"The Mole on His Penis Lassos Her:" Cultural Understandings of Coercive Control and Emotional Abuse of Women in Cambodia.

Throughout world history, moles and birthmarks have occupied a special place as omens. Little is known of the cultural beliefs concerning the determinants of coercive control. In this ethnographic study of coercive control in Cambodia, the focus is on popular beliefs that moles are omens portending that men shall control women. Lachrymal moles (under the eye) signify women weeping as a result of misery. Penile moles portend men attracting, controlling, even abusing women. They have implications for reinterpreting an "insider" view of hegemonic masculinity and for culturally responsive interventions against gender-based violence.

Using simple economic games to assess social orienting and prosocial behavior in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder.

Deficits in socio-emotional reciprocity, in prosocial behavior and in developing social relationships are diagnostic criteria of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), usually assessed by self-report or observation. Simple social experiments developed by behavioral economists allow for quantification of ASD-related social behavior. In this study, we used such experiments to compare social-economic decision-making between ASD adolescents and neurotypical controls. Precisely, we analyzed social orienting and prosocial behavior in 17 adolescents with ASD (Asperger syndrome) and 24 matched neurotypical adolescents. We used a two-condition distribution game (possibility of punishment by fellow player versus no such possibility) and an impunity game to examine social orienting (distribution game) and prosocial behavior (both games). Participants with ASD exhibited less social orienting in the distribution game (p = 0.03, d = -0.61). In addition, there was a trend for ASD participants to behave in a more prosocial way than neurotypical participants in the impunity game (p = 0.08, d = 0.60), which was not the case in the no-punishment condition of the distribution game (p = 0.35, r = 0.17). These results demonstrate the potential of simple economic games to capture reduced social orienting in ASD. The unexpected finding of more prosocial behavior in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder than in neurotypical controls adds to the complexity of previously published results. We recommend meta-analytic efforts to determine average effect sizes across studies and elucidate the conditions for prosocial behavior in ASD to occur.

Workplace violence and its aftermath in China's health sector: implications from a cross-sectional survey across three tiers of the health system.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of physical violence and threats against health workers and the aftermath in tertiary, secondary and primary care facilities in China. DESIGN: A cross-sectional questionnaire study. SETTING: 5 tertiary hospitals, 8 secondary hospitals and 32 primary care facilities located in both urban and rural areas of Zhejiang Province, China, were chosen as the study sites. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 4862 health workers who have contact with patients completed a survey from July 2016 to July 2017. OUTCOME MEASURES: The prevalence of physical violence, threats and Yi Nao, specific forms of physical violence and their aftermath were measured by a self-designed and verified questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between perceived organisational encouragement of reporting workplace violence (WPV) and physical violence, threats and Yi Nao after controlling for age, sex, level of facility, professional ranking and type of health worker. RESULTS: Among all respondents, 224 (4.6%) were physically attacked and 848 (17.4%) experienced threats in the past year. Respondents in secondary hospitals were more likely to experience physical violence (AOR=3.29, 95% CI 2.21 to 4.89), threats (AOR=1.61, 95% CI 1.32 to 1.98) and Yi Nao (AOR=2.47, 95% CI 2.10 to 2.91), compared with primary care providers. Lack of organisational policies to report WPV was associated with higher likelihood of physical violence (AOR=3.64, 95% CI 2.57 to 5.18) and threats (AOR=2.21, 95% CI 1.76 to 2.78). Among physical violence cases, only 29.1% reported the attack to police mainly because most felt it useless to do so (58.8%). Only 25.7% were investigated and 72.4% of attackers received no punishment. Of all those attacked or threatened, 59.4% wanted to quit current post and 76.0% were fearful of dealing with urgent or severe cases. CONCLUSIONS: Proper management of the aftermath of violence against health workers is inadequate. Formal guidelines for reporting and managing WPV are urgently needed.

Medical error and liability for it in some post-soviet countries (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Ukraine).

