Comparative study between Salkowski reagent and chromatographic method for auxins quantification from bacterial production.

Introduction: The Salkowski reagent method is a colorimetric technique used to determine auxin production, specifically as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). It was developed to determine indoles rapidly; however, it does not follow Beer's law at high concentrations of IAA. Thus, there could be an overestimation of IAA with the Salkowski technique due to the detection of other indole compounds. Methods: This study aims to compare the Salkowski colorimetric method versus a chromatographic method to evidence the imprecision or overestimation obtained when auxins, such as indole-acetic acid (IAA), are determined as traits from promoting growth plant bacteria (PGPB), using ten different strains from three different isolation sources. The analysis used the same bacterial culture to compare the Salkowski colorimetric and chromatographic results. Each bacterium was cultivated in the modified TSA without or with tryptophan for 96 h. The same supernatant culture was used in both methods: Salkowski reagent and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). Results: The first method indicated 5.4 to 27.4 mg L-1 without tryptophan in ten evaluated strains. When tryptophan was used as an inductor of auxin production, an increase was observed with an interval from 4.4 to 160 mg L-1. The principal auxin produced by all strains was IAA from that evaluated by the LC-MS/MS method, with significantly higher concentration with tryptophan addition than without. Strains belonging to the Kocuria genus were highlighted by high IAA production. The indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) was detected in all the bacterial cultures without tryptophan and only in K. turfanensis As05 with tryptophan, while it was not detected in other strains. In addition, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was detected at trace levels (13-16 µg L-1). Conclusions: The Salkowski reagent overestimates the IAA concentration with an interval of 41-1042 folds without tryptophan and 7-16330 folds with tryptophan as inductor. In future works, it will be necessary to determine IAA or other auxins using more suitable sensitive techniques and methodologies.

Moderate India Pale Ale beer consumption promotes antigenotoxic and non-mutagenic effects in ex vivo and in vivo mice models.

BACKGROUND: Discussion of the benefits of moderate alcohol consumption is ongoing. Broadly, research focusing on ethanol consumption tends to report no benefits. However, studies that distinguish between different types of alcoholic beverages, particularly beers, often reveal positive effects. The present study evaluated the genotoxic and mutagenic effects of moderate chronic consumption of India Pale Ale (IPA) craft beer. Sixty-four adult male Swiss mice were used and divided into control and treatment groups receiving water, IPA beer with 55.23 g of ethanol per liter of beer, aqueous solution with 55.23 g of ethanol per liter, and hop infusion ad libitum for 30 days. After this period, the animals were genetically evaluated with a comet assay. For the ex vivo comet assay, blood was collected and exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). For the in vivo assay, the alkylating agent cyclophosphamide (CP) was administered to the groups after blood collection and sacrificed after 24 h. Brain, liver, and heart tissues were analyzed. Bone marrow was collected and submitted to the micronucleus test. RESULTS: The groups treated with IPA beer, ethanol, and hops did not show genotoxic and mutagenic action in the blood, brain, heart, or liver. The antigenotoxic action of IPA beer and hops was observed in both in vivo and ex vivo models, showing a similar reduction in DNA damage caused by CP. There was no significant difference between the groups with regard to the formation of micronuclei by CP. CONCLUSION: Moderate chronic consumption of IPA beer and hops infusion showed antigenotoxic effects in mice but no antimutagenic action. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Commercial craft beers produced in Uruguay: Volatile profile and physicochemical composition.

Even beer being the most consumed alcoholic beverage around the world, there is not enough information generated for craft beers produced in Latin America, for either volatile profiles or physicochemical studies. In this work, the chemical and volatile components of ten commercial Blond Ale and nine Indian Pale Ale (IPA) beers from the Uruguayan market were studied using GC-MS. Principal component analysis applied to the data allowed differentiation among the two groups of samples while the volatile compounds and physicochemical parameters responsible for these differences were identified. The physicochemical properties revealed a great diversity between all beer samples even within the same beer style. The main significant differences were obtained for alcohol, polyphenols, bitterness, colour, and pH. Most Blond Ale beer samples were differentiated from IPA ones by raw fermentation aroma compounds such as 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, hexanoic and isobutyric acids, 4-vinyl guaiacol, and 5,5-dimethyl-2(5H)-furanone. This is the first work that contributes to the knowledge of Uruguayan craft beers. The study also showed the ability of most of the Uruguayan microbreweries to brew Blond Ale and IPA craft beer styles that meet international standards for physicochemical quality.

