RESUMO
This ecological analysis assessed the relative contribution of behavioural, health services and socioeconomic variables to inadequate weight gain in infants (0-11 months) and children (12-23 months) in 140 municipalities in the State of Ceara, north-east Brazil. To assess the total effect of selected variables, we fitted three unique sets of multivariate linear regression models to the prevalence of inadequate weight gain in infants and in children. The final predictive models included variables from the three sets. Findings showed that participation in growth monitoring and urbanization were inversely and significantly associated with the prevalence of inadequate weight gain in infants, accounting for 38.3% of the variation. Female illiteracy rate, participation in growth monitoring and degree of urbanization were all positively associated with prevalence of inadequate weight gain in children. Together, these factors explained 25.6% of the variation. Our results suggest that efforts to reduce the average municipality-specific female illiteracy rate, in combination with participation in growth monitoring, may be effective in reducing municipality-level prevalence of inadequate weight gain in infants and children in Ceara.
PIP: This article assesses the relationship between health services, socioeconomic variables, and inadequate weight gain among Brazilian children. The study used ecological analysis to assess the relative contributions of these variables to variations in the prevalence of inadequate weight gain among infants and young children in 140 municipalities in the State of Caera, northeast Brazil. The assessment of the total effect of selected variables involved fitting three unique sets of multivariate linear regression models to the prevalence of inadequate weight gain among infants and children. Findings showed several significant predictors of the prevalence of inadequate weight gains. These include participation in growth monitoring and a degree of urbanization, which together account for 38.3% of the variation, and female illiteracy rate (9.7% of the variation). Overall, these factors explain 25.6% of the variation in child growth. In conclusion, the study suggests that efforts to reduce the average municipality-specific female illiteracy rate, in combination with participation in growth monitoring may be effective in reducing municipality-level prevalence of inadequate weight gain among infants and children in Caera.
Assuntos
Serviços de Saúde da Criança/normas , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/etiologia , Transtornos do Crescimento/etiologia , Áreas de Pobreza , Serviços Urbanos de Saúde/normas , Aumento de Peso , Adolescente , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Brasil/epidemiologia , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/epidemiologia , Escolaridade , Feminino , Transtornos do Crescimento/epidemiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Mães/educação , Avaliação das Necessidades , Prevalência , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
PIP: In all developing countries the number of illiterate women exceeds that of illiterate men, and the difference is most pronounced in Africa. There is usually less difference between the literacy levels of the sexes when male literacy rates exceed 75%. Over 1 billion adults in developing countries are still illiterate, despite the great advances of the past 25 years. 64% of the illiterate are women. Women form about 29% of the nonagricultural labor force in developing countries and 44% in developed countries. Women active in the informal sector are frequently ignored in official statistics. In most countries the salaries of women in nonagricultural employment are significantly lower than those of men. The greatest income disparity between the sexes occurs in East Asia. The maternal mortality rate at the global level is 320/100,000, which translates into approximately half a million maternal deaths each year. The maternal mortality rate within countries ranges from 2000/100,000 in Mali to 2/100,000 in Ireland. The maternal mortality level is almost 40 times higher in developing than developed countries. The number of HIV seropositive adults was estimated at 17.6 million in July 1995, of whom nearly 1/3 had contracted AIDS. Sub-Saharan Africa is the only region with more infected women than men. An estimated 500,000 women died of AIDS in 1994. Women are the principal guardians of family health and welfare, responsibilities they are not able to fulfill if they lack sufficient education, medical care, or access to employment. Women who head their households are in especially urgent need of an end to exploitation, abuse, and other forms of discrimination.^ieng
Assuntos
Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Infecções por HIV , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Direitos da Mulher , Doença , Economia , Escolaridade , Classe Social , VirosesRESUMO
The author analyzes household economy and sex differentials among Bolivian immigrants in Argentina. "While male Bolivian (mainly from Cochabamba) immigrants come to Argentina in search of better job opportunities, female immigration does not result generally from an individual decision, but from the adjustment to family, implying a loss in status and independence as compared to their place of origin. Job opportunities for Bolivian female workers are reduced mainly on account of their poor literacy levels; thus they often work for very low wages, deprived of any social benefits." (SUMMARY IN ENG)