OBJECTIVE: Introduction: Infliction of harm to life and health due to medical errors is common for the whole world and post-Soviet countries, in particular. The problem of these errors is one of the most important in medical law, although there is no unified concept of it. A small number of sentences in cases of criminal negligence of medical professionals indicates a high latency and often unprovability of this crime in a number of post-Soviet countries. The aim: To disclose the objective and subjective prerequisites of a medical error, reasons for its occurrence, to establish the grounds for criminal liability of medical professionals in case they commit an error and to examine the judicial practice in this regard. Also, to define the concept and types of circumstances exempting criminal liability and their impact on criminal liability issues concerning medical professionals. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: The study is based on the Belarusian, Kazakh, Moldavian and Ukrainian statutory acts as well as international acts, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), national court judgments. Such methods as dialectical, comparative, analytic, synthetic and comprehensive have been used in the paper. RESULTS: Review: On the basis of the study, it has been established that there is no unified concept of a medical error, medical personnel are fairly brought to criminal liability only if they commit an unjustifiable error in the presence of all the mandatory elements of a crime provided for in the relevant article of the Criminal Code. At the same time, it is extremely difficult to prove existence of such an error. Besides, at the state levels, causes and mechanisms of occurring errors have not been revealed, they are not even discussed, which makes it impossible to outline measures to prevent them or reduce their frequency and degree of danger. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The struggle against medical errors should encompass a number of such activities as standardization of clinical treatment protocols, further education of medical professionals and lawyers in regard to patient safety, thorough investigation of each incident in order to exclude a justifiable error or circumstances exempting criminal liability. Equitable, severe and uncompromising punishments for perpetrators should be an effective means preventing commission of crimes in medicine.

Beyond the hype? The response to sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2011 and 2014.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has witnessed a high prevalence of sexual violence since the wars of the mid-1990s. The huge response to it commenced around the turn of the century, but turned to 'hype' towards 2010. The paper defines 'hypes' as phenomena characterised by a media frenzy, eagerness by non-governmental organisations, and pragmatic local responses. Interviews and analyses conducted in 2011 revealed misuse of services and misrepresentation at different levels. The paper goes on to review medical and legal assistance and to provide evidence of incremental improvements in the response since 2012. It has become better coordinated, with more engagement by the DRC government, more community-oriented, and has incorporated a broader notion of gender-based violence. Nonetheless, concern remains about its impact and its continued dependence on international resources. There is apprehension too about social reactions to the problems of corruption and impunity, seemingly adding to the confusion surrounding gender relations in the country.

Power to Punish Norm Violations Affects the Neural Processes of Fairness-Related Decision Making.

Punishing norm violations is considered an important motive during rejection of unfair offers in the ultimatum game (UG). The present study investigates the impact of the power to punish norm violations on people's responses to unfairness and associated neural correlates. In the UG condition participants had the power to punish norm violations, while an alternate condition, the impunity game (IG), was presented where participants had no power to punish norm violations since rejection only reduced the responder's income to zero. Results showed that unfair offers were rejected more often in UG compared to IG. At the neural level, anterior insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex were more active when participants received and rejected unfair offers in both UG and IG. Moreover, greater dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity was observed when participants rejected than accepted unfair offers in UG but not in IG. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex activation was higher in UG than IG when unfair offers were accepted as well as when rejecting unfair offers in IG as opposed to UG. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the power to punish norm violations affects not only people's behavioral responses to unfairness but also the neural correlates of the fairness-related social decision-making process.

Homicídio juvenil: papel de polícia/justiça criminal brasileira na visão de famílias enlutadas / Juvenile homicide: the role of the Brazilian police/criminal justice in mourning families

Diferentemente das perdas naturais, os óbitos decorrentes de homicídios envolvem instâncias jurídicas, cuja função é elucidar os episódios e punir o(s) culpado(s). Este estudo apresenta a percepção sobre o papel da polícia/justiça de mães e irmãos de jovens vítimas de homicídio por arma de fogo. Participaram da pesquisa oito famílias que responderam a um questionário de caracterização do sistema familiar e a um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada. Os relatos foram submetidos à análise. Os dados enfatizam a frustração dos participantes quanto ao desempenho do Estado na apuração dos delitos e na prisão dos perpetradores, com a falta de punição gerando uma profunda insatisfação nos familiares. Os resultados sugerem a necessidade de mudanças no sistema judiciário brasileiro