C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CAR) as a marker for detecting acute severe ulcerative colitis in Egyptian patients.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: The C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CAR) is an inflammatory marker that is considered to have prognostic value in many diseases. Our aim in the present study was to investigate the diagnostic performance of the CAR in determining the clinical severity of acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study on 200 UC patients that were admitted to the Gastroenterology unit of the Alexandria University, over an 8-year period from January 2012 to January 2020, was conducted. Patient demographic data, laboratory values, and clinical and endoscopic disease activity scores were evaluated. C-reactive protein (CRP) and albumin levels were recorded. The CAR was calculated to determine clinical severity. RESULTS: Of the 200 patients, 135 (67.5%) were men and 65 (32.5%) were women. Mean age was 43.5 ±â€¯9.8 years. Patients were divided into groups with mild, moderate, or severe disease activity and there were statistically significant differences in the CAR, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), CRP levels, and albumin levels (p = 0.001; p < 0.05). With a cut-off value of 0.6, the CAR performed best in defining patients with severe disease, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.985, 98% sensitivity, 100% specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) of 100%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 97%, p < 0.001. AUC values for the diagnosis of severe disease were 0.985, 0.88, 0.72, and 0.65 for the CAR, CRP, albumin, and the ESR, respectively. CONCLUSION: There was a statistically significant association between the CAR and clinical disease activity in patients with UC. The CAR is a reliable and practical tool for detecting ASUC.

Chronic restraint stress produces sex-specific behavioral and molecular outcomes in the dorsal and ventral rat hippocampus.

Stress-related disorders display differences at multiple levels according to sex. While most studies have been conducted in male rodents, less is known about comparable outcomes in females. In this study, we found that the chronic restraint stress model (2.5 h/day for 14 days) triggers different somatic responses in male and female adult rats. Chronic restraint produced a loss in sucrose preference and novel location preference in male rats. However, chronic restraint failed to produce loss of sucrose preference in females, while it improved spatial performance. We then characterized the molecular responses associated with these behaviors in the hippocampus, comparing the dorsal and ventral poles. Notably, sex- and hippocampal pole-specific transcriptional signatures were observed, along with a significant concordance between the female ventral and male dorsal profiles. Functional enrichment analysis revealed both shared and specific terms associated with each pole and sex. By looking into signaling pathways that were associated with these terms, we found an ample array of sex differences in the dorsal and, to a lesser extent, in the ventral hippocampus. These differences were mainly present in synaptic TrkB signaling, Akt pathway, and glutamatergic receptors. Unexpectedly, the effects of stress on these pathways were rather minimal and mostly dissociated from the sex-specific behavioral outcomes. Our study suggests that female rats are resilient and males susceptible to the restraint stress exposure in the sucrose preference and object location tests, while the activity of canonical signaling pathways is primarily determined by sex rather than stress in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus.

A 30 s test for quantitative assessment of a relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD): the infrared pupillary asymmetry (IPA).

BACKGROUND: Detection of a relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) by the swinging-light test can be challenging in clinical practice (dark eyes, anisocoria, dark environment). We developed a new method of RAPD quantification based on the recording of the infrared pupillary asymmetry (IPA) with a standard optical coherence tomography (OCT) device. METHODS: The diagnostic value of the IPA for detection of the RAPD was determined by receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves and area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: Twenty-nine subjects were included in this study (17 controls and 12 unilateral optic neuropathies). The IPA was significantly greater in unilateral optic neuropathies (0.39) compared to controls (0.18, p = 0.001). The diagnostic value was good with a ROC-AUC of 0.843. Importantly, the IPA correlated significantly with the inter-eye percentage difference of the macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (mGCIPL) thickness (R = 0.53, p = 0.01). Assessment of the IPA took less than 30 s. CONCLUSION: The present data show that the IPA is a practical and rapid test that can be applied in a clinical setting. The IPA may be a valuable functional outcome measure for clinical trials, complementing structural retinal OCT data in a biological meaningful way. The IPA should be further investigated for suitability for optic neuritis treatment trials.

