 69.8%, ticagrelor from 0.1% to 28.6%, prasugrel from 1.5% to 23.8%, and the median consecutive months on DAPT from 2 to 10 (P <.001 for all). Adjusted analysis showed a temporal trend to a lower risk of the main outcome over time: the composite of death, acute myocardial infarction, stroke and repeat revascularization (absolute odds reduction 0.005% each quarter; OR, 0.995; 95%CI, 0.99-0.999; P=.028). The odds of all individual components except stroke were reduced, although significance was only reached for revascularization. Conclusions Despite a strong increase between 2010 and 2017 in the use and duration of DAPT and the use of ticagrelor, prasugrel and DES, there was no substantial reduction in major cardiovascular outcomes (AU)

Análisis de la atención al infarto con elevación del segmento ST en España. Resultados del Registro de Código Infarto de la ACI-SEC / Analysis of the management of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in Spain. Results from the ACI-SEC Infarction Code Registry

Introducción y objetivos Las redes de Código Infarto deben garantizar una atención al infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST con buenos resultados clínicos y dentro de los parámetros de tiempo recomendados. No hay información contemporánea sobre el funcionamiento de estas redes en España. El objetivo es analizar las características clínicas de los pacientes atendidos, el tiempo hasta la reperfusión, las características de la intervención realizada y la mortalidad a 30 días. Métodos Registro prospectivo, observacional y multicéntrico de pacientes los consecutivos atendidos en 17 redes de Código Infarto en España (83 centros con Código Infarto) entre el 1 de abril y el 30 de junio de 2019. Resultados Se atendió a 5.401 pacientes (media de edad, 64±13 años; el 76,9% varones), de los que 4.366 (80,8%) sufrieron un infarto con elevación del ST. De estos, se trató al 87,5% con angioplastia primaria, al 4,4% con fibrinolisis y al 8,1% sin reperfusión. En los casos tratados con angioplastia primaria, el tiempo entre el inicio de los síntomas y la reperfusión fue 193 [135-315] min y el tiempo entre el primer contacto médico y la reperfusión, 107 [80-146] min. La mortalidad total a 30 días por infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del ST fue del 7,9%, mientras que entre los pacientes tratados con angioplastia primaria fue del 6,8%. Conclusiones Se trató con angioplastia primaria a la inmensa mayoría de los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del ST, y en más de la mitad de los casos el tiempo desde el primer contacto médico hasta la reperfusión fue <120 min. La mortalidad a 30 días fue relativamente baja (AU)

Introduction and objectives ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) networks should guarantee STEMI care with good clinical results and within the recommended time parameters. There is no contemporary information on the performance of these networks in Spain. The objective of this study was to analyze the clinical characteristics of patients, times to reperfusion, characteristics of the intervention performed, and 30-day mortality. Methods Prospective, observational, multicenter registry of consecutive patients treated in 17 STEMI networks in Spain (83 centers with the Infarction Code), between April 1 and June 30, 2019. Results A total of 5401 patients were attended (mean age, 64±13 years; 76.9% male), of which 4366 (80.8%) had confirmed STEMI. Of these, 87.5% were treated with primary angioplasty, 4.4% with fibrinolysis, and 8.1% did not receive reperfusion. In patients treated with primary angioplasty, the time between symptom onset and reperfusion was 193 [135-315] minutes and the time between first medical contact and reperfusion was 107 [80-146] minutes. Overall 30-day mortality due to STEMI was 7.9%, while mortality in patients treated with primary angioplasty was 6.8%. Conclusions Most patients with STEMI were treated with primary angioplasty. In more than half of the patients, the time from first medical contact to reperfusion was <120 minutes. Mortality at 30 days was relatively low (AU)

Analysis of the management of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in Spain. Results from the ACI-SEC Infarction Code Registry.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) networks should guarantee STEMI care with good clinical results and within the recommended time parameters. There is no contemporary information on the performance of these networks in Spain. The objective of this study was to analyze the clinical characteristics of patients, times to reperfusion, characteristics of the intervention performed, and 30-day mortality. METHODS: Prospective, observational, multicenter registry of consecutive patients treated in 17 STEMI networks in Spain (83 centers with the Infarction Code), between April 1 and June 30, 2019. RESULTS: A total of 5401 patients were attended (mean age, 64±13 years; 76.9% male), of which 4366 (80.8%) had confirmed STEMI. Of these, 87.5% were treated with primary angioplasty, 4.4% with fibrinolysis, and 8.1% did not receive reperfusion. In patients treated with primary angioplasty, the time between symptom onset and reperfusion was 193 [135-315] minutes and the time between first medical contact and reperfusion was 107 [80-146] minutes. Overall 30-day mortality due to STEMI was 7.9%, while mortality in patients treated with primary angioplasty was 6.8%. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients with STEMI were treated with primary angioplasty. In more than half of the patients, the time from first medical contact to reperfusion was <120 minutes. Mortality at 30 days was relatively low.