Unlike natural losses, deaths caused by murders involve a legal body of people whose function is to elucidate the episode and to punish the culprit(s). This study presents the mothers' and siblings' perceptions about the role of the police/criminal justice after losing a young family member due to homicide by firearm. The participants were eight families who answered a questionnaire about the characterization of the family system and a semi-structured interview. The reports were submitted to the qualitative analysis. The results emphasize the frustration of the participants regarding to the performance of the State to solve the crimes and to apprehend the perpetrators; and the lack of punishment generates a deep dissatisfaction among the relatives. The results indicate the necessity of changing the laws in Brazil

Injúria racial no futebol brasileiro: uma análise sócio-histórica de alguns casos (não tão) esporádicos ocorridos nos últimos anos / Racial injury on brazilian's football: a sociohistorical analysis of some sporadic (not so) cases occurred in recent years / Insulto racial en fútbol brasileño: un análisis socio-histórico de algunos casos (no tan) esporádicos en los últimos años

Apesar do discurso das autoridades que gerenciam o futebol no âmbito global contrários a qualquer forma de discriminação, sobretudo as de cunho racial, a reincidência de casos prossegue. Embora se caracterize como algo singular por parte da maioria dos pesquisadores, o racismo no futebol apresenta elementos gerais que, por vezes, são ignorados. Vide exemplos das ocorrências com alguns jogadores brasileiros, como Aranha, Arouca, Daniel Alves, Tinga e Roberto Carlos, bem como do árbitro Márcio Chagas da Silva. Vários destes casos foram pesquisados academicamente, porém, como são análises pontuais (estudos de caso), acabam não articulando o fenômeno racismo no futebol como um todo. Portanto, o objetivo deste artigo é apresentar uma reflexão acerca deste fenômeno social lamentável que ­ por maior que sejam as campanhas de conscientização por parte das autoridades e da imprensa ­ não apresentam indícios de que estão recrudescendo. A pesquisa é pautada nos procedimentos da história do tempo presente.

Although the discourse of the authorities who manage football at the global level oppose any form of discrimination, especially the racial nature, the recurrence of cases continues. Even though many researchers characterized as something unique, racism in football presents general elements that sometimes are ignored. Examples can be seen in the cases of Brazilian players such as Aranha, Arouca, Daniel Alves, Tinga and Roberto Carlos, as well as the Brazilian arbiter Marcio Chagas da Silva. Several of them were studied academically, however, as they are specific analyzes (case studies), they don't articulate racism phenomenon in football as a whole. Therefore, the aim of this article is to present a reflection of this unfortunate social phenomenon that have no indications that are making a comeback - however there are lots of awareness campaigns by the authorities and the press. The research is guided by procedures from the present history methodology.

A pesar del discurso de las autoridades que manejan el fútbol a nivel mundial en contra de cualquier forma de discriminación, en particular la naturaleza racial, la recurrencia de casos continúa. Aunque caracterizado como algo único de la mayoría de los investigadores, el racismo en el fútbol presenta elementos generales que a veces son ignorados. Ver ejemplos de eventos con algunos jugadores brasileños como Aranha, Arouca, Daniel Alves, Tinga y Roberto Carlos y el árbitro Marcio Chagas da Silva. Varios de estos casos han sido investigados académicamente, sin embargo, como son análisis específicos (estudios de caso), acaban no articulando el fenómeno del racismo en el fútbol en su conjunto. Por lo tanto, el propósito de este artículo es presentar una reflexión sobre este fenómeno social lamentable que no tienen indicaciones de que están haciendo una reaparición. La investigación se guía en los procedimientos de la historia del momento actual.

La responsabilidad de los miembros delas operaciones para el mantenimientode la paz, por ilícitos cometidos en el desempeño de su función / The responsibility of members of peace maintenance operations for criminal offences perpetrated in the performance of their functions / A responsabilidade dos membros das operações para a manutenção da paz, por ilícitos cometidos no exercício de sua função

Se aborda el tema de los delitos cometidos por el personal que integra una Operación para el Mantenimiento de la Paz de las Naciones Unidas (referida con frecuencia como “cascos azules”), delitos que se han incrementado en los últimos años, de tal manera que la Organización ha debido ocuparse del tema para tratar de buscar soluciones al problema y no dejar la comisión de estos ilícitos en la impunidad. Se describen los esfuerzos realizados al respecto y las propuestas de solución presentadas para examinar su viabilidad.