O Congresso da IPA: psicanálise, tecnologia e intimidade / IPA Congress: psychoanalysis, technology, and intimacy / El congreso de la IPA: psicoanálisis, tecnología y intimidad / Le Congrès de l'IPA: psychanalyse, technologie et intimité

Após situar o leitor na complexa estrutura com a qual se deparou pela primeira vez no 50º Congresso da International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA), em Buenos Aires, entre os dias 25 e 29 de julho de 2017, a autora destaca, dentro do tema geral "Intimidade", o debate sobre psicanálise, tecnologia e intimidade, muito enfatizado a propósito do uso crescente das novas tecnologias não presenciais na psicanálise. Tal uso é visto em análises individuais, especialmente no caso de alguns candidatos, que realizam a formação psicanalítica à distância, como ocorre na Ásia, uma provável futura quarta região da IPA, que atualmente está incluída na América do Norte e Europa.

First, the author places the reader within the complex structure they faced for the first time in the 50th Congress of the International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA). This IPA Congress was held in Buenos Aires between the 25th and the 29th of July, 2017. Then, the author highlights, within the general theme of the Congress (i.e., "Intimacy"), the debate about Psychoanalysis, Technology, and Intimacy. It is a growing debate due to the increasing use of new technologies in remote psychoanalysis. These technologies are applied in individual psychoanalysis, especially for some candidates who experience remote analysis in training. It represents the current reality of psychoanalytic training in some countries of Asia, which may be a future region of IPA. Nowadays, IPA has a well-established presence in North America and Europe.

Después de situar al lector en la compleja estructura con la que se deparó, por primera vez, en el 50 Congreso internacional de la IPA en Buenos Aires (25-29 Julio de 2017), la autora destaca dentro del tema general del Congreso, el debate sobre 'psicoanálisis, tecnología e intimidad' al que se le dio especial énfasis, teniendo en cuenta el uso creciente de las nuevas tecnologías no presenciales. Se observa el uso estas tecnologías en análisis individuales, sobretodo por candidatos que hacen su formación analítica a distancia, como ocurre en Ásia. Ásia se perfila como una probable futura cuarta región de la IPA que, actualmente, está incluída en la región de América del Norte y Europa.

Après avoir situé les lecteurs dans la structure complexe, découverte par l'auteur au moment du 50ème Congrès de l'International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA) qui a eu lieu à Buenos Aires du 25 au 29 juillet 2017, elle souligne, dans le thème général "l'Intimité", le débat concernant la psychanalyse, la technologie et l'intimité, mis en évidence dans ce qui concerne l'usage de nouvelles technologies non présentielles en psychanalyse. Ces techniques sont également utilisées lors des séances individuelles de psychanalyse, notamment dans le cas de certains candidats qui suivent leur formation à distance, comme l'on voit en Asie, celle qui sera probablement une future quatrième région de l'ipa, mais qui appartient actuellement à la région Amérique du Nort et Europe.

Think tank sobre o futuro da psicanálise e da IPA: ideias em busca de uma prática / Think tank about IPA's future: ideas in search for a practice / Think tank sobre el futuro de la IPA: ideas en busca de una práctica / Think tank sur l'avenir de l'IPA: des idées à la recherche d'une pratique

Em julho de 2017, a Associação Psicanalítica Internacional criou um grupo de trabalho para incentivar as novas gerações de psicanalistas a participar da entidade. Como chair desse grupo, o autor expõe suas considerações preliminares sobre o projeto, enfatizando a seguinte ideia: a geração atualmente no poder deve aceitar abrir mão de parte dos hábitos, das tradições, das cristalizações culturais que carrega consigo; deve se permitir ser fertilizada pelos mais novos - pelos nativos dos tempos, como ele os chama. As possibilidades de êxito do encontro de gerações estão necessariamente vinculadas a essa abertura para o novo.

In July, 2017, the International Psychoanalytical Association created a work group in order to encourage the participation of the new generations of psychoanalysts in the entity. As the chair of this group, the author reveals his preliminary considerations about this project. He emphasizes the idea that the current generation in power should agree to give up of part of its habits, traditions, and cultural crystallizations it has carried inside itself; it should allow itself to be enriched by the newer generation - by the natives of times, as the author calls them. In this case, the possibilities of a successful meeting between generations completely depend on being open to the new.

En julio de 2017, la Asociación Psicoanalítica Internacional creó un grupo de trabajo para incentivar a las nuevas generaciones de psicoanalistas a participar de la entidad. Como chair de ese grupo, el autor expone sus consideraciones preliminares sobre el proyecto, enfatizando la siguiente idea: la generación que está actualmente en el poder debe aceptar cambiar parte de los hábitos, tradiciones, cristalizaciones culturales que trae consigo; debe permitirse ser fertilizada por los más nuevos - por los nativos de los tiempos, como él los llama. Las posibilidades de éxito del encuentro de generaciones están vinculadas necesariamente a esa apertura a lo nuevo.