Revascularized ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Temporal trends in contemporary therapies and impact on outcomes.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To assess, in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who underwent primary percutaneous intervention, the pace of introduction in clinical practice (2010-2017) of drug-eluting stents (DES), ticagrelor, prasugrel, and prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) duration, and their potential impact on the risk of 2-year outcomes. METHODS: Prospective and exhaustive community-wide cohort of 14 841 STEMI patients undergoing primary percutaneous intervention between 2010 and 2017. Index episodes were obtained from the Catalan Codi IAM Registry, events during follow-up from the Minimum Data Set and DAPT were defined by pharmacy dispensation. Follow-up was 24 months. The temporal trend for exposures and outcomes was assessed using regression models. RESULTS: Age> 65 years, diabetes, renal failure, previous heart failure, and need for anticoagulation at discharge were more frequent in later periods (P <.001). From 2010 to 2017, the use of DES increased from 31.1% to 69.8%, ticagrelor from 0.1% to 28.6%, prasugrel from 1.5% to 23.8%, and the median consecutive months on DAPT from 2 to 10 (P <.001 for all). Adjusted analysis showed a temporal trend to a lower risk of the main outcome over time: the composite of death, acute myocardial infarction, stroke and repeat revascularization (absolute odds reduction 0.005% each quarter; OR, 0.995; 95%CI, 0.99-0.999; P=.028). The odds of all individual components except stroke were reduced, although significance was only reached for revascularization. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a strong increase between 2010 and 2017 in the use and duration of DAPT and the use of ticagrelor, prasugrel and DES, there was no substantial reduction in major cardiovascular outcomes.

Impact of sex differences and network systems on the in-hospital mortality of patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Network systems have achieved reductions in both time to reperfusion and in-hospital mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, the data have not been disaggregated by sex. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of network systems on sex differences in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) and in-hospital mortality from 2005 to 2015. METHODS: The Minimum Data Set of the Spanish National Health System was used to identify patients with STEMI. Logistic multilevel regression models and Poisson regression analysis were used to calculate risk-standardized in-hospital mortality ratios and incidence rate ratios (IRRs). RESULTS: Of 324 998 STEMI patients, 277 281 were selected after exclusions (29% women). Even when STEMI networks were established, the use of reperfusion therapy (PCI, fibrinolysis, and CABG) was lower in women than in men from 2005 to 2015: 56.6% vs 75.6% in men and 36.4% vs 57.0% in women, respectively (both P<.001). pPCI use increased from 34.9% to 68.1% in men (IRR, 1.07) and from 21.7% to 51.7% in women (IRR, 1.08). The crude in-hospital mortality rate was higher in women (9.3% vs 18.7%; P<.001) but decreased from 2005 to 2015 (IRRs, 0.97 for men and 0.98 for women; both P < .001). Female sex was an independent risk factor for mortality (adjusted OR, 1.23; P<.001). The risk-standardized in-hospital mortality ratio was lower in women when STEMI networks were in place (16.9% vs 19.1%, P<.001). pPCI and the presence of STEMI networks were associated with lower in-hospital mortality in women (adjusted ORs, 0.30 and 0.75, respectively; both P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Women were less likely to receive pPCI and had higher in-hospital mortality than men throughout the 11-year study period, even with the presence of a network system for STEMI.

Impacto de las políticas de salud en la incidencia de reperfusión de infarto agudo de miocardio durante el inicio de la pandemia por COVID-19 en Uruguay / Impact of public health policies on the incidence of acute myocardial reperfusion during the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in Uruguay / Impacto das políticas de saúde na incidência de infarto do miocárdio durante a pandemia de COVID-19 no Uruguai