The issue of offences committed by members of a United Nations’ Peace Maintenance Operation generally known as the Blue Helmets is addressed, since the number of this kind of crimes has been growing in the past few years, thus forcing the Organization to deal with this matter in search of solutions leading to prevent this kind of crimes from going unpunished. Efforts made in this direction are described for analysis of the viability of solutions suggested.

Aborda-se a questão dos crimes cometidos pelo pessoal que integra uma Operação de Manutenção da Paz das Nações Unidas (referida frequentemente como "Capacetes azuis"), crimes que têm aumentado nos últimos anos, de tal forma que a organização tinha que lidar o tópico para tentar encontrar soluções para o problema e não deixar a comissão desses ilícitos em impunidade. Descrevem-se os esforços desenvolvidos nesse sentido e as propostas de solução apresentadas para analisar sua viabilidade.

Violência e impunidade em pauta: problemas e perspectivas sob a ótica da antropologia forense no Brasil / Violence and impunity in check: problems and perspectives under the optics of the forensic anthropology in Brazil

A antropologia forense tem desempenhado um importante papel no combate à violência e à impunidade em muitos países do mundo. Apesar da sua reconhecida competência para lidar com restos humanos esqueletonizados, uma pesquisa realizada em delegacias de Polícia Civil e em institutos médico-legais de seis capitais brasileiras demonstrou o quanto a sua prática tem sido negligenciada. Os principais problemas apontados pela pesquisa são a falta de capacitação específica entre os profissionais que realizam as perícias em campo e laboratório, além da necessidade de implementação de um banco de dados de pessoas desaparecidas com informações de interesse antropológico. Como resultado desta situação, um número expressivo de cadáveres sai das instituições periciais sem identificação positiva e inquéritos policiais sobre homicídios permanecem sem resolução, contribuindo para o agravamento do quadro de impunidade e violência que assola o país.

Forensic anthropology is playing an increasingly important role facing violence and impunity in many countries. A research performed at police stations of Civil Police and Forensic Institutes of six Brazilian capitals demonstrated that the practice of recover and positive identification of human remains has been neglected in different levels. The main problem is the lack of specific training of the professionals that accomplish the expertise in field and laboratory, but also the fact that no anthropological database of disappeared people is available. As a result of this situation, an expressive number of human remains leave the forensic institutes without positive identification, and criminal inquiries of homicides stay without resolution, contributing to the aggravation of the violence and impunity scenery that devastates the country.

¿Inseguridad o temor?: Impunidad, politiquería y posibles soluciones / Insecurity or fear? Impunity, politicking and possible solutions

En los últimos quince años la inseguridad que soporta la sociedad costarricense, se ha agravado de manera vertiginosa, mientras la política criminal de los últimos gobiernos ha sido inconsistente e ineficaz. Algunos sostienen que el problema es más de percepción o de simple temor, aunque de julio de 2007 a julio de 2008, el 28% de los hogares del país, manifestaron haber sido víctimas de algún tipo de delito o agresión, mientras en 1997 ese porcentaje era del 15%, además el nivel de respuesta judicial a las víctimas de la delincuencia no supera el 10% y la impunidad ha crecido exageradamente. Las soluciones a nivel legislativo, policial, judicial y carcelario, son sencillas, pero tienen un gran obstáculo: la falta de voluntad de los dirigentes políticos.

Over the past fifteen years, the insecurity that supports Costa Rican society, has worsened dramatically, while the criminal policy of recent governments has been inconsistent and ineffective. Some mantain that the problem is of perception or simple fear, but from July 2007 to July 2008, 28% of of the homes of these country said that they had been victims of any crime or aggression, while in 1997 this percentage was of 15%. Also the judicial level of answer to the victims of delinquency does not superpasse 10% and impunity has grown excessively. The solutions at the legislative, police, judiciary and prisons levels are simple but they have a great obstacle: the lack of will of politician leaders.