En juillet 2017, l'Association Psychanalytique Internationale a créé un groupe de travail pour stimuler les nouvelles générations de psychanalystes à participer de l'institution. En tant que président de ce groupe, l'auteur expose ses considérations préliminaires à propos de ce projet, soulignant l'idée suivante: la génération qui est actuellement au pouvoir doit accepter d'abandonner une partie des habitudes, des traditions, des cristallisations culturelles qu'elle porte en soi; elle doit se permettre d'être fertilisée par les plus jeunes - par les natifs des temps, comme l'auteur les appelle. Les possibilités de réussite de la rencontre de générations sont nécessairement liées à cette ouverture vers le nouveau.

A minha experiência na IPA / Mi experiencia en la IPA / My experience at IPA / Mon expérience à IPA

A autora faz uma breve reflexão sobre sua experiência ao longo de dez anos nas instituições psicanalíticas internacionais, fepal e IPA. Acredita que a experiência de trabalhar em um comitê internacional constitui uma oportunidade para identificar e rever criticamente os pressupostos que organizam os próprios alicerces institucionais. Considera parte da tarefa dos membros pensar as instituições e penetrar as suas cesuras internas em suas diversas facetas. Similaridades, diferenças, confrontos e sofrimentos são elementos indispensáveis para a construção do conhecimento e expansão psíquica do indivíduo, do grupo, da instituição e da sociedade. O debate aberto torna as relações institucionais mais transparentes e, portanto, mais confiáveis e sólidas em nossos propósitos de tornar a própria Instituição objeto de pensamento.

The author writes a brief reflection on her ten-year experience of working at international institutions of psychoanalysis fepal and IPA. Having a work experience at an International Committee, she believes, is a great opportunity to identify and critically re-evaluate the conditions on which our own institutional foundations are established. According to this author's opinion, thinking of their institutions and attempting to reach inside their internal breaches, in their several aspects, constitute an important part of the members' duties. Similarities, differences, conflicts, and pain are vital elements to build knowledge and to the psychic expansion of the individual, group, institution, and society. An open debate enables international relations to be more transparent and, therefore, more trustful and solid. It allows us to fulfil our purposes of making our institution turn into an object of thinking.

La autora hace una breve reflexión sobre su experiencia a lo largo de diez años en instituciones psicoanalíticas internacionales, fepal e IPA. Piensa que la experiencia de trabajar en un comité internacional constituye una grande oportunidad para identificar y rever críticamente los presupuestos que organizan nuestros propios cimientos institucionales. Considera que es parte de la tarea de los miembros pensar en sus instituciones y tratar de penetrar sus cesuras internas en sus diversas facetas. Semejanzas, diferencias, confrontaciones y sufrimientos son elementos indispensables para la construcción del conocimiento y expansión psíquica del individuo, del grupo, de la institución y de la sociedad. El debate abierto torna las relaciones institucionales más transparentes y, por lo tanto, más confiables y sólidas en nuestros propósitos de tornar la propia institución objeto de pensamiento.

L'auteur fait une brève réflexion concernant son expérience au cours de dix ans chez des institutions psychanalytiques internationales, fepal et IPA. Elle croit que l'expérience de travailler dans un comité international constitue une grande chance d'identifier et rêver de façon critique les présupposés qui organisent nos propres fondations institutionnelles. Elle considère qu'une part de la tâche des membres est de penser leurs institutions et d'essayer de pénétrer dans les diverses facettes de ses coupures internes. Les similitudes, les différences, les confrontations et les souffrances sont des éléments indispensables à la construction des connaissances et à l'expansion psychiques de l'individu, du groupe, de l'institution et de la société. Le débat ouvert rend les rapports institutionnels plus transparents, donc plus fiables et solides dans nos desseins de rendre l'institution elle-même un objet de la pensée.

Bioinformatics Tools for Proteomics Data Interpretation.