Introducción: las medidas sanitarias de emergencia impuestas para contener el SARS-CoV-2 pueden tener efectos colaterales en la atención de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Los datos mundiales de los países sobre la incidencia de infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (IAMCEST) durante la pandemia son fundamentales para la política sanitaria futura. Objetivos: nuestro objetivo fue determinar si las medidas sanitarias de emergencia impuestas en Uruguay tuvieron un impacto directo en la calidad de la atención en la reperfusión del IAMCEST. Métodos: realizamos un estudio retrospectivo poblacional de todo el país para determinar la incidencia de reperfusión de IAMCEST (fibrinolíticos e intervención coronaria percutánea, FBL e ICP respectivamente) durante el período sanitario de emergencia. La tasa de incidencia de la reperfusión, el tiempo hasta la reperfusión y la mortalidad asociada se recopilaron de la base de datos del Fondo Nacional de Recursos (organización gubernamental única a cargo de la financiación de la reperfusión del IAMCEST en Uruguay). Estos mismos datos se recuperaron para 2019, 2018 y 2017. Resultados: se trataron durante el periodo de estudio del 2020 (136 pacientes) en comparación con 2019 (180 pacientes), 2018 (182 pacientes) y 2017 (174 pacientes). Se realizó FBL como tratamiento único en 5,1%, 7,2%, 7,7% y 12,1%, respectivamente. La razón de tasa de incidencia de IAMCEST durante el período estudiado en 2020 fue de 0,7 (IC95%: 0,59-0,91). La mediana del tiempo hasta la reperfusión fue similar en comparación con 2019, 2018 y 2017 (p = 0,4). No hubieron diferencias en la mortalidad a 15 dias entre los años evaluados.

Introduction: the emergency health measures imposed to contain SARS-CoV-2 can have collateral effects in the care of cardiovascular diseases. Global country data on the incidence of ST acute myocardial infarction during the pandemic are critical for future health policy. Objectives: our objective was to determine if the emergency health measures imposed in Uruguay had a direct impact on the quality of ST elevation acute myocardial infarction care. Methods: we carried out a population-based retrospective study of the entire country to determine the incidence of reperfusion of ST elevation acute myocardial infarction (fibrinolytic and percutaneous) during the emergency health period. The incidence rate of reperfusion, time to reperfusion, and associated mortality were collected from the Fondo Nacional de Recursos (the only government organization in charge of the reperfusion of ST elevation myocardial infarction in Uruguay). These same data were recovered for 2019, 2018 and 2017. Results: fewer patients were treated in 2020 (136 patients) compared to 2019 (180 patients), 2018 (182 patients), and 2017 (174 patients). Fibrinolytics was performed as the only treatment in 5.1%, 7.2%, 7.7% and 12.1% respectively. The proportion in incidence rate of ST elevation myocardial infarction during the study period in 2020 was lower (0.74, 95% CI: 0.59-0.91). The median time to reperfusion was similar compared to 2019, 2018, and 2017 (p = 0.4). Mortality at 15 days was similar in 2017 (8%), 2018 (6%), 2019 (11%) and 2020 (8%). Conclusion: emergency health measures were associated with a decrease in the incidence of reperfusion of ST elevation myocardial infarction without affecting the time to reperfusion and mortality.

Introdução: as medidas emergenciais de saúde impostas para conter o SARS-CoV-2 podem ter efeitos colaterais no cuidado das doenças cardiovasculares. Os dados globais do país sobre a incidência de infarto agudo do miocárdio durante a pandemia são essenciais para a futura política de saúde. Objetivos: nosso objetivo foi determinar se as medidas de saúde de emergência impostas no Uruguai tiveram um impacto direto na qualidade do atendimento infarto agudo do miocárdio. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de base populacional em todo o país para determinar a incidência de reperfusão do infarto agudo do miocárdio (fibrinolítico e percutâneo) durante o período de emergência de saúde. A taxa de incidência de reperfusão, tempo de reperfusão e mortalidade associada foram coletados do Fondo Nacional de Recursos (a única organização governamental responsável pela reperfusão de infarto agudo do miocárdio no Uruguai). Esses mesmos dados foram recuperados para 2019, 2018 e 2017. Resultados: menos pacientes foram tratados em 2020 (136 pacientes) em comparação com 2019 (180 pacientes), 2018 (182 pacientes) e 2017 (174 pacientes). Fibrinolisis foi realizado como o único tratamento em 5,1%, 7,2%, 7,7% e 12,1%, respectivamente. A proporção na taxa de incidência de infarto agudo do miocárdio durante o período estudado em 2020 foi menor (0,74, IC 95%: 0,59-0,91). O tempo médio para reperfusão foi semelhante em comparação com 2019, 2018 e 2017 (p = 0,4). A mortalidade em 15 dias foi semelhante em 2017 (8%), 2018 (6%), 2019 (11%) e 2020 (8%). Conclusão: as medidas emergenciais de saúde foram associadas à diminuição da incidência de reperfusão do infarto agudo do miocárdio, sem afetar o tempo de reperfusão e a mortalidade.