Biological systems function via intricate cellular processes and networks in which RNAs, metabolites, proteins and other cellular compounds have a precise role and are exquisitely regulated (Kumar and Mann, FEBS Lett 583(11):1703-1712, 2009). The development of high-throughput technologies, such as the Next Generation DNA Sequencing (NGS) and DNA microarrays for sequencing genomes or metagenomes, have triggered a dramatic increase in the last few years in the amount of information stored in the GenBank and UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB). GenBank release 210, reported in October 2015, contains 202,237,081,559 nucleotides corresponding to 188,372,017 sequences, whilst there are only 1,222,635,267,498 nucleotides corresponding to 309,198,943 sequences from Whole Genome Shotgun (WGS) projects. In the case of UniProKB/Swiss-Prot, release 2015_12 (December 9, 2015) contains 196,219,159 amino acids that correspond to 550,116 entries. Meanwhile, UniProtKB/TrEMBL (release 2015_12 of December 9 2015) contains 1,838,851,8871 amino acids corresponding to 555,270,679 entries. Proteomics has also improved our knowledge of proteins that are being expressed in cells at a certain time of the cell cycle. It has also allowed the identification of molecules forming part of multiprotein complexes and an increasing number of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that are present in proteins, as well as the variants of proteins expressed.

Virulence factors and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in Shigella strains from periurban areas of Lima (Peru).

The study was aimed to describe the serotype, mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance, and virulence determinants in Shigella spp. isolated from Peruvian children. Eighty three Shigella spp. were serogrouped and serotyped being established the antibiotic susceptibility. The presence of 12 virulence factors (VF) and integrase 1 and 2, along with commonly found antibiotic resistance genes was established by PCR. S. flexneri was the most relevant serogroup (55 isolates, 66%), with serotype 2a most frequently detected (27 of 55, 49%), followed by S. boydii and S. sonnei at 12 isolates each (14%) and S. dysenteriae (four isolates, 5%). Fifty isolates (60%) were multi-drug resistant (MDR) including 100% of S. sonnei and 64% of S. flexneri. Resistance levels were high to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (86%), tetracycline (74%), ampicillin (67%), and chloramphenicol (65%). Six isolates showed decreased azithromycin susceptibility. No isolate was resistant to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, or ceftriaxone. The most frequent resistance genes were sul2 (95%), tet(B) (92%), cat (80%), dfrA1 (47%), blaOXA-1like (40%), with intl1 and intl2 detected in 51 and 52% of the isolates, respectively. Thirty-one different VF profiles were observed, being the ipaH (100%), sen (77%), virA and icsA (75%) genes the most frequently found. Differences in the prevalence of VF were observed between species with S. flexneri isolates, particularly serotype 2a, possessing high numbers of VF. In conclusion, this study highlights the high heterogeneity of Shigella VF and resistance genes, and prevalence of MDR organisms within this geographic region.

Distinct mitral valve proteomic profiles in rheumatic heart disease and myxomatous degeneration.

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) affects heart-valve tissue and is the most serious consequence of group A Streptococcus infection. Myxomatous degeneration (MXD) is the most frequent valvopathy in the western world. In the present work, key protein expression alterations in the heart-valve tissue of RHD and MXD patients were identified and characterized, with controls from cadaveric organ donors. Proteins were separated by two-dimensional (2D)-electrophoresis and identified by mass spectrometry. We found 17 differentially expressed protein spots, as compared to control samples. We observed an increased expression of ASAP-2 in the RHD patients' valves, while collagen-VI, haptoglobin-related protein, prolargin, and cartilage oligomeric protein showed reduced expression. Valve tissue of MXD patients, on the other hand, presented lower expression of annexin-A1 and A2, septin-2, SOD (Cu/Zn), and transgelin. Tissue samples from both valvopathies displayed higher expression of apolipoprotein-A1. Biglycan was downexpressed in both diseases. Vimentin and lumican showed higher expression in RHD and lower in MXD. These results suggest that key pathogenetic mechanisms are intrinsically distinct in RHD and MXD.

Shigella: A Highly Virulent and Elusive Pathogen.

Despite a significant decrease in Shigella-related mortality, shigellosis continues to carry a significant burden of disease worldwide, particularly in Asia and Africa. Shigella is a highly virulent pathogen comprised of four major species with numerous subtypes. Shigella dysenteriae and Shigella flexneri infections are predominant in resource-limited settings. Clinical presentations range from mild watery diarrhea to severe dysentery with systemic complications such as electrolyte imbalance, seizures and hemolytic uremic syndrome. S. dysenteriae subtype 1, the producer of Shiga toxin, causes the most severe illness and highest mortality. Susceptible strains of Shigella may be effectively treated with inexpensive oral antibiotics such as ampicillin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Unfortunately, multidrug resistant strains have emerged that have rendered most antibiotics, including fluoroquinolones and extended-spectrum cephalosporins, ineffective. Management and prevention of shigellosis represents a major public health challenge. The development of an effective vaccine is urgently needed to decrease its global impact.

Participações na organização e oficialização de novas sociedades componentes da IPA / Participaciones en la organización y formalización de nuevas sociedades componentes de la IPA / Participations in the organization and formalization of new components societies of IPA

No texto são descritas as participações da Sociedade Psicanalítica de Porto Alegre (SPPA), através do autor, nas tarefas de organização, avaliação e posterior oficialização, pela International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA), de quatro sociedades psicanalíticas latino-americanas. São sumariados os longos processos determinados pela IPA para a consecução de tais objetivos, bem como explicados os motivos de tais exigências. Finalmente, é acentuado o valor dos laços afetivos que derivam de tais trabalhos compartilhados(AU)

Based on the author’s experience, the text describes the participation of the Psychoanalytical Society of Porto Alegre (SPPA) in the tasks of organization, evaluation and later formalization by the International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA) of four Latin American psychoanalytic societies. The long processes determined by the IPA to achieve these goals are described and the reasons for these requirements are explained as well. Finally, the value of emotional ties that derive from such shared work is stressed(AU)

En el texto son descritas las participaciones de la Sociedad Psicoanalítica de Porto Alegre (SPPA), a través del autor, en las tareas de organización, evaluación y posterior formalización, por la Internatcional Psychoanalytical Association (IPA), de cuatro sociedades psicoanalíticas. Son resumidos los largos procesos determinados por la IPA para la consecución de tales objetivos, así como explicados los motivos de tales exigencias. Finalmente, es acentuado el valor de los lazos afectivos que derivan de tales trabajos compartidos(AU)

Participações na organização e oficialização de novas sociedades componentes da IPA / Participaciones en la organización y formalización de nuevas sociedades componentes de la IPA / Participations in the organization and formalization of new components societies of IPA

No texto são descritas as participações da Sociedade Psicanalítica de Porto Alegre (SPPA), através do autor, nas tarefas de organização, avaliação e posterior oficialização, pela International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA), de quatro sociedades psicanalíticas latino-americanas. São sumariados os longos processos determinados pela IPA para a consecução de tais objetivos, bem como explicados os motivos de tais exigências. Finalmente, é acentuado o valor dos laços afetivos que derivam de tais trabalhos compartilhados

Based on the author’s experience, the text describes the participation of the Psychoanalytical Society of Porto Alegre (SPPA) in the tasks of organization, evaluation and later formalization by the International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA) of four Latin American psychoanalytic societies. The long processes determined by the IPA to achieve these goals are described and the reasons for these requirements are explained as well. Finally, the value of emotional ties that derive from such shared work is stressed

En el texto son descritas las participaciones de la Sociedad Psicoanalítica de Porto Alegre (SPPA), a través del autor, en las tareas de organización, evaluación y posterior formalización, por la Internatcional Psychoanalytical Association (IPA), de cuatro sociedades psicoanalíticas. Son resumidos los largos procesos determinados por la IPA para la consecución de tales objetivos, así como explicados los motivos de tales exigencias. Finalmente, es acentuado el valor de los lazos afectivos que derivan de tales trabajos compartidos

Um breve histórico da IPA / A brief history of IPA

O autor revisa alguns aspectos históricos da fundação da IPA, e, na sequência, os desenvolvimentos mais significativos que a instituição seguiu nas décadas posteriores, enfatizando situações críticas e movimentos contemporâneos que contribuem para sua vitalidade.

The author reviews some historical aspects of IPA’s creation as well as the most significant developments of the organization followed in the coming decades, emphasizing critical situations and contemporary movements which contribute for its vitality.

El autor revisa algunos aspectos históricos de la fundación de la API, y, a continuación, los desarrollos más significativos que la institución siguió en las décadas posteriores, subrayando situaciones críticas y movimientos contemporáneos que contribuyen para su vitalidad.