Impact of COVID-19 on ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction care. The Spanish experience.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The COVID-19 outbreak has had an unclear impact on the treatment and outcomes of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The aim of this study was to assess changes in STEMI management during the COVID-19 outbreak. METHODS: Using a multicenter, nationwide, retrospective, observational registry of consecutive patients who were managed in 75 specific STEMI care centers in Spain, we compared patient and procedural characteristics and in-hospital outcomes in 2 different cohorts with 30-day follow-up according to whether the patients had been treated before or after COVID-19. RESULTS: Suspected STEMI patients treated in STEMI networks decreased by 27.6% and patients with confirmed STEMI fell from 1305 to 1009 (22.7%). There were no differences in reperfusion strategy (> 94% treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention in both cohorts). Patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention during the COVID-19 outbreak had a longer ischemic time (233 [150-375] vs 200 [140-332] minutes, P<.001) but showed no differences in the time from first medical contact to reperfusion. In-hospital mortality was higher during COVID-19 (7.5% vs 5.1%; unadjusted OR, 1.50; 95%CI, 1.07-2.11; P <.001); this association remained after adjustment for confounders (risk-adjusted OR, 1.88; 95%CI, 1.12-3.14; P=.017). In the 2020 cohort, there was a 6.3% incidence of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection during hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: The number of STEMI patients treated during the current COVID-19 outbreak fell vs the previous year and there was an increase in the median time from symptom onset to reperfusion and a significant 2-fold increase in the rate of in-hospital mortality. No changes in reperfusion strategy were detected, with primary percutaneous coronary intervention performed for the vast majority of patients. The co-existence of STEMI and SARS-CoV-2 infection was relatively infrequent.

Impact on mortality after implementation of a network for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction care. The IPHENAMIC study.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Little is known about the impact of networks for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) care on the population. The objective of this study was to determine whether the PROGALIAM (Programa Gallego de Atención al Infarto Agudo de Miocardio) improved survival in northern Galicia. METHODS: We collected all events coded as STEMI between 2001 and 2013. A total of 6783 patients were identified and divided into 2 groups: pre-PROGALIAM (2001-2005), with 2878 patients, and PROGALIAM (2006-2013), with 3905 patients. RESULTS: In the pre-PROGALIAM period, 5-year adjusted mortality was higher both in the total population (HR, 1.22, 95%CI, 1.14-1.29; P <.001) and in each area (A Coruña: HR, 1.12; 95%CI, 1.02-1.23; P=.02; Lugo: HR, 1.34; 95%CI, 1.2-1.49; P <.001 and Ferrol: HR, 1.23; 95%CI, 1.1-1.4; P=.001). Before PROGALIAM, 5-year adjusted mortality was higher in the areas of Lugo (HR, 1.25; 95%CI, 1.05-1.49; P=.02) and Ferrol (HR, 1.32; 95%CI, 1.13-1.55; P=.001) than in A Coruña. These differences disappeared after the creation of the STEMI network (Lugo vs A Coruña: HR, 0.88; 95%CI, 0.72-1.06; P=.18, Ferrol vs A Coruña: HR, 1.04; 95%CI, 0.89-1.22; P=.58. CONCLUSIONS: For patients with STEMI, the creation of PROGALIAM in northern Galicia decreased mortality and increased equity in terms of survival both overall and in each of the areas where it was implemented. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT02501070).

Impact on Mortality of Different Network Systems in the Treatment of ST-segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction. The Spanish Experience.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To analyze the association between the development of network systems of care for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in the autonomous communities (AC) of Spain and the regional rate of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and in-hospital mortality. METHODS: From 2003 to 2012, data from the minimum basic data set of the Spanish taxpayer-funded health system were analyzed, including admissions from general hospitals. Diagnoses of STEMI and related procedures were codified by the International Diseases Classification. Discharge episodes (n = 302 471) were distributed in 3 groups: PCI (n = 116 621), thrombolysis (n = 46 720), or no reperfusion (n = 139 130). RESULTS: Crude mortality throughout the evaluation period was higher for the no-PCI or thrombolysis group (17.3%) than for PCI (4.8%) and thrombolysis (8.6%) (P < .001). For the aggregate of all communities, the PCI rate increased (21.6% in 2003 vs 54.5% in 2012; P < .001) with a decrease in risk-standardized mortality rates (10.2% in 2003; 6.8% in 2012; P < .001). Significant differences were observed in the PCI rate across the AC. The development of network systems was associated with a 50% increase in the PCI rate (P < .001) and a 14% decrease in risk-standardized mortality rates (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: From 2003 to 2012, the PCI rate in STEMI substantially increased in Spain. The development of network systems was associated with an increase in the PCI rate and a decrease in in-hospital mortality.