Relación entre la lactancia materna, exposición al humo del tabaco y condición arópica en niños de 3 a 6 años con sibilancias persistentes / Relationship between breastfeeding, exposure to tobacco smoke and artopic condition in children aged 3 to 6 years with persistent wheezing

La lactancia materna es considerada el mejor alimento para el niño, aunque su relación con el desarrollo atopia en lactantes con sibilancias es controvertido.Objetivo: analizar la relación entre la lactancia materna, la exposición al humo de tabaco y la condición atópica en niños que presentan sibilancias persistentes en edad preescolar. Material y Métodos: Diseño retrospectivo, observacional, transversal Se incluiyeron 243 niños de entre 3 y 6 años con sibilancias persistentes estudiados en la División de Alergia e Inmunología del Hospital de Niños (2007-2011)...

Breastfeeding is considered the best food for the child, but its relationship to the development of atopy in infants with wheezing is controversial. Aim: to analyze the relationship between brestfeeding, cigarette smoke exposure and atopic status in preschool children with persistent wheezing. Material and Methods: Retrospective, observational, transversal design of 243 children aged 3 to 6 years with persistent wheezing studied in the Allergy and Immunology Division of Children's Hospital (2007-2011)...

Freud e a expansão da psicanálise / Freud and the expansion of psychoanalysis / Freud et l'expansion de la psychanalyse

Freud, à medida que empreendia o movimento de expansão da psicanálise no mundo, deparou-se com a deterioração de sua prática como resultado, abrindo a questão sobre o que é um analista. Para controlar a habilitação do analista no campo que havia fundado, criou a Associação Internacional de Psicanálise (IPA). Contudo, se essa medida se justificava a favor da expansão do movimento psicanalítico, isso acabou por constituir um impasse para o estabelecimento do estatuto do analista e da prática da psicanálise.(AU)

Psicanálise: os próximos 100 anos / Psychoanalysis: the next hundred years

O autor enfatiza a importância da Associação Psicanalítica Internacional na implantação e desenvolvimento da psicanálise, bem como seu papel fundamental na influência que esta teve na cultura do século XX e atual. Destaca o caráter plural da entidade, que permite um foro de discussões em que efetivamente o campo psicanalítico se cria e se constrói, a cada dia.(AU)

The author emphasizes the importance of IPA, now 100 years old, to the development of psychoanalysis. As a plural entity that contains different psychoanalytical ideas, it teaches us to live with and grow from the differences of thoughts.(AU)

IPA - Cem anos de resistência / IPA - Cien años de resistencia / IPA - A hundred years of resistance

O texto trabalha a fundação da IPA em seus detalhes históricos e as vicissitudes que presidiram seu nascimento. Todos os personagens fundamentais que construíram essa Associação circulam - com suas aproximações e rivalidades - na construção dessa Associação, assim como o porquê da sua imprescindibilidade. A constituição do chamado "Comitê Secreto", por um lado, e a presença do "Estrangeiro" por outro, possibilitam constituir um par dialético em que o endogâmico rivaliza com exogâmico. O "estrangeiro" é o lugar de Jung, o exogâmico, enquanto o "Comitê Secreto" é o endogâmico. Em outros termos, um está constituído para vigiar o outro. Finalmente, a ética da fidelidade é substituída pela ética da liberdade.

El texto trabaja la fundación de la IPA con detalles históricos y vicisitudes que presidieron su nacimiento. Todos los personajes fundamentales que construyeron esa Asociación figuran - con sus aproximaciones y rivalidades - en la construcción de esa Asociación así como el motivo de su indispensabilidad. La constitución del llamado "Comité Secreto", por un lado y la presencia de lo "Extranjero" por el otro, pudieron constituir un par dialéctico donde el endogámico rivaliza con el exogámico. El "extranjero" es el lugar de Jung, mientras que el "Comité Secreto" constituye el endogámico. Dicho de otro modo, uno está constituido para vigilar al otro. Finalmente, la ética de la fidelidad es substituida por la ética de la libertad.

The text deals with the foundation of IPA in its historical details and the problems that appeared before its birth. All the essential people who built this Association wander - with their similarities and antagonisms - in the building of the Association, as well as the reason for its vital indispensability. The establishment of the so-called "Secret Committee", on one hand, and the presence of the "Foreigner", on the other, allow for the constitution of a dialectic pair, where the endogamous rivals the exogamous. The "Foreigner" is Jung’s territory, the exogamous, while the "Secret Comitee" is endogamous. In other words, each is built to watch the other. Finally, the ethics of fidelity is substituted by the ethics of liberty.